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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>PERMANENCE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE IN SUBGRADE AND STABILIZED BASES AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS ON BASE COURSE DENSITIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122035</link>
      <description><![CDATA[EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE BASE COURSE DENSITIES OF SEVERAL BITUMINOUS ROADS TREATED WITH CALCIUM CHLORIDE TO OBTAIN A MORE FAVORABLE MOISTURE CONTENT. THE ROADS WERE TESTED AFTER SEVERAL YEARS OF USE TO DETERMINE HOW MUCH OF THE CALCIUM CHLORIDE ORIGINALLY PLACED STILL REMAINED. TWO SAMPLINGS WERE MADE IN THE SUMMER OF 1942 AND THE SUMMER OF 1946 TO DETERMINE THE CHANGES OF DENSITY AND CHLORIDE CONTENT WITH TIME. BASE COURSE DENSITIES OF 5 ROADS WERE SAMPLED BY THE SAND METHOD. SAMPLES OF BASE-COURSE AND SUBGRADE MATERIAL WERE ANALYZED FOR HYGROSCOPIC WATER CONTENT, AND FOR CHLORIDE CONTENT BY THE MOHR TITRATION METHOD. CHLORIDE VALUES FROM ROADSIDE BLANKS WERE SUBTRACTED FROM THE AMOUNTS FOUND UNDER THE PAVEMENTS. THE DENSITY VALUES FOUND ARE UNUSUALLY HIGH, BUT THERE ARE NO BLANK VALUES (FROM UNTREATED SECTIONS) FOR COMPARISON. AFTER A PERIOD OF 5 TO 10 YEARS, ONE-THIRD TO ONE-HALF OF THE CHLORIDE ORIGINALLY PLACED STILL REMAINED. ALMOST THE ENTIRE LOSS OCCURRED DURING THE FIRST FIVE YEARS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122035</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE MOVEMENT OF GROUND AND SOIL WATERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/124799</link>
      <description><![CDATA[EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED WITH AN APPARATUS CONSTRUCTED FOR THE DIRECT DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE SOIL AIR. RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF THE SOIL AIR IS FOUND TO BE EQUAL TO 100% (AS A FIRST APPROXIMATION) IF THE MOISTURE OF THE SOIL IS GREATER THAN ITS MAXIMUM HYGROSCOPICITY. AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY DECREASES IN PROPORTION TO THE SOIL WATER. AT THE SAME SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT IT INCREASES WITH A RISE IN TEMPERATURE, AND VICE VERSA. A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERIC VAPOR PRESSURE AND THAT OF THE SOIL HAS SHOWN THAT IN THE STEPPES, DURING THE DIFFERENT SEASONS, THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE AT NIGHT IS SOMETIMES GREATER THAN THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE AIR IN THE SURFACE LAYER OF THE SOIL. THE RESULT OF SUCH A RELATIONSHIP IS THE DIRECT CONDENSATION OF THE VAPOR FROM THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE SURFACE LAYER OF THE SOIL. THE VAPOR PRESSURE IN THE SOIL AND GROUND UNDERGOES DAILY AND SEASONAL CHANGES DEPENDING ON THE CHANGES IN TMEPERATURE. THE FOLLOWING FORMS OF SOIL MOISTURE ARE ANALYZED: VAPOR PHASE, HYGROSCOPIC WATER, FILM-WATER, AND GRAVITATIONAL WATER. THE MOISTURE-HOLDING CAPACITY OF A SOIL WITH A HOMOGENEOUS STRUCTURE AND CONSIDERABLE DEPTH VARIES AT DIFFERENT HEIGHTS. THE CRACKING OF SOILS INCREASES GREATLY THEIR WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY. A NEW THEORY IS SUGGESTED FOR THE FORMATION OF GROUND WATERS BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE AND OBSERVATIONS IN NATURE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE IN THE SOIL. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE CONDENSATION PROCESS IN THE FORMATION OF GROUND WATERS IS UNIVERSAL. THE RELATIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INFILTRATION PROCESS IS GREATER IN THE NORTHERN LATITUDES AND LESS IN THE SOUTHERN REGIONS. THE PROCESS OF INFILTRATION MAY GO FROM THE FIRST HORIZON OF THE GROUND WATERS INTO THE SECOND, ETC., IF THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE OF THE CORRESPONDING HORIZON OF THE GROUND WATERS IS GREATER THAN THE RESISTANCE OFFERED BY INFILTRATION. THERE IS NO NECESSITY FOR THE CONCEPTION THAT THE LAYER OF GROUND WATERS SHOULD BE IMPERVIOUS. ANY TYPE OF SOIL MAY BECOME THE PLACE FOR GROUND WATERS, PROVIDED THE INFLOW OF WATER PER UNIT OF TIME TO THE GIVEN LAYER IS GREATER THAN THE INFILTRATION. THE EXCESS WILL THEN GIVE GROUND WATERS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 09 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/124799</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEASUREMENT OF VEHICLE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/136537</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A Constant Volume Sampler (CVS) compatible auto exhaust particulate sampling system has been built. Studies with the sampling system have shown that vehicles equipped with oxidation catalysts convert some of the sulfur in the gasoline to sulfuric acid containing particulates. Bound water was shown to be a major component of the sulfuric acid exhaust particulate. Catalyst type and system design are believed to have a marked effect on the sulfuric acid conversion. Emission tests have shown that platinum emission rates are lower than 2 x 10 5 g/mi.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jan 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/136537</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NOTES ON SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/126605</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE PATTERN OF SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION OVER SEVERAL YEARS, HAS BEEN DETERMINED IN THE LABORATORY FOR SEVERAL PEATS AND CLAYS. EXTRAPOLATION OF SHORT-TIME TESTS IS UNCERTAIN. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS LOADS, PRECOMPRESSION AND SAMPLE THICKNESS HAVE BEEN MEASURED. TIME IS INDEPENDENT OF THICKNESS BUT HIGHER LOADS TEND TO ACCELERATE THE PROCESS OF SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION. TESTS ON DESICCATED, AIR DRY AND WET MATERIALS INDICATE THAT THE SEAT OF SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION IS IN THE HYGROSCOPIC MOISTURE. SORPTION OF HYGROSCOPIC MOISTURE CAUSES CONSIDERABLE SWELL. TESTS ON WOOD, ROSIN AND COTTON INDICATE THAT BONDING AND CREEP OF PARTICLES REDUCE SECONDARY EFFECTS, WHEREAS SOFTENING DUE TO WETTING CAUSES LARGE CONSOLIDATIONS. AN INTERRELATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION IS POSTULATED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Jun 1972 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/126605</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SOME CAPILLARY PHENOMENA IN SANDY MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/127626</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES ON WHICH THE ACCUMULATION OF MOISTURE UNDER PAVEMENT IS BASED IS AN IMPORTANT ENGINEERING PROBLEM. EMPHASIS IS LAID ON THE ITEMS NOT SUFFICIENTLY CLARIFIED IN THE HIGHWAY AND RUNWAY LITERATURE SUCH AS: (1) HORIZONTAL CAPILLARITY, AS IN THE CASE OF MOVEMENT OF MOISTURE FROM THE EDGES OF A PAVEMENT TOWARD ITS CENTER; AND (2) THE BOUNDARY EFFECT WHEN THE MOVING MOISTURE REACHES AN OUTFLOW FACE OR OBSTACLE HANDICAPPING ITS FURTHER MOVEMENT. WATER VAPOR CONDENSATION IS ALSO CONSIDERED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Jul 1971 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/127626</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROPERTIES OF WATER SUBSTANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128236</link>
      <description><![CDATA[WATER IS A POLAR LIQUID AS ARE HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND HYDROGEN CYANIDE. POLAR LIQUIDS ARE MADE UP OF SMALL MOLECULES CONTAINING HYDROGEN WHICH IS SUFFICIENTLY MOBILE OR ACTIVE TO SERVE AS A LINK BETWEEN MOLECULES. WATER IS A LIQUID WITH STRUCTURE SUCH THAT THE MOLECULES ARE LINKED TOGETHER BY HYDROGEN BONDS SO THAT THEY ARE NOT FREE TO ROTATE AS ARE BENZENE MOLECULES IN LIQUID BENZENE. THE WHOLE MASS OF LIQUID WATER CONSTITUTES THE MOLECULE. THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT DEPENDS ON THE SIZE OF THE CONTAINING VESSEL. THE BEST METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF HYDROGEN BONDS IS INFRARED ABSORPTION. THE ONLY PROPERTIES WHICH DIFFER MARKEDLY FOR ICE AND WATER ARE DENSITY AND VISCOSITY AND CLOSELY RELATED PROPERTIES. THE INFRARED ABSORPTION, THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, AND THE DEGREE OF ASSOCIATION CHANGE IN A CONTINUOUS MANNER THROUGH THE MELTING POINT. WATER IS ONE OF THE FEW SUBSTANCES WHICH SHOWS A GREATER DENSITY AS A LIQUID THAN AS A SOLID, AND IT IS PERHAPS THE ONLY SUBSTANCE THAT EXHIBITS A MAXIMUM DENSITY A FEW DEGREES ABOVE THE FREEZING POINT. THE EXACT ARRANGEMENT OF THE WATER MOLECULES IN THE ICE CRYSTAL IS NOT KNOWN WITH CERTAINTY, BUT IT IS KNOWN THAT WATER MOLECULES ARE ARRANGED IN HEXAGONAL RINGS WHICH FORM A NETWORK OR LATTICE. WHEN ICE MELTS TO LIQUID WATER THE HYDROGEN BONDS ARE STRETCHED AND THE MOLECULES MOVE FARTHER APART. THIS HAS CONSEQUENCES WHICH AFFECT THE VISCOSITY, DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, AND ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY. THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES ARE DISCUSSED: VISCOSITY, HEAT CAPACITY, AND LIQUID STRUCTURE. THE PICTURE OF WATER AS A LARGELY ASSOCIATED STRUCTURE OF HIGH DIELECTRIC CONSTANT ACCOUNTS FOR ITS EXTRAORDINARY ABILITY TO ACT AS A SOLVENT FOR ELECTROLYTES. SOLUTIONS OF NONPOLAR MOLECULES ARE DESCRIBED BECAUSE THEY HAVE THE EFFECT AUGMENTING THE STRUCTURE OF WATER. THE IONIC HYDRATION AND MOBILITY ARE DESCRIBED IN REFERENCE TO THE MOLECULAR CLUSTERS OBSERVED. LIQUID WATER UNDERGOES A CHANGE IN STRUCTURE IN THE PRESENCE OF MOLECULES OR AT THE SURFACE OR INTERFACE OF A SOLID PHASE. THIS EFFECT IS DESCRIBED AS BOUND WATER, SINCE WATER TENDS TO SOLIDIFY OR CRYSTALIZE IN THE PRESENCE OF FOREIGN MOLECULES. THE GEOLOGICAL WEATHERING OF CLAYS PRODUCES A VARIETY OF COLLOID BEHAVIOR IN WHICH WATER BEHAVES AS A PLASTICIZER. THIS PLASTICIZING ACTION INVOLVES THE HYDROGEN BONDING OF WATER TO THE OXYGEN OF THE SILICA OR ALUMINA GROUPS. THIS BONDING OF THE WATER MOLECULES IS A MORE OR LESS REVERSIBLE PROCESS EXCEPT WHEN HIGH TEMPERATURES ARE REACHED, IN WHICH CASE THE MOLECULES BECOME SO CLOSELY BONDED THAT THE WATER MOLECULES CANNOT INTRUDE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128236</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WATER STRUCTURE AND BIOENERGETICS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128237</link>
      <description><![CDATA[BIO-CHEMISTRY RECOGNIZES THE CENTRAL ROLE PLAYED BY WATER IN BIOENERGETICS AS THE FUEL OF LIFE. A DISTINCTION IS MADE BETWEEN TWO WATER STRUCTURES: (1) THE IDEA OF BOUND WATER DUE TO THE ATTRACTION OF CHARGED POINTS OF THE SURFACE ON THE WATER DIPOLES, AND (2) IMMOBILIZATION OF THE WATER BY HEAT AGITATION WHICH LEADS TO THE FORMATION OF LATTICES REACHING DEEP INTO THE FLUID. MAMMALIAN MUSCLE CONTAINS 10 PERCENT ACTOMYOSIN, A SOLUTION OF WHICH IS DIFFICULT TO PREPARE CONTAINING LESS THAN 97 PERCENT WATER. THE CONCEPT SEMI-PERMEABILITY OF BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA IS DISCUSSED. AN EXPERIMENT IS DESCRIBED WHICH RELATES THE TRANSITION PROBABILITIES AND THE LATTICE ORDERED NATURE OF WATER AS INSTRUMENTAL IN THE ENERGY TRANSMISSION IN BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. LATTICE ORDERED MULTILAYERS ARE FOUND IN SYSTEMS WHERE NO COULOMBIC FORCES CAN BE INVOLVED IN THE IMMOBILIZATION OF THE FLUID AROUND THE SURFACE IN QUESTION. THIS IS WHEN THE LIQUID PHASE CONSISTS OF A NON-POLAR SUBSTANCE, AS WITH LUBRICANTS. WATER WILL BE IMMOBILIZED AROUND PROTEIN STRUCTURES EVEN AT POINTS WHERE THE PROTEIN HAS NO CHARGES.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128237</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF SIMPLE ORGANIC ADMIXTURES ON THE PROPERTIES OF CEMENT PASTE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/101638</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CEMENT PASTES HAVE BEEN MADE WITH THIRTEEN DIFFERENT ORGANIC CALCIUM SALTS DISSOLVED IN THE MIXING WATER. AIR CONTENT, WATER SEPARATION, AND SETTING TIME HAVE BEEN DETERMINED FOR FRESH PASTES; AMOUNT OF BOUND WATER, HEAT OF HYDRATION, YOUNG'S MODULUS, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, AND SHRINKAGE FOR HARDENED PASTES. AIR CONTENT WAS LOW IN ALL CASES, ALTHOUGH SLIGHTLY RAISED BY CALCIUM CAPROATE AND BENZOATE. WATER SEPARATION AFTER TWO HOURS WAS RELATIVELY UNAFFECTED, BUT INCREASED SOMEWHAT FOR GALACTONATE AND GLUCONATE, PERHAPS DUE TO THEIR STRONG RETARDING EFFECT. ALL EXCEPT ONE ADMIXTURE RETARDED THE SETTING, THE DELAY BEING RELATED TO THE TYPE OF MOLECULE ADDED IN SUCH A WAY AS TO SUGGEST THAT RETARDATION IS DUE TO ADSORPTION OF THE MOLECULES ON THE CEMENT GRAINS, AS PROPOSED BY W.C. HANSEN AND OTHERS. FOR MATURE PASTES, THE AMOUNT OF BOUND WATER AND HEAT OF HYDRATION WERE NOT MUCH MODIFIED, EXCEPT THAT LACTATE INCREASED THE HYDRATION SLIGHTLY. YOUNG'S MODULUS AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WERE UNAFFECTED OR SLIGHTLY LOWERED. THE SHRINKAGE IN AN ATMOSPHERE OF 60 PER CENT R.H WAS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY BY SEVERAL ADMIXTURES AND AT 28 DAYS THE HIGHEST SHRINKAGE WAS OBTAINED FOR BENZOATE AND SALICYLATE, THE ONLY TWO AROMATIC SALTS TESTED. /LCPC/A/RRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jun 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/101638</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IMPORTANCE OF THE SHEARING STRENGTH OF PEAT IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS OVER BOGS (IN RUSSIAN)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/126960</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF A SERIES OF SHEAR TESTS CARRIED OUT ON PEAT VARYING IN COMPOSITION. IN ORDER TO MODIFY THEIR MOISTURE CONTENT PEAT SAMPLES WERE CONSOLIDATED UNDER VARYING LOADS BEFORE BEING SUBJECTED TO HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SHEAR. RESULTS ARE PRESENTED, AND VARIATIONS IN THE INTERNAL FRICTION ANGLE ARE ANALYZED IN RELATION TO THE PARAMETERS MODIFIED DURING THE TESTS: COMPACTION AND MOISTURE CONTENT, LOAD UNDER SHEAR, STATE OF DECOMPOSITION OF THE PEAT. CERTAIN RESULTS OBSERVED ARE LINKED TO THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BOUND WATER IN PEAT. NEITHER THE CHEMICALLY BOUND WATER CONTENT OF PLANT FIBERS NOR THE PLANT SPECIES SEEMS TO HAVE ANY SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE. SHEAR STRENGTH IS NOT THE SAME IN THE HORIZONTAL AS IN THE VERTICAL PLANE. /LCPC/RRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Jun 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/126960</guid>
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