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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Ageing impact of hydrated lime in bitumen-filler mastics using infrared spectroscopy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2600900</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research study examines the chemical structural modifications induced by hydrated lime (HL) in bitumen mastics to advance the understanding of asphalt ageing mechanisms. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to characterise structural and compositional changes in mastics prepared with HL and with limestone filler (LF) as a control. The investigation considered filler type, content, and ageing conditions—unaged, short-term aged (Thin Film Oven Test, TFOT), and long-term aged (Pressure Ageing Vessel, PAV, 20 h and 40 h). A comprehensive structural chemical characterization derived from the IR spectra was conducted to assess various structural chemistry changes induced by HL in bitumen functional groups and the most important oxidative molecules. Particular attention was given to the oxidation of functional groups, especially carbonyl (CO) and sulfoxide (SO), which serve as indicators of oxidative ageing. The results demonstrate that HL induces marked alterations in FTIR spectra, including increased peak intensities and the formation of new peaks within the 600–2000 cm⁻¹ range. These chemical structural transformations, consistent across ageing conditions, reveal HL’s strong interaction with bitumen functional groups. Bond ratio analysis further highlights HL’s pronounced stabilizing effect on carbonyl and sulfoxide groups, confirming its superior anti-ageing performance compared with LF. Moreover, oxidation rate assessments show that HL reduces ageing kinetics, particularly under PAV conditions. Overall, the findings reinforce HL’s role as an active filler that enhances bitumen durability and provide evidence for FTIR as a rapid, reliable tool for evaluating bitumen–filler chemical interactions and ageing behaviour.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 2025 09:48:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2600900</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Fundamental cracking performance of asphalt-filler mastics with hydrated lime</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2451554</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the impact of hydrated lime (HL) on the cracking performance at intermediate temperature of asphalt-filler mastics, specifically as a partial replacement for limestone filler (LF). HL, is an active filler known for its multiple benefits in asphalt applications. The Double Edge Notched Tension (DENT) test was used to assess fracture properties, including specific total work of fracture, plastic work of failure, essential work of fracture, and average critical tip opening displacement. The results revealed several key findings: a notable loss of ductility and toughness with increasing HL dosages, a stiffening effect evidenced by increased peak loads and reduced failure deformation, and a decrease in the specific total work of fracture, indicating a loss of fracture energy. However, an enhancement in fracture resistance to plastic deformation is observed with HL addition, although identifying trends at high dosages remains challenging due to complex interactions between HL and LF. Furthermore, using low volumetric concentrations of HL minimizes the adverse impact on fracture performance while leveraging its other beneficial active filler properties. These findings suggest that while HL can improve certain fracture properties, optimal dosages are crucial to avoid adverse effects. Overall, this paper provides an updated and comprehensive study of the fracture of mastics at intermediate temperatures, which adds up to the understanding of asphalt-filler interactions, which can potentially lead to further investigations, such as how the partial replacement of LF with HL affects asphalt mixtures’ performance-related characteristics, particularly the fatigue cracking resistance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Nov 2024 13:42:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2451554</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effectiveness of Hydrated Lime Filler on Fracture and Cracking Properties of Polymer and Crumb Rubber–Modified Asphalt Mastics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2132003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates fracture and toughness behavior of different types of mastics prepared using polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) and crumb rubber–modified asphalt (CRMA), in combination with basalt (B) and hydrated lime (HL) fillers. The asphalt mastics were prepared for filler to binder (F/B) ratio of 0.6 and 1.0. For F/B?=?0.6, 2 combinations of mastic, namely, B?=?60 % and HL?=?0 % and B?=?40 % and HL?=?20 %, were prepared using PMA and CRMA asphalt binders. Likewise, for F/B?=?1, 2 combinations of mastic, namely, B?=?100 % and HL?=?0 % and B?=?80 % and HL?=?20 %, were prepared using PMA and CRMA asphalt binders. Therefore, four different asphaltic mastic were prepared for PMA and CRMA to understand performance of asphalt mastic with and without HL in combination with B fillers. The fracture and toughness behavior of asphalt mastic was investigated using double-edge-notched tension (DENT) and force ductility (FD) test, respectively. The overall test results infer that, in addition to nature of fillers, filler quantity and type of binders have significant impact on the fracture and toughness potential of asphalt mastic at intermediate and sub-intermediate temperature. The DENT test results indicate that the inclusion of HL had an effective contribution in enhancing the fracture resistance of base PMA mastic prepared with low F/B ratio (0.6), whereas the addition of HL filler did not show improvement in the fracture resistance potential of the base CRMA mastic. Similarly, the toughness ratio signifies that the cracking resistance potential of PMA and CRMA mastics can be improved with the addition of HL filler irrespective of F/B ratio.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 2023 09:56:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2132003</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Nano size hydrated lime filler on rutting performance of asphalt mastic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1848322</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study was carried out to evaluate effects of regular sized hydrated lime (RHL) and Nano-sized hydrated lime (NHL) on rutting resistance performance of asphalt mastic related to stiffness, creep, relaxation and recovery properties. The study utilises AC-30 binder with different combinations of basalt-RHL and basalt-NHL fillers for the preparation of asphalt mastic specimens. The dosages of RHL and NHL fillers were chosen as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight of asphalt binder, and percentage of basalt filler were adjusted accordingly to meet a filler to binder (F/B) ratio of 0.8 (by mass ratio). The rutting performance of asphalt mastic at high temperatures was evaluated using different tests such as Superpave rutting factor, static shear creep, and high stress Multi Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR). Overall test results indicate that specific surface area and interaction properties of RHL and NHL fillers with asphalt have a significant effect on the rutting performance of asphalt mastic. The results from Superpave rutting factor, static shear creep, and high stress MSCR test showed that both RHL and NHL filler have the potential to enhance the rutting resistance properties (stiffness, recovery and creep) of asphalt mastic, also, combination of basalt and NHL filler had superior performance than combination of basalt and RHL filler. In addition, asphalt mastic with NHL filler found to be less sensitive to high stress levels and thus, possessed better viscous and elastic response compared to RHL filler. Furthermore, asphalt mastic with a lower percentage of NHL filler had better rutting resistance performance (related to stiffness, creep, relaxation and recovery) over mastic with a higher percentage of RHL fillers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jun 2021 14:23:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1848322</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The role of nanomaterials in reducing moisture damage of asphalt mixes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1675446</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Interest of researchers in using nanomaterials in asphalt mixes is increasing rapidly. In this research, the effects of using various nanomaterials in asphalt mixes were investigated. In addition, the effects of two different types of fillers at their conventional size and their nano-size in asphalt mixes were tested. Four types of nanomaterials, namely nano-CaCO3, nano-hydrated lime, nano-bentonite and nano-silica, and two types of anti-stripping fillers, namely hydrated lime and CaCO3 were selected. Nano-hydrated lime was produced using a planetary ball mill apparatus. In producing nano-hydrated lime, optimum combinations of the main parameters that affect particle size reduction in milling process were determined applying trial and error procedure. Minimum particle size of the produced nano-hydrated lime was determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) tests. From these tests, sizes of 125 and 208 nm were recorded, respectively.With applying Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) technique, homogenous distribution of the additives in a 60–70 bitumen binder was verified. Asphalt concrete mixes were prepared using the above additives and a siliceous type aggregate. Moisture damage of different mixes was evaluated applying modified Lottman test at different Freeze-Thaw (F-T) cycles. F-T cycles results indicated that Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) values were reduced appreciably at the first cycle. In fact, it was shown that 4% nano-hydrated lime exhibited the most resistance against different F-T cycles. In addition, Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus (ITSM) test was performed at 25 °C. From these tests, Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) and Index of Retained Resilient Modulus (IRMr) parameters were determined. Testing results indicated that by adding 20% hydrated lime filler and 4% nano-hydrated lime to the binder, TSR values of mixes increased to some 60%. In the case of using CaCO3 filler and nano-CaCO3, 60% increase in TSR, was achieved when either 5% CaCO3 filler or 4% nano-CaCO3 were used. These results were validated performing resilient modulus test. IRMr of mixes containing 20% hydrated lime filler and 4% nano-hydrated lime increased to 56% and 60%, respectively. IRMr values of asphalt mixes increased to 48% and 54% where 5% CaCO3 filler and 4% nano-CaCO3 were added, respectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Dec 2019 10:49:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1675446</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental evaluation of rice husk ash and fly ash as alternative fillers in hot-mix asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1593652</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ever-growing concern to protect the environment concentrated the attention of the society on the possible re-use of different agricultural and industrial wastes in road construction. This research study depicts the effect of using wastes like rice husk ash (RHA) and fly ash (FA) as a replacement of conventionally used hydrated lime (HL) as fillers in hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Primarily, the dense graded bituminous macadam (DBM) mix specimens were made in the laboratory with varying proportions ranging from 2% to 8% of HL, RHA and FA by following design mixes according to the Marshall method and compared the results with control mix as prepared by utilising 2% HL. The performances of the said mixes were studied through the Marshall quotient, indirect tensile strength and tensile strength ratio. Results of investigation show better performance of HMA with the addition of RHA and FA and also proved to be economical as the optimum bitumen content is reduced by 7.5% from that of control mix when added at 4% filler ratio. Further, RHA shows a greater affinity to the bitumen attributing the highest stiffening effect of the bituminous mastic droplets compared to that of other used fillers with good compatibility at the micro level by satisfying the essential criterion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 2019 10:15:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1593652</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling the Effect of Filler Materials on Performance of Hot Mix Asphalt Using Genetic Programming</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1356729</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to address the effect of filler materials (passing no. 200 sieve) on performance of hot mix asphalt mixtures. The Marshall mix design procedure was followed to prepare laboratory specimens using various types of filler materials to determine the optimum asphalt content. Furthermore, three different gradations with various amount of filler contents were selected to estimate the performance of asphalt mixture in laboratory conditions in terms of Marshall stability and flow. It was observed that more filler content increases the plasticity of the mix and thus the permanent deformation. Moreover, adding the hydrated lime as filler improves the functional properties of the asphalt mixtures. A nonlinear genetic programming algorithm was developed to predict and formulize the Marshall stability results using material characteristics. The prediction power of the employed soft computing technique is deemed satisfactory as compared to the experimental results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2015 15:52:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1356729</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Degree of Influence of Active Fillers on Properties of Recycled Mixes with Foamed Asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/880583</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Active fillers in foamed asphalt mixes are added to modify the fine fraction of aggregate gradation or to reduce the moisture sensitivity of the mix. Some countries use cement as an active filler, and other countries use lime or fly ash, among other ingredients. However, limited information is available concerning the influence of different types of active fillers on the mechanical properties of foamed asphalt mixes. This paper presents the results of a project carried out to study the relative influence of active fillers on the mechanical properties of recycled mixes with foamed asphalt. Four active fillers were studied: portland cement, cement kiln dust, hydrated lime, and fly ash Class C. Indirect tensile strength, triaxial resilient modulus, and triaxial permanent deformation tests were carried out to quantify the influence of these active fillers on the properties of one particular full-depth reclamation material. Different curing methods and moisture conditioning were used to evaluate the role of active fillers after the mix production process. As a result of this study, it was concluded that, for the full-depth reclamation material tested, whereas some active fillers have an important influence on the mechanical properties and long-term performance of foamed asphalt mixes, others act only as mineral fillers of the aggregate gradation. Also, because foamed asphalt takes a long time to cure, some active fillers play an important role in contributing to the early strength of foam recycled mixes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Mar 2009 07:22:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/880583</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of the Interaction Effects between Asphalt Binders and Fillers Using a Moisture Susceptibility Test (With Discussion)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/839414</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Moisture damage of hot mix asphalt pavements is a problem encountered in almost every region of the United States. A new test method was developed employing a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) to identify asphalt binders that might contribute to moisture susceptibility of a mix. The new test method uses an aggregate type interface with asphalt binder in lieu of stainless steel, which is traditionally used in DSR testing. Interaction effects between the asphalt binders and fillers are investigated in this paper. The filler materials used were hydrated lime and silica. Comparisons between 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% of each filler type were conducted to determine differences in G*/sin(δ) values obtained using a DSR with a water bath and air chamber. The evaluations were conducted on 21 binders of varying performance grades. Results indicated that there are significant differences between some asphalt binders and fillers implying that moisture susceptibility can be reduced or increased depending on the aggregate used in a mix and the new test procedure is sensitive to these changes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Nov 2007 11:59:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/839414</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Calcareous Fillers on Bituminous Mix Aging</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/801350</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this paper is to explain phenomena associated with bitumen aging and to establish design patterns that contribute to optimizing the aging resistance of bituminous mixes on the basis of the rational addition of calcareous fillers (hydrated lime and limestone filler). The potential benefits of using fillers to improve aging resistance are well known. However, concepts related to the biphasic filler-bitumen system affecting some of the main characteristics of mixes are not always considered. In this paper, a new study procedure, Universal de Caracterización de Ligantes, a method for characterizing both conventional and polymer-modified binders developed at the Technical University of Catalonia, has been applied. In addition, the dynamic shear rheometer and nonroutine procedures such as macromolecular analysis (e.g., gel-permeation chromatography and infrared spectroscopy) were used to perform rheological tests. These techniques have provided greater insight into the causes and effects of aging on the basis of changes undergone by the bituminous binder. The obtained results show the advantages of incorporating calcareous fillers into bituminous mixes, provided that filler content does not exceed a critical concentration determined by the type of filler and binder to be used. Moreover, some variations on the concept of critical concentration of filler in bituminous mixes have been found, notably those resulting from the degree of mix aging and use of polymer-modified bitumens.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Mar 2007 06:20:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/801350</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Filler on the Aging Potential of Asphalt Mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/759565</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this work, the effect that filler has on the aging of bitumen was analyzed but with the filler being incorporated by volume, not by weight. The Universal de Caracterización de Ligantes method was used as the process of accelerated aging, and a new direct tensile test was used to determine the toughness of the aged mixture and, thus, to assess the effect the filler has. All tests performed for this paper have shown the protective effect of the fillers used. The new direct tensile test developed by the Road Research Laboratory of the Technical University of Catalonia allows observation of how an increase in filler produces an increase in the breaking load and a decrease in the maximum deformation: the hydrated lime tends to stiffen the mixture less and make it less brittle than does calcium carbonate. To minimize the effect of aging on bitumen, the filler content proposed must be 20% or 30% less than the content recommended in conditions where there is no aging, so that when the mixture ages, the mastic is able to build up the maximum energy possible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Aug 2005 09:36:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/759565</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LINEAR VISCOELASTIC ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT MASTICS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/700250</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) is used to characterize linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt cement and asphalt mastic (asphalt cement with a filler under 75 m in size). The study focuses on using micromechanical and rheology-based models to assess the effect of 2 fillers, limestone and hydrated lime, on performance of the asphalt mastic. Two compositionally and distinctly different asphalt cements were selected to assess the filler effect. Micromechanical models were reviewed, and the most appropriate of these models were used to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of the asphalt mastic (composite). As the micromechanical models are developed for elastic materials, it was necessary to use the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle in order to apply these models. The literature was also reviewed for the most appropriate rheology-based model to account for effects of fillers in the mastic. The Nielsen model was chosen as it employs 2 rheological parameters to explain the filler effect: the generalized Einstein coefficient and maximum filler packing fraction. The micromechanical models show good agreement with testing data at low particle volume concentration. The rheological model successfully predicts the stiffening effect of limestone filler when added up to 25% by volume. However, the effect of hydrated lime requires more understanding of major surface interactions, which are highly binder specific.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 08 Apr 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/700250</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF MICROAGGREGATES BY SMITH TRIAXIAL TEST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/100947</link>
      <description><![CDATA[BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXES USUALLY CONSIST OF BINDER, COARSE AGGREGATE, FINE AGGREGATE, AND MINERAL FILLER. BECAUSE THE FUNCTION OF THE FILLER IS NOT JUST TO FILL THE VOIDS, BUT TO A GREAT EXTENT ALSO DICTATE THE PHYSICAL AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MIX, A MORE DESCRIPTIVE AND PRECISE NAME FOR A FILLER IS MICROAGGREGATE. THE STUDY INCLUDED FIVE MICROAGGREGATES: LIMESTONE, HYDRATED LIME, HYDRITE (CLAY), ASBESTOS, AND QUARTZ. THE QUARTZ MICROAGGREGATE WAS FURTHER TESTED USING THREE DIFFERENT GRADATIONS. ALL MICROAGGREGATES WERE INCORPORATED IN A STANDARD MASSACHUSETTS DENSE-GRADED BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIX. THE COARSE AGGREGATE RHYOLITE AND THE FINE AGGREGATE (SAND) WERE KEPT CONSTANT IN ALL EXPERIMENTS. VARIOUS ASPHALT CONTENTS WERE USED. THE SMITH TRIAXIAL CELL WAS ADOPTED IN THE STRENGTH EVALUATION OF ALL MIXES. THE SPECIMENS WERE COMPACTED IN LAYERS USING A KNEADING COMPACTOR TO SIMULATE ULTIMATE DENSIFICATION UNDER TRAFFIC. ALL MIXES EXCEPT THOSE CONTAINING ASBESTOS HAD RELATIVELY LOW VOID CONTENTS AFTER THE KNEADING COMPACTION. THESE CASES WERE ACCOMPANIED BY LOW STRENGTH. MIXES CONTAINING THREE QUARTZ MICROAGGREGATES SHOWED HIGHER STRENGTH WHEN THE GRADATION OF THE QUARTZ WAS CLOSE TO FULLER'S MAXIMUM DENSITY CURVE. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Aug 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/100947</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RHEOLGICAL PROPERTIES OF SULFUR ASPHALT BINDERS WITH FILLERS DETERMINED BY THE SLIDING PLATE RHEOMETER. ASPHALT RHEOLOGY: RELATIONSHIP TO MIXTURE. A SYMPOSIUM SPONSORED BY ASTM COMMITTEE D-4 ON ROAD AND PAVING MATERIALS, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE, 11 DECEMBER 1985. ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 941</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/282567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sulfur continues to be favored as a potential asphalt extender in road paving operations.  Over the past decade, developments in the field of sulfur/asphalts (S/A) have proceeded at a rapid pace, leading to products and technologies that are currently at the early commercialization stage.  In this study, the properties of selected S/A binders mixed with three commonly used mineral fillers (cement, hydrated lime, and crushed limestone fines) were determined using the sliding plate rheometer. Variables have included loading time, temperature, and S/A weight ratio.  The results indicate that sulfur has a much greater influence on measured properties such as viscosity and stiffness than mineral fillers alone.  S/A binders, with hydrated lime filler, have exhibited higher viscosity and stiffness than binders prepared with cement or limestone fines.  The rheometer data, coupled with photomicrographs, support the notion that the morphology of S/A binders with fillers is very different from that of S/A binders alone in terms of potential voids, sulfur recrystallization, and the size of crystal platelets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/282567</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FLY ASH AS A MINERAL FILLER AND ANTI-STRIP AGENT FOR ASPHALT CONCRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/164740</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project studied the effectiveness of fly ash and other filler-additives as replacements for portland cement and hydrated lime in production of asphalt concrete mixtures. Both mixture design and moisture resistance characteristics were studied.  Properties of asphalt concrete containing additions of two different fly ashes at 1, 3, and 6 percent; four combinations of cement, lime, and fly ash; lime kiln dust at 2 percent; and residue from a pilot copper extraction process at two levels, were compared to those of mixtures containing only natural fines; a chemical anti-strip; 2 percent hydrated lime; and 2 percent portland cement.  Results of the mixture design phase indicate that with respect to Marshall mixture design criteria, acceptable asphalt concrete mixtures can be produced in the laboratory with up to 6 percent fly ash by weight of aggregate. Differences noted with mixtures containing up to 6 percent fly ash were (1) reduced asphalt requirements and (2) lowered V.M.A. values.  Analysis of data generated during immersion-compression testing indicates that fly ash and other fillers investigated in this study can improve moisture resistance characteristics of asphalt concrete mixtures in the laboratory.  Several of the filler additives investigated in this study were found to be as effective for improving moisture resistance as chemical anti-strip, portland cement, and hydrated lime. (FHWA)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/164740</guid>
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