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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A New Generation of Multifunctional Hydrophobic and Luminescent Asphalt Emulsion for Pavement Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665434</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While modern technologies such as porous mixes can help delay road submersion by facilitating rapid rainwater infiltration, their durability and long-term performance are often inadequate. The objective of this study was to introduce a novel approach to creating a new generation of asphalt emulsions with enhanced water repellency and luminescence properties. To achieve this objective, a laboratory test factorial was developed to modify two types of asphalt emulsions with a superhydrophobic nanomaterial, polytetrafluoroethylene, and a Europium-doped strontium aluminate luminescent material. Laboratory test results indicated that all tested emulsion blends exhibited enhanced hydrophobicity, as evidenced by contact angle measurements exceeding 90°. Meanwhile, incorporating luminescent materials enhanced nighttime visibility but slightly reduced hydrophobicity due to their hydrophilic nature. Further, permeability tests revealed reduced water infiltration for all modified emulsions, indicating enhanced waterproof properties of the asphalt surface, irrespective of the type of asphalt emulsion used. The study also assessed the effects on aggregate retention and adhesion strength, indicating an increase in aggregate loss and a decrease in bond strength with the integration of hydrophobic and luminescent characteristics. However, nearly all measurements remained within the acceptable range of 10% aggregate loss, predicting an adequate performance in the field.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 May 2026 08:50:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665434</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on eco-friendly zeolite hydrophobic modified asphalt: an effective VOCs-inhibiting additive in sustainable pavement engineering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates hydrophobic modification of natural zeolite and its use in asphalt. It aims to improve environmental performance and rheological properties. Natural zeolite was sequentially treated through high-temperature calcination, followed by acid and alkali activation, and subsequently modified with octadecylamine (C18) or trimethylchlorosilane (OM) to enhance its hydrophobicity and adsorption capacity. Microscopic characterizations, including thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and contact angle (CA) measurements, confirmed improvements in structural stability and surface hydrophobicity of the modified zeolites. When incorporated into asphalt, the modified zeolite, particularly acid-modified zeolite (ACM)-C18, significantly reduced emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), achieving total pollutant inhibition rates up to 67%. Rheological testing indicated that the addition of modified zeolite improved the stiffness and high-temperature deformation resistance of asphalt, without compromising fatigue performance. These findings highlight the potential of hydrophobically modified zeolite as an effective VOCs-inhibiting additive in sustainable pavement engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:58:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2695648</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydraulic Properties of the Subgrade with a Hydrophobic Barrier in Saline Soil Areas: Soil Column Tests and Numerical Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658027</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In saline soil areas, the intrusion of moisture and salt into the road or railway subgrades can prompt their decay and consequently impact the infrastructure. This study proposes a novel measure, namely the hydrophobic sand barrier, to mitigate water and salt-induced degradation of the subgrade. Due to the low affinity to water, the hydrophobic sand can retard or even prevent water infiltration and movement in soils, showing its potential use as a hydraulic barrier. To demonstrate its applicability in the subgrade in saline soil region, this paper assesses the hydraulic performance of hydrophobic sand induced by two hydrophobic agents (dichlorodimethylsilane and Tung oil) through soil column test and finite element numerical analysis. The results indicate that both types of hydrophobic sands could retard water infiltration, while the dichlorodimethylsilane induced one had greater resistance to infiltration. The numerical analysis showed that in subgrades with a hydrophobic sand barrier, the distribution of groundwater within the subgrade is related to the type of hydrophobic agent, the thickness of the barrier, and the groundwater level. Therefore, in the design and construction of subgrade, the type of hydrophobic material, the thickness of the hydrophobic sand barrier, humidity field patterns and subgrade height should be comprehensively considered to address the construction feasibility of the subgrade.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Apr 2026 14:30:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2658027</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of silt modified with Hydrophobic material subjected to freeze-thaw cycles for pavement subgrade application</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The service performance of silt subgrade in seasonal frozen regions deteriorates under freeze-thaw cycles, leading to frequent highway damage. In this study, nano type hydrophobic material (NT-HM) was employed to modify the silt, thereby enhancing its resistance to freeze-thaw cycles. Experimental results indicate that the addition of NT-HM significantly improves the freeze-thaw durability of the silt and alleviates the shear softening behavior induced by deviatoric stress. A predictive model for the dynamic resilient modulus of the hydrophobic silt subgrade under freeze-thaw conditions was established, achieving a prediction accuracy of 0.922. When the NT-HM content exceeds 0.5 %, the sample maintains its structural integrity after seven freeze-thaw cycles, with only a 3 % decrease in the surface contact angle. Under these conditions, the dynamic resilient modulus of the hydrophobic silt is approximately 25 % higher than that of unmodified silt. By coating the silt particles and filling the pore structure, NT-HM provides the silt with excellent hydrophobic characteristics. The incorporation of NT-HM effectively reduces the overall pore size of the silt and diminishes the sensitivity of the pore structure to freeze-thaw cycles. Considering both construction cost and subgrade performance improvement, an NT-HM content of 0.5 % is identified as the optimal dosage for silt subgrade modification. This study offers theoretical support for the application of hydrophobic materials in subgrades located in seasonal freeze-thaw regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jan 2026 09:24:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2630677</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From paper waste to pavement: Hydrophobic recycled paper mill sludge as sustainable filler for asphalt mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624766</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Malaysia's rapid population growth and rising solid waste generation, coupled with rising global paper production, underscore the need for sustainable waste management solutions. Recycling paper mill sludge (RPMS) as an asphalt filler offers a viable alternative that meets industrial needs and environmental regulations. This study investigates the feasibility of converting RPMS into value-added asphalt filler through hydrophobic modification via transesterification, which transformed its hydrophilic nature into superhydrophobic. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that modification altered RPMS from fibrous, porous particles into denser, angular forms, reducing water uptake and enhancing binder interaction. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the conversion of triglycerides to ethyl esters, evidenced by characteristic ester stretching vibrations. Compaction Energy Index (CEI) and Workability Index (WI) demonstrated reduced the compaction effort for both unmodified and modified RPMS. Mechanical performances including Marshall quotient (MQ), dynamic creep, resilient modulus, Marshall immersion, and Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) assessments were conducted, with moisture susceptibility quantified via Indirect Tensile Strength Ratio (ITSR). MQ results showed that moderate RPMS additions enhanced stiffness and deformation resistance, while all mixtures achieved resilient modulus values above 2500 MPa, satisfying Public Works Department (PWD) standards JKR/SPJ/2008-S4. At 0.50 % dosage, modified RPMS yielded high Marshall stability and an ITSR above 90 %, indicating excellent moisture resistance. Environmental safety was validated using the Toxicity Characterization Leaching Procedure (TCLP), which showed heavy metal leaching remained below regulatory thresholds. Overall, hydrophobic-modified RPMS enhances asphalt mixture’s mechanical stiffness, moisture resistance, and compaction, while mitigating environmental risk, offering a sustainable solution for Malaysian road construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Jan 2026 09:09:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2624766</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evolution of cumulative plastic strain in hydrophobically modified subgrade silt during dry-wet cycles and dynamic loading</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622290</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The long-term service performance of silty soil treated with a hydrophobic agent (NT-HM) was investigated under repeated wet-dry cycles. Based on shakedown theory, a critical dynamic stress equation for NT-HM modified silt under the shakedown limit state was established. Furthermore, a predictive model for cumulative plastic strain was proposed, incorporating the effects of wet-dry cycles, NT-HM content, and stress state. The main conclusions are as follows: NT-HM confers hydrophobicity to silt by encapsulating silt particles and filling the interparticle pore space. The hydrophobic performance reached its optimum at an NT-HM content of 0.5%. After 9 wet-dry cycles, the hydrophobic property decreased only marginally by 1.1%, while the reduction in unconfined compressive strength was attenuated by 59.1%, demonstrating excellent durability. The incorporation of NT-HM reduces the sensitivity of accumulated plastic strain to dynamic stress amplitude, and the dynamic stability of silt is improved through the synergistic effect of NT-HM and confining pressure. After 9 wet-dry cycles, the cumulative plastic strain of optimally modified silt was reduced by 38.7% compared to unmodified silt. The plastic shakedown limit and plastic creep limit were approximately 2.2 times and 1.3 times those of unmodified silt, respectively. Finally, a multi-factor prediction model was developed to estimate the cumulative plastic strain of hydrophobic silt after wet-dry cycles. The computational results showed good agreement with experimental data, demonstrating the model’s reliability. This study provides a valuable reference for durability assessment of hydrophobically modified soils.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 05 Jan 2026 09:52:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622290</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Moisture stability enhancement of phosphogypsum filled asphalt mortar based on hydrophobic solubility reduction treatment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2616679</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the issue of phosphogypsum-filled asphalt pavement becoming easily soluble and softened upon water exposure, this study investigates the hydrophobic and desolubilization treatment of road-use phosphogypsum (PG). The research focuses on the rheological behavior of phosphogypsum-filled asphalt mortar under varying soaking durations and explores the underlying mechanisms of hydrophobic desolubilization. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) is employed to assess the rheological properties of the mortar after different soaking times, while computed tomography (CT) scanning reveals changes in microstructure before and after immersion. Microcalorimetry is used to evaluate the heat release of different fillers in various liquids, and molecular dynamics simulations characterize the interactions between filler particles and asphalt. The results demonstrate that modified phosphogypsum significantly improves the water resistance and interfacial properties of the asphalt mortar. Compared to PG, surface-hydrophobic-treated phosphogypsum asphalt mortar (SPG-AM) shows a 39.49 % increase in the viscosity–temperature index, a 96.46 % reduction in the creep recovery rate, and a 68 % slower rate of filler particle loss. Regarding interfacial performance, SPG exhibits a 65.26 % decrease in surface free energy and a 26.04 % reduction in wetting heat, while its adhesion work with asphalt increases by 11.15 %. Molecular dynamics simulations further reveal that the interfacial transition zone of SPG-AM is 6.46 times thicker than that of PG-AM. This enhanced electrostatic compatibility effectively suppresses moisture intrusion and asphalt film delamination, thereby significantly improving mortar durability. These findings offer theoretical support for the broader application of phosphogypsum in road engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:34:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2616679</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laboratory evaluation of UV aging and salt erosion resistance of pavement friction surfacing using epoxy resin modified by ternary hydrophobic nanofillers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2609141</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the issue of insufficient bonding strength between High Friction Surface Treatment (HFST) and the substrate under the environmental conditions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which leads to spalling defects during service, this study developed an epoxy resin modified with ternary hydrophobic nanoparticles, namely nano-SiO₂(NS), nano-TiO₂ (NT), and nano-ZnO (NZ). The modification aims to inhibit the decline in bonding strength between HFST and the substrate under conditions that require resistance to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and salt corrosion. The results indicate that the optimal nanoparticle dosage is 3 %, with NS, NT, and NZ accounting for 91 %, 3 %, and 6 %, respectively. The hydrophobic contact angle of the epoxy resin modified with the ternary nanoparticles was enhanced by 61 %. Compared to the unmodified epoxy resin, the modified epoxy resin exhibited a 52 % reduction in the strength loss rate due to UV aging. When used as an adhesive, the addition of NS-NT-NZ significantly suppressed the decline in bonding strength between HFST and the substrate under complex UV and salt corrosion environments. After three cycles of UV irradiation and salt corrosion, the reduction in pull-off strength between HFST and the substrate using the modified epoxy resin (EP) was 60 % of that observed when using the unmodified EP. These performance improvements are attributed to the effective UV-shielding effect provided by nano-titanium dioxide and nano-zinc oxide, while nano-silica maintains long-term hydrophobicity. The epoxy resin modified by ternary nanoparticles can significantly prolong the service life of HFST in harsh environments, providing a solution for enhancing pavement durability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:56:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2609141</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamic hydrophobicity and surface reconstruction mechanism of self-cleaning traffic marking coatings incorporating modified TiO₂ nanoparticles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic markings are susceptible to environmental pollution and erosion during the service life, leading to sharp decline of visual guidance effectiveness. To address this issue, a self-cleaning traffic marking incorporating modified nano-TiO₂ is developed in this study. Surface grafting modification of nano-TiO₂ is achieved using hexadecyltrimethoxysilane and titanate coupling agents, respectively. Experimental studies demonstrated that the coupling agent modification significantly improve the dispersibility of nano-TiO₂, increasing the coating's water contact angle (WCA) to 125° while exhibiting excellent photocatalytic degradation capability for organic pollutants. Artificial accelerated UV aging test and long-term water resistance test demonstrate that the marking coating exhibited excellent weather resistance. Meanwhile, chemical resistance test and abrasion resistance test confirm that the coating combines chemical stability with high abrasion resistance. Collectively, these test results reveal that the coating possesses outstanding durability. Further research reveal that UV irradiation and mechanical abrasion synergistically reconstruct the micro and nano structure of coating surface, forming a dynamic hydrophobic enhancement mechanism. The WCAs after single UV irradiation or mechanical abrasion are 140° and 138°, respectively, while the combined mechanical abrasion and UV irradiation increase WCA to 160°. This phenomenon confirms that the coating possesses self-enhancing characteristics during service, continuously maintaining the visual guidance function of traffic marking by improving pollutant removal efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2025 09:56:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2610293</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deicing Performance Improvement of Single-Component Polyurethane Pavement Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593158</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To enhance the deicing performance of polyurethane pavement and minimize its impact on water stability, this study reduces adhesion between ice and polyurethane and improves water stability by adding hydrophobic modifiers. Polycarbodiimide (PCDI), cetyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS), and hydroxypolydimethylsiloxane (HPDMS) were selected as modifiers. Hydrophobic properties before and after modification were analyzed using contact angle measurements, tensile tests, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Rubber particles were added to increase the elastic deformation ability of the polyurethane mixture, further improving its deicing performance. The effects of rubber particles on performance were evaluated through uniaxial compression, high-temperature performance, and freeze-thaw splitting tests. Ice layer rupture and oblique shear de-icing experiments verified the improvement in deicing performance. Results showed that HPDMS exhibited the strongest hydrophobicity and the best water resistance among the modifiers, significantly enhancing polyurethane’s mechanical properties after soaking. This improvement was attributed to HPDMS enhancing hydrogen bonding and increasing microphase separation during water-polyurethane reactions. The optimum HPDMS content was 2%, which significantly improved water stability with minimal effect on elastic modulus and high-temperature performance. Increasing the size of rubber particles reduced the elastic modulus, increased porosity, and slightly decreased water stability, while dynamic stability remained largely unchanged. A rubber particle size of 0.6–1.18 mm was recommended based on its ability to enhance elastic deformation and road performance. Deicing tests showed that compared to the unmodified mixture, the freeze-thaw splitting strength ratio of the mixture with 2% HPDMS and 0.6–1.18 mm rubber particles increased by 13.6%. However, rupture work decreased by 41.0%, and oblique shear strength decreased by 74.7%, 58.0%, and 46.8% under three ice thicknesses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2025 17:02:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593158</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fabrication and performance of a novel polymer composite waterproof adhesive layer with enhanced hydrophobicity for concrete bridge decks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592910</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The waterproof adhesive layer (WAL), as an integral part of concrete pavements, provides both waterproofing and bonding functions for concrete bridge decks. Due to advancements in construction technologies, long-span concrete bridges operating under harsh conditions have become more prevalent, raising the performance requirements for WAL. Therefore, this study develops a novel polymer composite waterproof adhesive layer (PCWAL) through hydrophobic modification and fiber reinforcement. The authors utilized epoxy resin (EP) and polyurethane (PU) as the matrix materials. Additionally, KH550-modified nano-SiO2 and polymethyltrifluoropropylsiloxane (PF) served as hydrophobic modifiers, while polypropylene fibers provided reinforcement. In this case, the PCWAL demonstrated high surface roughness (Sa = 3.355 μm), strong hydrophobicity (θ = 125.3°), and excellent impermeability. Furthermore, PCWAL exhibited outstanding thermal stability, flexibility at low temperatures, resistance to chemical corrosion, tensile strength, and deformation capacity. Watertightness, shear, and pull-off tests were conducted to evaluate PCWAL’s road performance under diverse environmental conditions. The watertightness test indicated that PCWAL has exceptional water resistance, with no leakage under 300 kPa. Even after prolonged water immersion, the reduction in bonding strength was minimal (less than 5 %). However, as temperatures increased, the bonding strength of the composite specimens decreased, with a sharp drop observed after freeze-thaw cycles. The fatigue test further revealed that PCWAL has a significantly longer fatigue life compared to asphalt-based WALs and maintains superior fatigue resistance under varying peak stress conditions. Consequently, it can be concluded that the PCWAL, with its excellent waterproofing and bonding performance under diverse environmental conditions, is expected to be a new practical WAL.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Sep 2025 10:23:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592910</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ultra-fine organophilic nano clay in asphalt: A laboratory-based performance study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2576688</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nano clay, a layered mineral silicate, exhibits high surface area and tunable characteristics that increase its potential to be utilized to enhance mechanical properties in hydrocarbon materials like asphalt binder. Research studies in the past recommended different materials to enhance the mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures and hence the service life of the pavements. This study recommends organophilic nano clay as an ultra-fine material in hydrophobic form for the improvement of asphalt binders. Viscosity, phase separation, stiffness at low temperature, thixotropy and physical properties of modified asphalt binder and its impact on asphalt mixture performance were studied. Asphalt mixtures were tested for moisture susceptibility, stiffness, fatigue, and rut resistance. The ultra-fine material improved the asphalt binder's properties such as viscosity, thixotropy, binder bond strength, storage stability, and low and high temperature performance up to 34 % compared to the virgin binder. The impact is more pronounced in mixtures prepared with soft-grade binder as compared to mixtures prepared with hard-grade asphalt binder. Overall performance improvement in soft grade asphalt mixtures were about 22 % more than the hard grade asphalt mixtures, which ascertains its applicability in diverse climatic and loading conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Sep 2025 14:54:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2576688</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Production of Reinforced Concrete Driven Piles Using Epoxy Resins for Use in Aggressive Soil Conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408100</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article presents the results of a study of concrete used for the production of driven piles, arranged in aggressive soil conditions. The technical solution was achieved by including polymer components in the concrete composition that improve the hydrophobic properties of concrete. A significant effect of the use of the additive is achieved when the technological regime of pile production is changed by the inclusion of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) in production. This makes it possible to use the maximum resource of the additive (according to the curing time of the polymer and concrete), significantly improving the physical and mechanical characteristics of the pile. For comparison, laboratory tests of prototypes were carried out with and without additives, with and without heat-moisture treatment. Laboratory investigations included the effect of the additive and production technology on the change in strength characteristics, water absorption capacity, frost resistance of concrete, and its resistance to aggressive environments. The results of laboratory measurements showed high values of the compared characteristics of samples with additives relative to traditional samples without additives. An additional effect is a reduction in construction time due to a reduction in the production time of piles by using HMT. The results of the study confirmed the effectiveness of using the additive in combination with heat-moisture treatment, therefore, the proposed concrete composition and production technology can be recommended for the manufacture of piles in aggressive soil conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 10:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2408100</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of the compressive strength of engineered water repellency in natural soils under varying environmental conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570052</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The persistent degradation of soil stiffness and strength due to moisture fluctuations can be mitigated through Engineered Water Repellency (EWR). This technique alters the wettability of soils using organosilane (OS), modifying the soil surface without forming cementitious bonds. This study evaluates the performance of EWR-treated soils under varying environmental conditions, including air drying, wet-dry cycles, and prolonged immersion, by assessing the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of two EWR-treated soils. The soils were treated with different OS concentrations and subjected to up to 120 days of immersion and 21 wet-dry cycles. The UCS of treated samples was measured as the hydrophobicity of the EWR soils developed during drying. X-ray CT scans were used to analyze porosity changes and internal pore structures post-exposure to the varying environmental conditions. The results showed that OS treatment reduced the optimum moisture content while having minimal impact on maximum dry unit weight. However, mechanical strength decreased as OS concentration increased, attributed to the organic moiety of the OS molecule siloxane bond formation, which reduced compressive strength. However, EWR-treated soils maintained their structural integrity during extended water immersion, with higher OS concentrations offering better resistance to wet-dry cycles. Over 120 days of soaking, EWR-treated soils experienced strength reductions due to increased porosity and excess unbound OS. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of hydrophobic soils, providing valuable insights into the mechanical strength of EWR soils and enhancing the feasibility of applying this technology for subgrade modification.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 10:03:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2570052</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Up to 30% of RAP in Open-Graded Wearing Course with Innovative Additives of Hydrophobizing Property</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562144</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The experimental study carried out aims to research an innovative mix design for an open-graded wearing course in an environmentally sustainable highway pavement with a high RAP content. The study is based on the recycled materials that come from the milling of the highway pavement in place, to which a minimum percentage of virgin aggregates is added to produce, providing the same performance, a reduction in the natural resources used, and, at the same time, ensuring a strong boost in eco-sustainability. The environmental impact factor is thus improved by working on the reduction of raw material consumption, waste in favor of the circular economy, energy, and CO₂ emissions. The main objective was to design the application of a bituminous binder containing additives with multifunctional properties, i.e., a polymer blend specialized in the confinement of RAP stable bonding of the grains in the mixture and increased resistance to oxidation generated by sunlight and climatic operating conditions. The performance of the mix is guaranteed by a selection of new-generation additives that preserve the workability of the mix design at low temperatures during production in plant, mixing in the transport and the asphalt paving phase. Specifically, the following were investigated: a high-performance synthetic-based regenerating liquid additive and a hydrophilizing and antioxidant additive with thermo-resistance characteristics suitably developed to give the bitumen greater hydrophobicity. The former gives the mix plasticizing and adhesion-activating properties of a phosphoric nature, whereas the latter allows for greater compatibility and greater cohesion properties in the mix with the aggregates, hence, greater resistance to weather washout. The experimental investigation carried out studied asphalt mixes with 25%–30% RAP content, considering the implementation of synthetic-based additives in dosages between 0.05% and 0.15% and hydrophilizing additive in dosages of 1% and 3% on the weight of the bituminous binder. The experimental activity of mechanical characterization continued after the verification of chemical compatibility and possible coalescence problems. The mechanical performance of the open-graded mix asphalt with high RAP content was performed on cylindrical specimens. Specifically, laboratory tests of a destructive nature were performed, such as the Cantabro Test, Scuffing Resistance Test, and Indirect Tensile Strength. In addition, rheological characterization tests were carried out using the DSR on bituminous binders with the additive formulation described in the previous points and used for the packaging of each mix studied. The results obtained demonstrated an excellent mechanical response of the mix designs containing RAP percentages up to 30%, with results comparable to the virgin pavement mix. Although the milled (RAP) material content is high, the additives used guarantee both the mechanical characteristics and an increase in the binder’s resistance to atmospheric agents and ultraviolet radiation (photo-oxidation phenomenon), providing an extension of the pavement’s useful life. In addition, the selected additives have proven to allow a reduction of CO₂ emissions into the environment; the implemented additives allow the reduction of the packaging temperature by about 20°C compared to standard mixes without the loss of workability during the laying phase.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jul 2025 14:36:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562144</guid>
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