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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Structure of the Hydrogen Bonds and Silica Defects in the Tetrahedral Double Chain of Xonotlite</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/855726</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this research, the authors use a combined experimental/theoretical approach to investigate the structure and stability of the silicate tetrahedral double chain in xonotlite. The M2a2bc polytype of xonotlite was found to be dominant in the synthetic samples. This polytype was used to predict the relative stability of silica defects in the tetrahedral double chain of xonotlite. The defects in Q3 sites were found to be substantially more abundant compared to Q2 tetrahedra. Moreover, the paired substitutions in the silicate double chain at neighboring Q3 sites are energetically more stable then isolated Q3 defects. The defects in the silicate chains of xonotlite offer structural channels accessible for diffusion of ions and water. The defect sites are potential candidates for incorporation of foreign ions in the xonotlite structure. Based on the crystal-chemical similarities with xonotlite the structure of silicate chains in tobermorite and C–S–H phases is discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Apr 2008 13:55:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/855726</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF HEATING ON THE SWELLING OF CLAY MINERALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128152</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE EFFECTS OF DEHYDRATION BY EVACUATION AND HEATING TO PROGRESSIVELY HIGHER TEMPERATURES UP TO 400 C ON THE SUBSEQUENT HYDRATION AND SWELLING BEHAVIOR OF HOMOIONIC PREDOMINATELY ILLITE CLAY MINERALS HAS BEEN STUDIED. WATER VAPOR SORPTION ISOTHERMS FOR 200-MG TABLETS AT 25 C WERE DETERMINED USING A VOLUMETRIC DOSER TECHNIQUE, AND SWELLING OF THE CLAYS AT LOW WATER SUCTIONS WAS MEASURED ON CERAMIC SUCTION PLATES. THE SWELLING OF CERTAIN ILLITIC CLAYS IS SUBJECT TO A MARKED REDUCTION (E.G., FROM 200 PERCENT TO 35 PERCENT WATER CONTENT AT 10 MILLIBARS SUCTION) AFTER PREHEATING, INDICATING THE FORMATION OF VERY STRONG BINDING FORCES BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL CLAY PARTICLES. ALTHOUGH WATER VAPOR SORPTION AT LOW RELATIVE VAPOR PRESSURES SHOWS THAT PART OF THE WATER LOSS ON HEATING IS IRREVERSIBLE, IT SEEMS UNLIKELY THAT ANY DETERIORATION OF THE CRYSTAL LATTICE HAS OCCURRED AT THE TEMPERATURES USED. THE CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITIES OF THE CLAYS ARE UNALTERED, AND THE SPECIFIC SURFACE AREAS ARE ESSENTIALLY THE SAME AFTER HEATING. THE NATURE OF THE BONDING MECHANISM IS NOT YET CLEAR, BUT THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT SMALL AMOUNTS OF KAOLINITE IMPURITIES PRESENT MAY BE INVOLVED. IT SEEMS LIKELY THAT THE FORMATION OF HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN SILICATE AND ALUMINATE SURFACES CAN OCCUR ON COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE ABSORBED WATER MOLECULES. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Aug 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128152</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF THE ELECTRO-CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN AN AGGREGATE- ASPHALT SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/97684</link>
      <description><![CDATA[STUDIES RELATING TO ASPHALT COMPOSITION AND TO THE ADHESION OF ASPHALT TO AGGREGATE IS SUMMARIZED. THE STUDIES WERE DESIGNED TO DEVELOP AN ADHESION THEORY BASED ON HYDROGEN BONDING AND RELATED PHENOMENA, SUCH AS VISCOSITY, FREE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES, AND TO EXPLAIN THE MECHANISM INVOLVED IN ADHESION AND STRIPPING IN ASPHALT-AGGREGATE SYSTEMS. A QUANTITATIVE METHOD WAS DEVELOPED FOR ADDITIVES IN ASPHALTS USING INFRA-RED SPECTRA. AVERAGE HYDROGEN BONDING ENERGIES WERE ESTIMATED FOR 70/85 GRADE ASPHALTS AND FOR CUTBACKS IN TERMS OF GIBBS FREE ENERGY OF ACTIVATION DETERMINED FROM VISCOSITY DATA USING THE EYRING TRANSPORT THEORY. BONDING ENERGY FOR POLAR GROUPS IN AN SC-5 WAS DETERMINED FROM DIELECTRIC CONSTANT MEASUREMENTS OVER A RANGE OF TEMPERATURES. INFRA-RED ANALYSES WERE MADE ON ASPHALTS AND COMPONENTS OF ASPHALTS OBTAINED BY THE MARCUSSON AND BY THE TRAXLER-SCHWEYER FRACTIONATION METHODS. VARYING THICKNESSES OF TEST SPECIMENTS AND HIGH RESOLUTION EQUIPMENT GAVE COMPLEX SPECTRA INDICATING THE PRESENCE OF MANY FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND ORGANIC LINKAGES. THE ADDITIVE CONTENT DETERMINATION USED SYNTHETIC MIXTURES MADE BY DISSOLVING VARIOUS ADDITIVES IN SOLVENTS SUCH AS BENZENE. THE ASSUMPTION WAS MADE THAT AGGREGATES CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS LEWIS ACIDS OR BASES AND THAT ACTIVATION ENERGY FOR ADSORPTION IS A MEASURE OF THE DEGREE OF SURFACE ACIDITY /OR BASICITY/. SINCE THEORY RELATES ACTIVATION ENERGY TO POLARIZABILITY AND TO ADSORPTION, THE LATTER WAS DETERMINED FOR SEVERAL AGGREGATES USING A POLAROGRAPH AND A STANDARD SULPHATE SOLUTION. RESULTS LED TO THE CONCLUSION THAT ADSORPTION MEASUREMENTS CAN SERVE TO CLASSIFY AGGREGATE SURFACES AS TO LEWIS ACIDITY OR BASICITY. A GOOD RELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN AGGREGATE ADSORPTION AND STRIPPING RESISTANCE AND WITH ACIDITY CONCEPTS, FOR THE ASPHALTS WITH AND WITHOUT ADDITIVE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/97684</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ADHESIVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/110250</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A REVIEW IS PRESENTED OF NEW ADHESIVE RESINS BEING SYNTHESIZED AND FORMULATED TO MEET THE DEMANDS FOR MATERIALS WHICH WILL WITHSTAND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. THE ADHESIVE IS USUALLY A SYNTHETIC HIGH POLYMER. THE ABILITY OF A RESIN TO PERFORM IN A SPECIFIC ADHESIVE APPLICATION IS DEPENDENT UPON THE FUNDAMENTALS OF POLYMER SCIENCE, SUCH AS HYDROGEN BONDING, COHESIVE ENERGY DENSITY, FLEXIBILITY, MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION, CRYSTALLIZATION, CROSS-LINKING, AND WETTING. HIGH TEMPERATURE ADHESIVES, NEOPRENE CEMENTS, HOT MELT ADHESIVES AND ONE-PACKAGE STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE ARE DESCRIBED. A PROCESS OF SUBSTRATE TREATMENT WAS DEVELOPED TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF ADHESIVES USED TO BOND THE MATERIAL. BULK PROPERTIES OF THE SUBSTRATE SUCH AS COLOR, TENSILE STRENGTH, AND ELONGATION ARE UNAFFECTED BY THE TREATMENT AND THE WEATHERABILITY OF THE SURFACE IS UNCHANGED. THE TECHNIQUE OF CASING, INVOLVING IMPINGING ELECTRONICALLY EXCITED SPECIES OF RARE GASES UPON THE SURFACE OF THE SUBSTRATE, IS DISCUSSED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/110250</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>POTENTIAL OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE, ELECTRONIC ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION CONTROL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/155567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report identifies, evaluates, and documents the characteristics and functions of significant electronic engine and powertrain control systems. Important considerations in the assessment are the powertrain variables controlled, the technology utilized, and the fuel economy gains achieved. A detailed analysis, by engine class and control system technology, is made in order to quantify specific advantages of various electronic systems and their capability to achieve increased engine efficiency and vehicle fuel economy. An attempt is made to identify the minimum technology required to move from the 1978 emission standards of 1.5 HC/15.0 CO/2.0 NOx to the 1981 emission standard of .41 HC/3.4 CO/1.0 NOx with no fuel economy losses. This 1981 standard and the level of technology required to achieve it represents a baseline from which an analysis of further potential fuel economy gains via electronic control systems is made.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/155567</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HYDROGEN USE AS A FUEL (CITATIONS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL AEROSPACE ABSTRACTS DATA BASE)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/89313</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The citations to articles from the international literature concern the use of hydrogen as a fuel for aircraft and automobiles. Topics covered include storage, fuel combustion studies, gas mixtures, and energy conversion efficiency. Articles dealing with hydrogen production are not included. (Contains 219 citations)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/89313</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WATER FLUX IN MOIST SOIL: THERMAL VERSUS SUCTION GRADIENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/140070</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Simultaneous flows of heat and moisture were measured across a loam soil sample under various thermal and pressure gradients.  The data were collected in a manner such that the liquid and vapor flow components could be separated and such that the liquid component could further be divided into that flow due to pressure differences and that due to thermal differences.  It was found that a temperature gradient of 0.5 deg C./cm at a soil moisture suction of 5 cm of Hg would move as much water through the soil as a pressure gradient of 2 cm of water per cm.  At a suction of 34 cm of Hg this temperature gradient was equivalent to 250 cm of water per cm.  Vapor transport through the soil was several times greater than could be predicted with Fick's law and the diffusion of water vapor in air, even though at soil moisture suctions of less than 18 cm Hg this vapor transfer accounted for less than half of the net thermally driven water flux.  A linear thermodynamic moisture flux equation was developed in terms of commonly used flow coefficients and variables.  This equation predicted fluxes in agreement with experimental observations.  A mechanism for unsaturated flow in the liquid phase through soil is proposed.  This proposal is based on current theories of the hydrogen bond distributions in water and the observed flow rates under simultaneous pressure and thermal gradients.  /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jan 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/140070</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INFLUENCE OF "BOUND" WATER ON THE CALIBRATION OF A NEUTRON MOISTURE METER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/126438</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A NEUTRON MOISTURE METER, TROXLER, MODEL 104A, WAS CALIBRATED IN THE FIELD ON MASHI FINE SANDY LOAM. USUALLY CALIBRATION IS SHOWN AS A CURVE RELATING THE COUNT RATIO, BEING THE NUMBER OF HYDROGEN ATOMS THAT ARE PRESENT IN A GIVEN MOISTURE CONTENT, TO THE VOLUMETRIC CONTENT OF WATER IN SOIL THAT HAS BEEN DRIED AT 105 C. AFTER HEATING THE MASHI SOIL TO 600 C, IT WAS POSTULATED THAT THE QUANTITIES OF BOUND WATER FOUND AT VARYING DEPTHS IS CORRELATED TO THE CLAY CONTENT OF THE SOIL, AND THEREFORE CAN BE MEASURED BY THE NEUTRON MOISTURE METER.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 May 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/126438</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MOVEMENT AND EQUILIBRIUM OF WATER IN SOIL SYSTEMS AS AFFECTED BY SOIL - WATER FORCES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/127438</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A REVIEW IS PRESENTED OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS TO DATE ON THE FORCES BETWEEN WATER AND SOIL MINERALS, ESPECIALLY THE CLAYS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON WATER MOVEMENT AND EQUILIBRIUM. FICK'S LAW FOR DIFFUSION IS DEVELOPED MATHEMATICALLY, FOLLOWED BY EXPRESSIONS GIVING THE RELATIONSHIP OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE. EXPERIMENTAL PROOF IS PRESENTED OF THE LESSER DENSITY OF WATER HELD ON THE PLANAR SURFACES OF MONTMORILLONITE CLAY PARTICLES. IT APPEARS THAT CLAY-WATER FORCES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WATER STRUCTURE AT THE CLLAY-WATER INTERFACE. THIS STRUCTURE EXTENDS UPWARDS OF 60A. FROM THE CLAY SURFACE IT BECOMES LESS REGULAR, AND PROBABLY MORE FLUID, WITH DISTANCE FROM THE SURFACE. THIS ABSORBED WATER STRUCTURE AND THAT OF ICE ARE NOT IDENTICAL BUT ARE SIMILAR IN THAT BOTH ARE LESS DENSE THAN NORMAL WATER. THEY PROBABLY BOTH OWE THEIR COHERENCE TO HYDROGEN BONDS. IF CLAY-WATER FORCES GIVE RISE TO A MORE REGULAR WATER STRUCTURE IN THE VICINITY OF THE CLAY MINERAL SURFACES, THEY MUST ALSO INCREASE THE VISCOSITY OF THE WATER NEAR THESE SURFACES. SINCE WATER TENDS TO MOVE TOWARD REGIONS OF LOW POTENTIAL ENERGY, IT SHOULD ACCUMULATE IN THE INTERFACIAL REGIONS BETWEEN CLAY AND WATER, THE EXTENT OF THE ACCUMULATION BEING PROPORTIONAL TO THE MAGNITUDE OF THE FORCES. IT IS REASONABLE TO BELIEVE THAT SOIL-AND-CLAY WATER FORCES AFFECT THE MOVEMENT AND EQUILIBRIUM OF WATER IN SOIL SYSTEMS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/127438</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROPERTIES OF WATER SUBSTANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128236</link>
      <description><![CDATA[WATER IS A POLAR LIQUID AS ARE HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND HYDROGEN CYANIDE. POLAR LIQUIDS ARE MADE UP OF SMALL MOLECULES CONTAINING HYDROGEN WHICH IS SUFFICIENTLY MOBILE OR ACTIVE TO SERVE AS A LINK BETWEEN MOLECULES. WATER IS A LIQUID WITH STRUCTURE SUCH THAT THE MOLECULES ARE LINKED TOGETHER BY HYDROGEN BONDS SO THAT THEY ARE NOT FREE TO ROTATE AS ARE BENZENE MOLECULES IN LIQUID BENZENE. THE WHOLE MASS OF LIQUID WATER CONSTITUTES THE MOLECULE. THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT DEPENDS ON THE SIZE OF THE CONTAINING VESSEL. THE BEST METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF HYDROGEN BONDS IS INFRARED ABSORPTION. THE ONLY PROPERTIES WHICH DIFFER MARKEDLY FOR ICE AND WATER ARE DENSITY AND VISCOSITY AND CLOSELY RELATED PROPERTIES. THE INFRARED ABSORPTION, THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, AND THE DEGREE OF ASSOCIATION CHANGE IN A CONTINUOUS MANNER THROUGH THE MELTING POINT. WATER IS ONE OF THE FEW SUBSTANCES WHICH SHOWS A GREATER DENSITY AS A LIQUID THAN AS A SOLID, AND IT IS PERHAPS THE ONLY SUBSTANCE THAT EXHIBITS A MAXIMUM DENSITY A FEW DEGREES ABOVE THE FREEZING POINT. THE EXACT ARRANGEMENT OF THE WATER MOLECULES IN THE ICE CRYSTAL IS NOT KNOWN WITH CERTAINTY, BUT IT IS KNOWN THAT WATER MOLECULES ARE ARRANGED IN HEXAGONAL RINGS WHICH FORM A NETWORK OR LATTICE. WHEN ICE MELTS TO LIQUID WATER THE HYDROGEN BONDS ARE STRETCHED AND THE MOLECULES MOVE FARTHER APART. THIS HAS CONSEQUENCES WHICH AFFECT THE VISCOSITY, DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, AND ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY. THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES ARE DISCUSSED: VISCOSITY, HEAT CAPACITY, AND LIQUID STRUCTURE. THE PICTURE OF WATER AS A LARGELY ASSOCIATED STRUCTURE OF HIGH DIELECTRIC CONSTANT ACCOUNTS FOR ITS EXTRAORDINARY ABILITY TO ACT AS A SOLVENT FOR ELECTROLYTES. SOLUTIONS OF NONPOLAR MOLECULES ARE DESCRIBED BECAUSE THEY HAVE THE EFFECT AUGMENTING THE STRUCTURE OF WATER. THE IONIC HYDRATION AND MOBILITY ARE DESCRIBED IN REFERENCE TO THE MOLECULAR CLUSTERS OBSERVED. LIQUID WATER UNDERGOES A CHANGE IN STRUCTURE IN THE PRESENCE OF MOLECULES OR AT THE SURFACE OR INTERFACE OF A SOLID PHASE. THIS EFFECT IS DESCRIBED AS BOUND WATER, SINCE WATER TENDS TO SOLIDIFY OR CRYSTALIZE IN THE PRESENCE OF FOREIGN MOLECULES. THE GEOLOGICAL WEATHERING OF CLAYS PRODUCES A VARIETY OF COLLOID BEHAVIOR IN WHICH WATER BEHAVES AS A PLASTICIZER. THIS PLASTICIZING ACTION INVOLVES THE HYDROGEN BONDING OF WATER TO THE OXYGEN OF THE SILICA OR ALUMINA GROUPS. THIS BONDING OF THE WATER MOLECULES IS A MORE OR LESS REVERSIBLE PROCESS EXCEPT WHEN HIGH TEMPERATURES ARE REACHED, IN WHICH CASE THE MOLECULES BECOME SO CLOSELY BONDED THAT THE WATER MOLECULES CANNOT INTRUDE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128236</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ORGANIZATION OF WATER ON CLAY MINERAL SURFACES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROPERTIES OF CLAY-WATER SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128238</link>
      <description><![CDATA[EVIDENCE IS REVIEWED INDICATING THAT THE WATER HELD ON THE SURFACES OF CLAY PARTICLES HAS SOME SORT OF DEFINITE GEOMETRIC ORGANIZATION, AND THE IMPLICATIONS ARE DISCUSSED OF SUCH WATER CHARACTERISTICS FOR SOME OF THE PROPERTIES OF CLAY-WATER SYSTEMS. FACTORS SUCH AS PARTICLE CHARGE OR SHAPE MAY EXERT A CONTROLLING INFLUENCE ON THE PROPERTIES OF CLAY- WATER SYSTEMS WHICH CONTAIN RELATIVELY LARGE PERCENTAGES OF WATER. WHEN THE PERCENTAGE OF WATER IS RELATIVELY SMALL, THE THICKNESS OF THE WATER FILM BETWEEN PARTICLES IS SUCH THAT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WATER MUST PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN DETERMINING PROPERTIES. THE EVIDENCE IS REVIEWED FOR REGULAR ORIENTATION OF THE WATER PARTICLES HELD ON THE SURFACE OF THE CLAY MINERAL PARTICLES. MANY CASES ARE SHOWN WHERE THERE IS AN ABRUPT CHANGE IN THE PHYSICAL STATE OF A CLAY-WATER SYSTEM WITH A SLIGHT CHANGE IN WATER CONTENT. WATER ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE IS DISCUSSED INDICATING THAT WATER ABSORBED ON THE CLAY MINERAL SURFACES IS NOT IN THE STATE OF LIQUID WATER, BUT HAS SOME ORGANIZATION IN WHICH THE WATER MOLECULES ARE HELD TOGETHER BY HYDROGEN BONDING. THE INFLUENCE IS DISCUSSED OF CLAY MINERAL COMPOSITION AND ABSORBED IONS. SOIL MINERAL COMPOSITION SUGGESTS THAT ORIENTED WATER CAN DEVELOP ON GRANULAR PARTICLES AS WELL AS ON CLAY MINERAL SURFACES. AS SUCH COMPONENTS ON THE SURFACE OF CLAY PARTICLES MAY SERVE AS A WATERPROOF COATING THEREBY PREVENTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER IN A NON-LIQUID STATE, ABSORBED COMPONENTS MAY CONTROL THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF ORIENTED WATER DEVELOPMENT, AND OF THESE, INORGANIC CATIONIC COMPONENTS ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT. ABSORBED CATIONS INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF NON-LIQUID WATER BY: (1) SERVING AS A BONDING FORCE BETWEEN PARTICLES, (2) DETERMINING THE THICKNESS OF THE ORIENTED WATER LAYERS BY THE MANNER IN WHICH THE CATIONS OR THE CATION PLUS A HYDRATION ENVELOPE CAN FIT INTO THE GEOMETRY OF THE WATER NET, (3) OMITTING OF A FIT MAY SERVE TO ENHANCE OR RETARD THE FORMATION OF ORIENTED WATER LAYERS, AND (4) DETERMINING THE ACTUAL GEOMETRY OF THE WATER NET AND DETERMINING WHETHER THE ORIENTED WATER GRADES GRADUALLY INTO LIQUID WATER OR IS ABRUPTLY SEPARATED FROM LIQUID WATER. IN SOILS AND CLAYS THE USUAL ABSORBED CATIONS ARE CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, HYDROGEN, ALUMINUM, AND IRON. UNTREATED CLAYS OR SOILS MAY CONTAIN A DOMINANT SINGLE ABSORBED CATION OR A MIXTURE OF CATIONS. X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSES SHOWS THAT THE LOSS OF ABSORBED WATER BY MONTMORILLONITE CLAYS TAKES PLACE IN A STEP-WISE FASHION RATHER THAN CONTINUOUSLY.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128238</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVAPORATION OF SOLVENTS FROM PAINT FILMS: EVAPORATION OF SOLVENT BLENDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/110327</link>
      <description><![CDATA[PHASE I OF THIS WORK WAS THE STUDY OF THE CHANGE IN COMPOSITION OF SOLVENT BLENDS WITH EVAPORATION AND EVAPORATION RATE OF NEAT SOLVENTS. EVAPORATION FOLLOWS CERTAIN PATTERNS. SOME BLENDS FIT THESE PATTERNS WELL, ESPECIALLY THOSE EXPECTED TO FORM IDEAL SOLUTIONS, WHILE OTHERS SUCH AS ALCOHOL/HYDROCARBON BLENDS DEVIATE BECAUSE OF HYDROGEN BONDING. THE EVAPORATION RATE OF ALCOHOLS IS CONCENTRATION DEPENDENT. WHEN ALCOHOLS EVAPORATE FROM DILUTE SOLUTIONS, THE RATE IS MANY TIMES THAT EXPECTED. A NEW GRAPHICAL METHOD HAS BEEN DEVISED AND FOUND USEFUL IN PREDICTING THE EVAPORATION RATE OF ALCOHOLS IN DILUTE SOLUTIONS. EFFECTIVE EVAPORATION RATES OF THE ALCOHOLS FROM SEVERAL BLENDS ARE GIVEN. /JPT/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 May 1970 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/110327</guid>
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