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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Tuning up</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1117381</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A long-span prefabricated footbridge system at a highway site in Denver is the most recent example of a patented structural hybrid system which can span long distances at a low cost. The system combines the physics of a hinged tied arch system with a standard steel truss system, which results in a lightweight, easy-to-install design, allowing for longer, more graceful spans at a reduced cost.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Sep 2011 09:28:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1117381</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Polymerised high internal phase emulsion cement hybrids: Macroporous polymer scaffolds for setting cements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1098973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors polymerised the continuous styrene/divinylbenzene monomer phase of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) containing 70 vol.% cement slurry as internal phase to synthesise polymer cement hybrid materials. These novel cement containing poly(merised) HIPEs have an interconnected bi-phasic structure consisting of an interpenetrating network of set cement and polymer. Incorporating 14 wt.% of polymer into the cement resulted in an increased compressive strain to failure as compared to pure set cement but both elastic modulus and crush strength decreased. These novel polymer cement hybrid materials have a better chemical resistance against acetic acid then pure cement and showed also no shrinkage when exposed to xylene and dodecane.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Apr 2011 07:36:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1098973</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Fundamental Study on the Macro Fiber and Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1092801</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cement concrete pavement offers long-term service life and excellent applicability for heavy traffic. Its purchase being easier than asphalt, this pavement presents remarkable cost-effectiveness and durability. However, adequate repair of the cement concrete pavement is more difficult than the asphalt pavement in case of degradation or damage. Cracking in the concrete pavement stands as the major cause of such problem and the demand of repair on road sites is growing every day. This emphasizes the urgency to secure technologies for the control of early and long-term cracking. Accordingly, this study evaluates the exploitability of the single use and hybrid use of micro-fibers usually adopted in fiber reinforced concrete and 5 types of long macro-fibers considering the 32 mm coarse aggregates used in the mix proportions of concrete pavement by means of various types of mechanical tests. As a result, tensile performance by macro fiber was remarkably improved in single mixing. In mixture of S-00-PV2, about 21% strength was increased. In hybrid mixing, it was checked that performances of compressive strength, tensile strength and bending toughness were improved by fiber mixing. And H-N1-ST2 mixture had the best performance in equivalent bending stress and toughness index I5.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 2011 12:24:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1092801</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ELEKTROBUS MIT HYBRIDANTRIEB FUER DEN STADTVERKEHR - MERCEDE S-BENZ-ELEKTRO-VERSUCHSOMNIBUS OE 302</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1076959</link>
      <description><![CDATA[NACH EINEM KURZEN HISTORISCHEN RUECKBLICK WERDEN ZUNAECHST DIE ALLGEMEINEN FORDERUNGEN AN DIE ELEKTRO-TRAKTION IM MODERNEN STADTVERKEHR UNTER BESONDERER BERUECKSICHTIGUNG DER  FAHRLEISTUNG UND DES ENERGIEBEDARFS BEI AUSSCHLIESSLICHER VERWENDUNG VON BLEIBATTERIEN UND BEI HYBRIDEM BETRIEB EROERTERT, WOBEI GRAPHISCHE SCHAUBILDER DIE ZUSAMMENHAENGE ZWISCHEN DEN VERSCHIEDENEN FAKTOREN (ENERGIEBEDARF, ANTRIEBSLEISTUNG, BETRIEBSZEIT, BATTERIEGEWICHT U.A.) VERDEUTLICHEN. DANACH FOLGT EINE GENAUE BESCHREIBUNG DES MERCEDES-BENZ-ELEKTRO-VERSUCHSBUSSES OE 302. ALS FAHRMOTOR DIENT EIN GLEICHSTROMMOTOR MIT VERLUSTARMER IMPULSSTEUERUNG.  DIE ENERGIE WIRD, JE NACH BETRIEBSART, IN 2- BIS 3,5-MP-PAN ZERPLATTEN-BLEIBATTERIEN GESPEICHERT. DAS STROMERZEUGUNGSAGG REGAT BESTEHT AUS EINEM DIESELMOTOR MIT 60-80 PS LEISTUNG UND  EINEM WECHSELSTROMGENERATOR. DIE ANORDNUNG DER AGGREGATE  WIRD DURCH SCHEMATISCHE DARSTELLUNGEN VERDEUTLICHT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 16:09:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1076959</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VERRINGERTE SCHADSTOFFEMISSION DURCH HYBRIDANTRIEB</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1076653</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ES WIRD EIN HYBRIDANTRIEB VORGESCHLAGEN, BEI DEM VERBRENNUNG SMOTOR UND HYBRIDMOTOR KOMBINIERT SIND. DER VERBRENNUNGSMOTO R IST NUR ZEITWEISE IN BETRIEB, ER STEHT IM STAND, GROESSTENTEILS BEIM ANFAHREN UND BESCHLEUNIGEN SOWIE IM SCHIEBEBETRIEB STILL. BEI VERSUCHEN MIT DIESEM SYSTEM IM INNERSTAEDTISCHEN VERKEHR WURDEN DIE FOLGENDEN GROESSEN MIT EINEM 4-MESSDATENSPEICHER AUFGENOMMEN: STAND- UND FAHRZEIT, FAHRGESCHWINDIGKEIT UND MOTORDREHZAHL, BESCHLEUNIGUNG BZW. VERZOEGERUNG UND DROSSELKLAPPENSTELLUNG DES VERGASERS. ENTSPRECHEND DEN GEMESSENEN DROSSELKLAPPENSTELLUNGEN UND DREHZAHLEN UND  DER JEWEILIGEN ANSAUGLUFTMENGE WURDEN MOTORKENNFELDER MIT CO- UND CH-MESSUNGEN AUF DEM PRUEFSTAND GEFAHREN. UNTER DER VORAUSSETZUNG, DASS DER VERBRENNUNGSMOTO R NUR BEI KONSTANTFAHRT LAEUFT, SIND DIE SCHADSTOFFEMISSIONE N ERHEBLICH VERRINGERT. DAS WECHSELWEISE EIN- BZW. AUSSCHALTEN DER BEIDEN ANTRIEBSSYSTEME UEBERNIMMT EINE REGELANLAGE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 16:00:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1076653</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DER NEUE BOSCH-HYBRIDANTRIEB</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1076359</link>
      <description><![CDATA[FUER DEN VERKEHR IN STADT- UND BALLUNGSZENTREN SOWIE IN STADTNAHEN GEBIETEN WURDEN SCHON VERSCHIEDENE HYBRIDANTRIEBE  ENTWICKELT, DIE ES GESTATTEN,  WAHLWEISE MIT REINEM ELEKTROA NTRIEB ODER IN VERBINDUNG MIT EINEM VERBRENNUNGSMOTOR ZU FAHREN. BEIM NEUEN BOSCH-HYBRIDANTRIEB WIRD DER VERBRENNUNGS MOTOR NICHT NUR ZUM LADEN DER BATTERIEN, SONDERN AUCH IN UEBLICHER WEISE  ALS DIREKTER FAHRANTRIEB BENUTZT, WOBEI GLEICHZEITIG AUS DEM LEISTUNGSUEBERSCHUSS DES MOTORS - WENN GEWUENSCHT ODER NOTWENDIG - DIE BATTERIEN GELADEN WERDEN KOENNEN; DIES GILT NATUERLICH NICHT FUER DEN STADTBETRIEB, WO IMMER REIN ELEKTRISCH GEFAHREN WIRD.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 15:51:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1076359</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STROMVERSORGUNG ELEKTRISCH ANGETRIEBENER KRAFTFAHRZEUGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1076357</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DIE VERSORGUNG VON ELEKTROMOBILEN AUS DEM OEFFENTLICHEN STROMVERSORGUNGSNETZ KANN UEBER VERSCHIEDENE TECHNISCHE WEGE  ERFOLGEN. DAS HIER GESCHILDERTE KONZEPT SIEHT DABEI VOR, DASS DIE ANTRIEBSENERGIE IM FAHRZEUG SELBST AN  DEN VERBRAUCH ER UEBERGEBEN WIRD, DAS HEISST ALSO, DASS DIE BATTERIE NOCH BESTANDTEIL DES VERTEILUNGSNETZES IST. NEBEN DEM LADEN AN BORD WIRD FUER  FAHRZEUGE MIT GROESSEREM AKTIONSRADIUS DIE AUSWECHSLUNG VON BATTERIEN AN  "ELEKTRO-TANKSTELLEN", ERGAENZT DURCH HYBRIDLOESUNGEN, EINE WICHTIGE ROLLE SPIELEN.  UNTER BEACHTUNG MOEGLICHER REALISIERUNGSZEITRAEUME WIRD DER  ENERGIEBEDARF FUER DAS ELEKTROMOBIL KAUM JEMALS MEHR ALS ETWA 2 PROZENT DES GESAMTEN OEFFENTLICHEN ELEKTRIZITAETSVERB RAUCHES BETRAGEN. WEGEN DER SPEICHERBARKEIT DIESER ENERGIE IN DEN AKKUMULATOREN LAESST SICH DIE ERZEUGUNG AUF SCHWACHLA STZEITEN VERLAGERN, WO DIE BELASTUNGSKURVEN AUCH KUENFTIG RESERVEN ENTHALTEN. DA DIE ERZEUGUNG ZUNEHMEND AUF NUKLEARE KRAFTWERKE VERLAGERT WIRD, ENTFAELLT AUCH DAS ARGUMENT, DASS DIE UMWELTBELASTUNG NUR VOM  AUSPUFF AUF DEN SCHORNSTEIN  UEBERTRAGEN WUERDE. INSGESAMT GESEHEN LAESST SICH NACHWEISE N, DASS DIE ELEKTRIZITAETSVERSORGUNGSUNTERNEHMEN OHNE ZUSAETZLICHE INSTALLIERTE LEISTUNG IN BESONDERS UMWELTFREUND LICHER WEISE UND  MIT NUTZEN FUER DEN AUSGLEICH IHRER BELASTUNGSKURVEN ANTRIEBSENERGIE FUER DIE ELEKTROTRAKTION AUF DER STRASSE IN AUSREICHENDER MENGE ANBIETEN KOENNEN. (A).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 15:51:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1076357</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENTWICKLUNGSSTAND DES ELEKTROFAHRZEUGS. BERICHT UEBER DIE EL EKTROFAHRZEUG-STUDIENTAGE AM 13. UND 14. MAERZ 1972 IN BRUES SEL.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1076356</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DIE CHANCEN FUER ELEKTRO-PERSONENKRAFTWAGEN WERDEN HEUTE GERING BEWERTET,  WEIL EINE GEWISSE UEBERLANDFAEHIGKEIT GEWUENSCHT WIRD. NUTZFAHRZEUGE IN DER FORM VON STADTFAHRZEUG EN MIT BEGRENZTEN ERFORDERLICHEN AKTIONSRADIEN BIETEN SICH DAGEGEN FUER ELEKTROBETRIEB EHER AN. DIE GROESSTE SCHWIERIGK EIT BESTEHT IN DER ENERGIESPEICHERUNG MIT DEN IN NAHER ZUKUNFT ALLEIN ZUR VERFUEGUNG STEHENDEN SCHWEREN BLEIBATTERI EN. TECHNISCH AKZEPTABLE LOESUNGEN STEHEN FUER STADT-NUTZFAH RZEUGE BEREIT. DURCH DIE VON RWE/GES ENTWICKELTE BATTERIEWEC HSELTECHNIK KANN DER AKTIONSRADIUS VERLAENGERT WERDEN. AUSSERDEM SIND HYBRIDE FAHRZEUGE VORGESCHLAGEN ODER VORGESTE LLT WORDEN. VON DEN IN REFERATEN UND AUF EINER AUSSTELLUNG VORGESTELLTEN ELEKTROFAHRZEUGEN UMFASSTE EINE KATEGORIE DIE RELATIV LANGSAMEN STADT-SPEZIALWAGEN. IN DER ZWEITEN KATEGORIE WURDEN NEUENTWICKLUNGEN, MEIST ALS VERSUCHSFAHRZEU GE, VORGESTELLT, DIE GRUNDSAETZLICH MINDESTENS FUER DIE GLEICHE FAHRLEISTUNG, WIE SIE DIE HEUTIGEN NUTZFAHRZEUGE MIT  VERBRENNUNGSMOTOR HABEN, KONZIPIERT WURDEN. FUER DEN ANTRIEB WERDEN ENTWEDER REIHENSCHLUSSMOTOREN MIT RELATIV EINFACHER STEUERUNG ODER FREMDERREGTE NEBENSCHLUSSMOTOREN MIT ZWEI STEUERKREISEN FUER DEN AKTERTAKTBEREICH UND FUER DEN FELDSCHWAECHBEREICH VERWENDET. (A).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 15:51:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1076356</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Hybrid Strategy for Real-Time Traffic Signal Control of Urban Road Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/909728</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The recently developed traffic signal control strategy, TUC, (Traffic-responsive Urban Control) requires availability of a fixed signal plan that is sufficiently efficient in undersaturated traffic conditions. To drop this requirement, the well known Webster procedure for fixed signal control derivation at isolated junctions is employed appropriately for real-time operation based on measured flows. It is demonstrated via simulation experiments and field application that: (a) The developed real-time demand-based approach is a viable real-time signal control strategy for undersaturated traffic conditions; (b) it can indeed be used within TUC to drop the requirement for a pre-specified fixed signal plan; (c) it may, under certain conditions, contribute to more efficient results compared with the original TUC method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Mar 2010 06:13:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/909728</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In Search of the Ideal Institutional Structure for Decision-Making on Transport Infrastructure: A Conjoint Analysis of Expert Opinions on Hybrid Forms of German, Danish and Dutch Decision-Making</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/868265</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This chapter provides a step by step explanation of the background, the organization, findings and conclusions of the research. In the next section, the method, conjoint analysis is described and the authors will indicate how it has been applied to the case at hand. It deviates strongly from the more qualitative and impressionistic research methods that have been used in the field to date, such as unstructured interviews. The section also portrays how the characteristics of the institutional structure, each with three possible scores (values) have been established and how the experts have been approached and instructed. The authors present the outcomes of the survey in the third section, after which the fourth section discusses these outcomes in light of the current institutional structure in the Netherlands. The added value and limitations of applying conjoint analysis as compared to other research methods in this field are given in the final section.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2008 09:06:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/868265</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Genesis of a Hybrid-Composite Beam</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/847178</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper will address the evolution of a structural member comprised of several building materials, each with unique performance characteristics. The conventional materials are combined in an embodiment of a beam that exploits the inherent benefits of each material in such a manner to optimize the overall structural performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2008 07:35:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/847178</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Real time simulation of auctioning and re-scheduling processes in hybrid freight markets</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/839642</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the freight logistics business, supply chains are under strong pressure to provide customized goods and services. Individualized product deliveries, modifications in product specification, late orders and volume changes need to be accommodated within strict delivery time frames. This uncertainty in demand can only be accommodated by allowing for slack capacity and time in trip planning. As this overbooking creates substantial costs, however, firms will attempt to minimize these costs by further optimizing and re-organizing their distribution channels. In this paper we look at the feasibility of one such solution, a hybrid system of contracting freight carrying services. Here, part of the services are provided by various carriers using contracts for a fixed base volume of freight, which results in planned delivery tours. Additional to these volumes, peaks resulting from additional shipments are accommodated by one or more of these carriers within an auction setting based on price and quality of service. The additional freight is won by the carrier that has the most flexible trip planning in terms of capacity, service quality and costs. We test the effectiveness and efficiency of this contracting system by means of a simultaneous, real time simulation of the execution of planned tours, the auctioning process and the re-scheduling of tours. The model provides us with new insights on the dynamics of bidding behaviour on the side of carriers and shippers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Nov 2007 10:33:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/839642</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Proof-Of-Concept Testing and Finite Element Modeling of Self-Stabilizing Hybrid Tubular Links for Eccentrically Braced Frames</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/839645</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the design, testing, and finite element modeling of a proof-of-concept eccentrically braced frame specimen utilizing a hybrid rectangular shear link. The link is self stabilizing and does not require lateral bracing, making it suitable for use in steel bridge piers where lateral bracing can be difficult to provide (building applications are possible as well). Equations used for design are given and references for their derivations are provided. The quasistatic cyclic testing is described, and results are reported and compared with a finite element model to be used as the basis for a future parametric study. Stable and full hysteretic loops were obtained and no signs of flange, web, or lateral torsional buckling were observed. The link was subjected to 0.15 radians of rotation in the final cycle, which is almost twice the maximum rotation allowed in building codes for links with I-shaped cross-sections. Although the final failure mode was fracture of the bottom link flange, the large rotations achieved were well above what would be required in a seismic event, indicating that hybrid rectangular links without lateral bracing of the link can indeed be a viable alternative for applications in steel bridge piers in seismic regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Nov 2007 10:33:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/839645</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Damping Material Hybrid Composite Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813678</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how damping materials frequently fall with two damping mechanisms: extensional and shear dissipation. Shear dissipation is commonly known as constrained layer. Typical extensional damping materials are viscoelastic materials. Extensional dissipation occurs from the axial strain undergone by the viscoelastic material. Common sheet extensional damping materials are polymer based or asphalt. Common liquid extensional damping materials are latex based with various fillers. Fillers can be mica, calcium carbonate, carbon black, barium sulfate and a host of other materials. Common constrained layer damping materials consist of butyl and aluminum facing. Extensional and constrained layer damping systems in the past have pretty much remained mutually exclusive. However, a damping material of only homogenous extensional or shear damping faces constraints in the form of effective temperature region and weight. This paper investigates whether effective damping hybrid composite systems can be created that incorporate both damping mechanisms and whether good damping can be obtained when non-traditional damping materials are used in hybrid composite systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jul 2007 09:55:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813678</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hybrid Composites Emerge as Engineers Seek to Exploit Best Properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/811563</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The author discusses findings on using hybrid composites in bridges. Composites may be combined with other fiber reinforced polymers or other materials. An international conference on using composites in civil engineering applications was recently held in Stuttgart, Germany. The author highlights several presentations from the conference, including hybrid composite girder development in which carbon and glass fiber combinations are used in different parts of the structural element; a short and medium-span bridge system combining a cast in place concrete deck with precast, prestressed concrete truss girders; a cost-competitive highway bridge combining a bridge deck with pultruded fiber reinforced polymer sections with steel girders; and expected installation of some 13,000 square meters of composite deck this year in South Korea.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jul 2007 09:56:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/811563</guid>
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