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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Operating MASS passenger ferry MF Estelle : shifting work from ship to shore</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534307</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:16:31 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Human factors, risks and optimal performance in cooperative, connected and automated mobility</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The effect of the interaction between Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM) in scenarios where the ratio of conventional and intelligent vehicles is a topic of interest for researchers and the industry. There is an expected effect on road safety and traffic efficiency stemming from the coexistence between Connected Automated Vehicles (CAVs) and other non-connected, non-automated road users like disconnected pedestrians or legacy vehicles - which we group under the term Multi-modal Road Users (MRUs). These effects, either positive or negative, might not grow linearly with increased adoption rates and, furthermore, it is realistic to expect MRUs to share the road with CAVs even as outliers in the fleet. Thus, identifying and analyzing if existing and developing safety metrics apply to a near full-CCAM environment is crucial, specifically, if human factors (which affect conventional driving) continue to influence safety and efficiency when full connection and automation is expected. This pre-study explores the literature and performs a simulation-based analysis of these risks and human factors on road safety and traffic efficiency. Starting from an exploration of the literature, where groundwork exists on existing and expected risks and mitigations, we map these risks to scenarios where full CAV driving is expected. We identify that some of the humanly influenced risk factors that affect the Dynamic Driving task (DDT) are mitigated, while some other (e.g., decision making at the design stage of CAVs) might even create more heterogeneity. Then, in the simulation stage, we identify that heterogeneity is what influences safety and efficiency, and that it is not only the ratio between CAVs and MRUs that affects convergence but also the place in which heterogeneous vehicles are placed in the flow.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:16:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534288</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Getting work done : the significance of the human in complex socio-technical systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344866</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thesis aims to deepen the understanding of the role and relevance of the worker in the functioning of complex socio-technical systems. The perspective adopted is profoundly human-centred and the worker is considered as a resource. This stands in stark contrast to the performance-related measurements and accident investigations which have typically formed much research on work in complex safety-critical systems and conveyed a perspective of the human as merely a system cog. The empirical material in this thesis is based on ethnographic fieldwork in the shape of workplace studies conducted across two distinct work domains: manufacturing and operational train traffic. The studies are informed by distributed cognition (DCog) and activity theory (AT) as prominent theoretical approaches for developing in-depth understandings of how work activities are accomplished in situations where the interplay between humans and their socio-cultural and material environment is of interest. The findings are illustrated by empirical work that provides detailed accounts of work practices derived from a total of four work settings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2024 14:27:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344866</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Managing human factors and requirements in agile development of automated vehicles : an exploration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344763</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Context: Automated Vehicle (AV) technology has evolved significantly in complexity and impact; it is expected to ultimately change urban transportation. However, research shows that vehicle automation can only live up to this expectation if it is defined with human capabilities and limitations in mind. Therefore, it is necessary to bring human factors knowledge to AV developers. Objective: This thesis aims to empirically study how we can effectively bring the required human factors knowledge into large-scale agile AV development. The research goals are 1) to explore requirements engineering and human factors in agile AV development, 2) to investigate the problems of requirements engineering, human factors, and agile way of working in AV development, and 3) to demonstrate initial solutions to existing problems in agile AV development. Method: We conducted this research in close collaboration with industry, using different empirical methodologies to collect data—including interviews, workshops, and document analysis. To gain in-depth insights, we did a qualitative exploratory study to investigate the problem and used a design science approach to develop initial solution in several iterations. Findings and Conclusions: We found that applying human factors knowledge effectively is one of the key problem areas that need to be solved in agile development of artificial intelligence (AI)-intense systems. This motivated us to do an in-depth interview study on how to manage human factors knowledge during AV development. From our data, we derived a working definition of human factors for AV development, discovered the relevant properties of agile and human factors, and defined implications for agile ways of working, managing human factors knowledge, and managing requirements. The design science approach allowed us to identify challenges related to agile requirements engineering in three case companies in iterations. Based on these three case studies, we developed a solution strategy to resolve the RE challenges in agile AV development. Moreover, we derived building blocks and described guidelines for the creation of a requirements strategy, which should describe how requirements are structured, how work is organized, and how RE is integrated into the agile work and feature flow.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Feb 2024 14:25:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2344763</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Autonomous Vehicles and the Moral Domain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2216115</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores human factors in addition to ethical and liability challenges associated with the adoption of self-driving vehicles. In the Background section, we survey related works and provide initial context on the subject of self-driving vehicles. We provide some basic definitions, analyze available AV crash reports and explore common issues related to user acceptance of AI systems. In the Ethics and Liability section, we introduce a few ethical frameworks, explore ethical considerations in dilemmic situations related to self-driving vehicles and highlight concerns around the rapid advancements in AVs and the law, which may not be equipped to react as quickly to innovations in self-driving cars. Research in this area may help provide a roadmap in developing global and socially acceptable principles for machine ethics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Jul 2023 17:21:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2216115</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards an understanding of the consequences of technology-driven decision support for maritime navigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145713</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The maritime industry is undergoing a transformation driven by digitalization and connectivity. There is speculation that in the next two decades the maritime industry will witness changes far exceeding those experienced over the past 100 years. While change is inevitable in the maritime domain, technological developments do not guarantee navigational safety, efficiency, or improved seaway traffic management. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted the Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) concept to define autonomy on a scale from Degrees 1 through 4.  Investigations into the impact of MASS on various aspects of the maritime sociotechnical system is currently ongoing by academic and industry stakeholders. However, the early adoption of MASS (Degree 1), which is classified as a crewed ship with decision support, remains largely unexplored. Decision support systems are intended to support operator decision-making and improve operator performance. In practice they can cause unintended changes throughout other elements of the maritime sociotechnical system. In the maritime industry, the human is seldom put first in technology design which paradoxically introduces human-automation challenges related to technology acceptance, use, trust, reliance, and risk. The co-existence of humans and automation, as it pertains to navigation and navigational assistance, is explored throughout this thesis. The aims of this thesis are (1) to understand how decision support will impact navigation and navigational assistance from the operator’s perspective and (2) to explore a framework to help reduce the gaps between the design and use of decision support technologies. This thesis advocates for a human-centric approach to automation design and development while exploring the broader impacts upon the maritime sociotechnical system. This work considers three different projects and four individual data collection efforts during 2017-2022. This research took place in Gothenburg, Sweden, and Warsash, UK and includes data from 65 Bridge Officers (navigators) and 16 Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) operators. Two testbeds were used to conduct the research in several full mission bridge simulators, and a virtual reality environment. A mixed methods approach, with a heavier focus on qualitative data, was adopted to understand the research problem. Methodological tools included literature reviews, observations, questionnaires, ship maneuvering data, collective interviews, think-aloud protocol, and consultation with subject matter experts. The data analysis included thematic analysis, subject matter expert consultation, and descriptive statistics. The results show that operators perceive that decision support will impact their work, but not necessarily as expected. The operators’ positive and negative perceptions are discussed within the frameworks of human-automation interaction, decision-making, and systems thinking. The results point towards gaps in work as it is intended to be done and work as it is done in the user’s context. A user-driven design framework is proposed which allows for a systematic, flexible, and iterative design process capable of testing new technologies while involving all stakeholders. These results have led to the identification of several research gaps in relation to the overall preparedness of the shipping industry to manage the evolution toward smarter ships. This thesis will discuss these findings and advocate for human-centered automation within the quickly evolving maritime industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Apr 2023 16:46:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145713</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Real-time visual analytics interfaces to strengthen human-automation collaboration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145661</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automation in today’s world supports human operators to accomplish several tasks in limited time. With more advanced automation and autonomous systems, the humans’ role is shifting from hands-on operational tasks to supervisory tasks. In complex environments such as air traffic control, supervisory tasks become difficult to manage during unexpected situations as the operator needs to have a clear understanding of various resolution strategies and their consequences and make decisions about them in a limited amount of time (i.e. within a couple of minutes). In such environments, interface designers must carefully consider how information should be presented to the operators. An improper way of presenting information could, wastefully consume operators’ cognitive resources resulting in inefficient decision-making and an increased risk of failure. By designing ecological visual analytics interfaces, this thesis addresses the problem of real-time decision-making in the domain of air traffic control. The aim of this thesis has been to apply ecological design theories to the design and evaluation of visual representations to better support controllers’ analytical capabilities and decision-making. Four novel visual analytics interfaces were designed, developed, and tested over the course of this research project. To understand how the designed visual representations aﬀected the operators’ decision-making processes, evaluation studies with air traffic controllers as well as novices without ATC experience were conducted for two of the designed interfaces and the results were analyzed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Apr 2023 16:45:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2145661</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Saving energy at sea : seafarers adoption, appropriation and enactment of technologies supporting energy efficiency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1876016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The shipping industry is currently facing a major challenge related to environmental sustainability and energy efficiency. New regulations and ambitious international goals that aim at mitigating carbon-based emissions with 50 %, demands on profitability, along with a growing awareness about the climate change, has prompted the maritime sector to increasingly focus on how to improve energy efficiency and reduce fuel consumption in ship operations. This thesis aims at describing and understanding the challenges of improving energy efficiency seen from the lens of crew members’ work and to investigate the adoption, appropriation and use of particular technologies, purported to support energy efficiency in ship operation. Using an ethnographic approach and drawing on various practice-based concepts and theories such as communities of practice, activity theory and the imbrication of material and social agency, the four papers (I – IV) included in the thesis were based on extensive field studies in two shipping companies and onboard 11 passenger ferries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Sep 2021 14:26:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1876016</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gaps in regulations, pedagogic needs and human/ automation interactions in the shipping industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1875957</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The evolution of the shipping industry toward autonomous vessels has now appeared over the horizon. The rapid push towards the development of smart ships and autonomous vessels has created challenges for many sector stakeholders. Most of the current research efforts have addressed many of the technological challenges such as big data, development and implementation of automated systems and the relocation of personnel from the vessel to shoreside operations centers. However, this evolution has largely ignored the social aspect of this complex sociotechnical system, namely the human element. The scope of this work examines the knowledge gaps in two key areas: the regulatory and pedagogical domains. The report proposes where to focus research activities in order to inform best how decisionmakers and practitioners will enter into this new era of maritime transportation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Sep 2021 14:25:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1875957</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Human impact on safety of shipping</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1706481</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Humans, especially the crews have an important role in the safe operation of ships. The crews, given the right circumstances are able to safely maneuver, navigate, maintain and operate the vessel. The crews are dependent on many factors that enable this work, from the design of the vessel and work place, the procedures, processes given by the ship management and the business approach the ship owner applies to the vessel. The traffic to and from Åland is an advanced transport system that enables safe ferry services in shipping fairways with narrow passages, meeting and crossing traffic as well as winter navigation - a shipping system combining people and technology to create safe transport. The introduction of more automation requires a systems perspective and will not be a straight forward development. Total autonomy as proposed by some technology developers is often neglecting the functions and roles that humans have on maritime safety and the business case for increased automation neglects the full contribution of humans onboard. Total autonomy will therefore require high-end products that are built on standardized complex systems. Controlling and monitoring these systems will set new requirements on operators to uphold situated understanding in these complex systems. Many aspects will be affected by increased automation towards smart shipping - regulations, organization, workplace, working methods, HMI, roles and skills. To cope with the foreseen changes it is important to develop further training, skills, experience, openness in the organization and familiarization giving the future crews the right pre-conditions to succeed in the future, as well as mindful design and integration of newly automated systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2020 09:41:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1706481</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risk analysis of dangerous goods transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1641411</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The “European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR)” sets a legal framework for dangerous goods transport in Europe. Despite these regulations most accidents in this sector are caused by human factors. Therefore the focus of this paper is on the development of an algorithm for the evaluation and management of human factor risks in the area of dangerous goods transport by road. Qualitative, quantitative and semi-quantitative methods for the risk analysis and assessment are used to identify unacceptable risks. Fully implemented, the developed algorithm for evaluation and management of human factor risks in the area of dangerous goods transportation will help to reduce the risk caused by the most risky human factor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Aug 2019 10:56:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1641411</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Geometric Design Guide for Canadian Roads: Chapter 2 - Design Controls, Classification and Consistency</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1483915</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Geometric Design Guide for Canadian Roads contains the current design and human factors research and practices for roadway geometric design. It replaces the 1999 edition of the Guide and subsequent revisions. The Guide provides guidance to planners and designers in developing design solutions that meet the needs of a range of users while addressing the context of local conditions and environments. Design guidelines for freeways, arterials, collectors, and local roads, in both urban and rural locations are included as well as guidance for integrated bicycle and pedestrian design.  The Guide is organized into ten chapters to cover the entire design process from design philosophy and roadway classification to design parameters and specific guidelines for the safe accommodation of vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians on linear road elements and at intersections. The chapters are: Design Philosophy; Design Controls, Classification and Consistency; Alignment and Lane Configuration; Cross Section Elements; Bicycle Integrated Design; Pedestrian Integrated Design; Roadside Design; Access; Intersections; and Interchanges.  Chapter 2 – Design Controls, Classification and Consistency discusses how design controls such as human factors, speed, design vehicles and sight lines influence geometric design. The chapter also includes guidance for classifying links in a road network to provide for a hierarchical and readily understood road system that properly serves different purposes. The principles of providing consistency in cross section, operating speed and driver workload are outlined in this chapter.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Sep 2017 12:26:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1483915</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Causation of traffic accidents with children from the perspective of all involved participants</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482287</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Within this study 46 traffic accidents between vehicles and children as pedestrians were analysed and reconstructed. To find factors that might have led to the traffic accident, the behaviour of every participant prior to the accident was analysed by determining possible causal and contributing accident factors. Each case was analysed from the perspective of the involved children as well as from the perspective of the involved drivers with the goal to find relevant and recurrent accident circumstances. One important finding is that in more than 50% of the analysed cases sight obstructions were an important contributing factor for both, the driver and the child. From drivers view situations in which the child moved unexpectedly into the driven road lane were often found. For the injured child, factors like: no attention to the road traffic or no sufficient traffic observation were found to be relevant. According to the findings of the study  it is possible to sensitise children and adults to possible sources of critical traffic situations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Sep 2017 10:43:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482287</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A pilot study for the determination of accident moderating conditions as an addition to situational accident causation factors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the avoidance of traffic accidents by means of advanced driver assistance systems the knowledge of failures and deficiencies a few seconds before the crash is of increasing importance. This information e.g. is collected in the German accident survey GIDAS by an interview derived from the ACAS methodology. However to display the whole range of accident causation factors additional information is needed on enduring factors of the system components “human”, “infrastructure” and “machine”. On the strategic level these accident moderating factors include long term influences such as medical preconditions or a general higher risk taking behavior as well as influences on the immediate conflict level such as an aggressive response to a perceived previous traffic conflict. This study was conducted to examine the feasibility of collecting such causation information in the scope of an in-depth accident investigation like GIDAS. Due to the comprehensive amount of information necessary to estimate the moderating factors the information is collected with different methods. 5 cases of real world crashes have been investigated where information was collected on-scene and retrospective by interviews. The identified moderating factors of the accidents and the method for collecting the information are displayed. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Sep 2017 10:43:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1482067</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The GMOC model: supporting development of systems for human control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463162</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Train traffic control is a complex task in a dynamic environment. Different actors have to cooperate to meet strong requirements regarding safety, punctuality, capacity utilization, energy consumption, and more. The Goal, Model, Observability, and Controllability (GMOC) model has been developed and utilized in a number of studies in several different areas. This thesis describes GMOC and uses train traffic control as the application area for evaluating its utility. The GMOC model has its origin in control theory and relates to concepts of dynamic decision making. Human operators in complex, dynamic control environments must have clear goals, reflecting states to reach or to keep a system in. Mental models contain the operator's knowledge about the task, the process, and the control environment. Systems have to provide observability, means for the operator to observe the system's states and dynamics, and controllability, allowing the operators to influence the system's states. GMOC allows us to constructively describe complex environments, focusing on all relevant parts. It can be utilized in user-centred system design to analyse existing systems, and design and evaluate future control systems. Our application of GMOC shows that automation providing clear observability and sufficient controllability is seen as transparent and most helpful. GMOC also helps us to argue for visualization that rather displays the whole complexity of a process than tries to hide it. Our studies in train traffic control show that GMOC is useful to analyse complex work situations. We identified the need to introduce a new control strategy improving the traffic plan by supporting planning ahead. Using GMOC, we designed STEG, an interface implementing this strategy. Improvements that have been done to observability helped the operators to develop more adequate mental models, reducing use of cognitive capacity but increasing precision of the operative traffic plans. In order to improve the traffic controllers' controllability, one needs to introduce and share a real-time traffic plan, and provide the train drivers with up-to-date information on the surrounding traffic. Our studies indicate that driver advisory systems, including such information, reduce the need for traffic re-planning, improve energy consumption, and increase quality and capacity of train traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Mar 2017 12:17:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1463162</guid>
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