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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Identification of Horizontal Circular Arc from Spatial Data Sources</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427077</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Curves represent the most interesting element to be analyzed when evaluating the operational and safety effects of road geometrics. Despite the existence of several static and dynamic survey techniques, the correct identification of curves and the interpretation of spatial data from horizontal road alignment surveys still present a challenge. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the effects of both accuracy and sampling frequency (i.e., the interval between data points) of alignment spatial data on the identification of the radius and center of curvature. In pursuit of this objective, the authors adopted an original approach consisting of the generation of dispersed spatial data points from circular arcs with known characteristics. The least-squares, Huber, and Landau methods were used to back-calculate the radius and the coordinates of the center of curvature and to assess the effects of accuracy and interval between data points. The results obtained quantified the effects of accuracy, interval between points, radius magnitude, and length of circular arc on the identification of circular arcs. In support of future survey activities, considerations regarding the accuracy of measurements, the sampling frequency, and arc characteristics (i.e., length, radius) are discussed in the paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 2017 09:13:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427077</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Classifying Accident Avoidance Maneuvers on Heterogeneous Road Networks using Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1250328</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Are abnormal maneuvers and other conflicts within the traffic stream directly associated with road classifications, speed limits, congestion, roadway configuration, signaling, weather, and other traffic related factors? Contemporary transportation research is focused on developing a broader understanding of these relationships within the broader context of transportation infrastructure design and driver behavior with traffic congestion and vehicle accidents. With many years of collected data detailing the number of vehicle-miles traveled and the frequency of traffic accidents, a multi-disciplinary research agenda has emerged in which innovative techniques for identifying the complex interactions between road geometry, driver characteristics, and environmental conditions are providing unique insights into the dynamics of human cognitive behavior relative to various exogenous and endogenous user-network factors. As with most investigations, the ability to fully develop a meaningful research strategy is dependent upon techniques that can effectively parameterize the interactions between (a) the driver and the road network, and (b) how these relationships dynamically evolve over time and space. This study proposes to address these issues by utilizing exploratory spatial data analysis to better define a framework for understanding the relationships expressed between individual driving behavior (e.g., sudden vehicle maneuvers, driver demographics, accident frequency) and road infrastructure characteristics (e.g., network topography, geometry, and environmental conditions).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2013 01:00:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1250328</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An Integrated Computational System for Roadway Crash Management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1127384</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is a challenging task to track, analyze, understand, and prevent crash occurrence due to the complexity and uncertainty associated with and many immeasurable factors involved in crash occurrence. Crash management systems have been established in the past to systematically manage and analyze crash data to better understand the mechanism underlying crash occurrence. However, effective crash management could not be achieved without considering other existing systems relevant to crash management. This paper introduces an integrated computational system. The system is developed based on an object-oriented system design concept. The use of object concept in crash management not only provides a concise interpretation of data structure but also allows for easy system transferability among different agencies. Specifically, the system utilizes an existing popular transportation analysis system and/or software, Synchro, and combines crash data with those data relevant to crash occurrence, such as traffic characteristic data, traffic control data, and roadway geometric data. By establishing a concurrent link between the crash data and the relevant transportation data, the system is able to deliver timely monitoring and analysis of crashes and leads to more concise identification of safety issues and related countermeasures. Deployment of such a system is anticipated to have a significant impact on crash management due to improved efficiency,]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 07:08:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1127384</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Poor Visibility: A Common Cause of Wrong-Way Driving</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1105332</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On-site investigations were made of interchanges in Virginia, some of which had been the site of wrong-way entries and some of which had not, and of intersections that had experienced wrong-way incidents. From the observations made on-site it has been concluded that poor visibility at intersections due to road geometrics and incomplete or improper guidance signs and pavement markings is a major cause of wrong-way entries at day and night. This report discusses the causes of poor visibility and presents seven case studies of interchanges and intersections. Several recommendations for preventing wrong-way entries for a given set of conditions are given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Jul 2011 07:24:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1105332</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Three-Dimensional Road Geometry Provides Precise Knowledge of the Road Ahead to Support Intelligent Automotive Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1093253</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The automotive industry continues to see the value of three-dimensional (3D) road geometry and is showing an increasing interest when in support of intelligent automotive applications. 3D digital road geometry − as an enabler and as a virtual predictive sensor that complements onboard vehicle physical sensors − can extend a vehicle's horizon by providing look-ahead road topography. Intelligent automotive applications demand 3D and accurate road maps for all classes of roads. Map providers, such as Intermap Technologies, are focusing their efforts on developing fit-for-purpose, nationwide comprehensive 3D road products. They are also working closely with automotive industry partners to determine the appropriate value associated with this 3D road product and the best use for such data within the application value chain. However, developing 3D road databases with the quality and coverage necessary to support such advanced automotive applications remains a challenge for the mapping industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 May 2011 10:29:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1093253</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Impacts of freeway exit ramp configurations on traffic operations and safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1090830</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper's main purpose is evaluation of the impacts of freeway exit ramp configurations on traffic operations and safety. Summarized study results are based on a research project sponsored by the Chinese Department of Transportation to develop guidelines for safety design of freeway exit ramps in China. Geometric conditions (such as number of lanes in the upstream and downstream segments of exit ramps), geometrics of deceleration lanes, exit ramp lane configurations, etc. are the main elements to be considered in freeway exit ramp configuration classification. Google Earth was searched for the identification of many freeway ramp sites in the USA, Japan, European countries, and China. The exit ramp configurations these sites allowed researchers to survey were summarized and categorized into four types. Traffic operational and safety performances were analyzed based on such exit ramp lane configuration classifications, . Operational speed and traffic crash characteristics, respectively are the main measures of effectiveness for traffic operations and safety. Thus, for design purposes, adequate exit ramp configurations can be proposed in order to satisfy the operational and safety requirements under different conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Feb 2011 13:41:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1090830</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety Evaluation Approach of Highway Intersection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/923498</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Highway safety is one of the most important issues in transportation. Intersections are the locations with higher traffic crashes as compared with other highway locations. This paper introduces an approach to evaluate highway intersection safety performance. This approach is fully based on the existing conditions of the intersection, including geometrics, sight distance, pavement surface conditions, traffic control devices, traffic signal timing and phasing, etc. The non-accident based approach is based on field survey to the conditions mentioned before. The approach will also result in a safety index to indicate the safety performance degree of the intersection. Meanwhile, corresponding countermeasures are ranked and recommended based on the cost-benefit analysis. Results from the real application indicate that the approach has good applicability and can be used by field safety engineers in real application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Jul 2010 11:36:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/923498</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Selection of Performance Measures for a State Access Management Program</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/909648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2007 Virginia’s General Assembly authorized the state Department of Transportation (VDOT) to develop regulations governing access to the state highway network.  While the potential benefits of access management are well known, realization of these benefits is not guaranteed.  Consequently, this paper describes a methodology to identify and select performance measures to evaluate a state’s access management program.  Application of the methodology yields 50 potential performance measures, of which 5 are recommended for implementation based on a survey of end users, data collection feasibility, and the likelihood of the measure improving as access management initiatives continue.  The five performance measures are summarized as:  crash rates, percentage of signals meeting spacing standards, percentage of commercial entrance permits meeting spacing standards, percentage of median openings with left turn lanes, and percentage of localities with a corridor access management plan. The results demonstrate that no single performance measure will by itself be sufficient, but that multiple measures are needed in three discrete areas:  administration (e.g., the mechanism through which permits are granted), design (e.g., geometry of highway access), and outcomes (e.g., crash rates).  In contrast to some literature that supports outcome-based performance measures, survey respondents expressed interest in non-outcome based measures, such as developing access agreements and corridor planning efforts.  Implementing agencies prefer metrics that directly impact access management performance (e.g., percentage of signals meeting standards) in contrast to outcome measures affected by other factors (e.g., level of service).  For agencies seeking to adopt these measures, the extent to which local considerations are a factor in performance measure selection is documented and alternative metrics are provided for states where local conditions may differ.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Apr 2010 08:44:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/909648</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle Energy Management Optimization using Look-Ahead Three-Dimensional Digital Road Geometry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/906294</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Three-dimensional (3D) digital road geometry provides look-ahead road topography that can enable vehicle energy management optimization. This paper discusses the value associated with 3D digital road geometry and the role it plays in support of these applications. After a brief 3D digital road geometry description, this paper will examine the results achieved from two vehicle energy management projects: the powertrain optimization of commercial vehicles and the power management optimization of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). These results clearly show that the integration of 3D road geometry as a predictive sensor into optimized vehicle energy management systems can improve energy efficiency by approximately one to six percent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Dec 2009 15:01:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/906294</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Removing Barriers to the Deployment of Accurate 3D Maps within Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/906233</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of digital road data is becoming increasingly important. By enabling a number of driver assistance and safety functions, accurate 2D and 3D road data supports a number of vehicular applications. In the past, significant time and costs were involved in the production of highly accurate 3D road data. Intermap Technologies® developed a method that greatly accelerates the data production process. The basis for the production of the 3D road geometry database is Intermap’s NEXTMap® program, an airborne surveying and digital mapping of the earth’s surface program that uses interferometric radar technology. The NEXTMap program, to date, has focused on the entirety of Western Europe and the United States. Highly accurate 3D centerlines of all road categories are created from the NEXTMap data. For years, Intermap has worked closely with automotive partners to demonstrate the benefits, and to expedite the development, of 3D map data in driver assistance and safety systems. To support map data in various applications, Intermap has developed and implemented software that extracts the map section in front of the car and provides it to the CAN bus. With its partners, Intermap is working on the map-based optimization of transmission and engine management, the charge cycles of both hybrid and fully electrical vehicles, and curve speed warning. Predictive curve lighting is among the applications that have been already successfully road tested.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Dec 2009 15:01:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/906233</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Driver Compliance with Traffic Control Devices: A Study to Improve Traffic Safety in Kuwait</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/881442</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the results of a research study undertaken at Kuwait University to investigate the driver non-compliance with traffic control devices (TCDs) in Kuwait. Specifically, the study was aimed to quantify non-compliance for: STOP signs and YIELD signs at a selected number of intersection sites in Kuwait. At each selected site, driver non-compliance with TCD was person observed and recorded during both the peak and off peak periods. Data on road inventory was also collected along with the non-compliance information to investigate the effects of road geometry on non-compliance. A number of sites in all the six Governorates in Kuwait were surveyed using pre-tested survey forms. Over 60% of the drivers were found to be full-non-compliant to the stop-control while smaller insignificant 3% drivers were found to be in full-compliance to the stop-control signs at 4-way intersections. Results of a questionnaire survey of the drivers randomly chosen in selected areas to investigate their traffic law awareness and their self reported compliance with traffic rules are also presented in the paper. Driver interview surveys undertaken during the survey period at sites near the selected intersections have also indicated lack of knowledge and/or acceptance of these types of controls on the streets. A number of recommendations are made to improve the driver compliance with the TCDs in order to enhance the road traffic safety in Kuwait.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Mar 2009 07:22:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/881442</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Effect of Curve Characteristics on Driving Behavior: A Driving Simulator Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/881582</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study presents results of speed and driver’s behavior effects of driving through rural roads with different geometric parameters and roadside visible characteristics. The research project deals with geometrical aspects of spatial road design that enhance road aesthetics and safety and covers experimental studies on driver’s perception, using CRISS simulator. Experimental research goal was to test and to evaluate the effect of geometric road parameters (width and number of driving lanes, curvatures, transition curves, etc.) and road environment characteristics (visibility related) on drivers behavior which is related to driving safety. Research focuses on road curves design rules elaboration which  support safety, according to Self Explaining Roads (SER) concept. Relations between road aesthetics, driver’s perception of road environment and road safety are also investigated. The virtual road view has been created at CRISS laboratory, based on Polish road views and road environment characteristics. Research hypothesis and goals were elaborated in Poland. The experimental design details has been built in close cooperation by both Polish and Italian researchers, also working together during pilot studies and the main experimental works at CRISS laboratory. Analysis presented in the paper are the first part of results, focusing on general evaluation of significant relations between experimental variables and driver’s perception and reactions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Mar 2009 06:36:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/881582</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling Crash Occurrence on Rural Freeways and Two-Lane Highways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/876958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the effects of highway geometric design and other related factors on frequency of rural highway crashes. Highway crash data from Kansas Accident Reporting System database combined with highway geometric data from Control Section Analysis System database were analyzed and modeled using two different model formats. Negative Binomial models were found to be more effective in modeling crash frequencies especially since the dataset was over-dispersed. Different models were developed based on yearly and 5 year average crash data based on 1998 – 2002 time period for rural two-lane and freeway sections. In addition to modeling total crash frequency, Equivalent Property Damage Only crash frequency was also modeled to capture any effects due to severities of crashes. Based on model fitting statistics, it was found that the models based on yearly crash data were better capable of modeling crash frequency compared to models based on average crash data. Model results showed that amount of traffic, speed limit and highway geometric characteristics such as steep sideslopes, grades and sharp curves tend to affect the occurrence of crashes on rural highways. In addition, divided two-lane highways seem to have fewer number of crashes compared to undivided sections and two-lane sections without any access control experience more crashes compared to sections on which access is partially or fully controlled.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Dec 2008 12:31:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/876958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of Geometric Characteristics of Rural Two-Lane Roads on Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/864548</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study investigated the safety effects of geometric and other roadway characteristics of rural two-lane roads by collecting and analyzing data and developing crash prediction models, crash reduction factors (CRFs), and cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs). On the basis of these results, and the existing inventory of roads and their geometric deficiencies, physical and monetary needs assessments were carried out under alternative budgeting and crash costing scenarios for the rural two-lane state highway network. It was found that influential crash factors at such roads include section length, traffic volume, lane width, shoulder width, pavement condition, average horizontal curve radius, and grades of vertical slopes. For county roads, additional influential variables are shoulder type, driveway density, and the presence of speed limit posting. The percentage reduction in crashes due to the various safety countermeasures was found to vary by crash severity type, highway class, level of deficiency, and the extent to which the deficiency is addressed. CRFs were developed for lane and shoulder widening, minor realignment and earthworks that increase horizontal curve radius or to decrease in vertical curve slope, pavement friction enhancement (for rural major collectors and minor arterials) and pavement condition improvement (for rural principal arterials). CERs were developed for each countermeasure, crash type and road functional class. CERs are useful for safety project evaluation particularly when INDOT/LTAP seeks to compare the safety benefit per dollar across mutually exclusive safety countermeasures at a specific problem area, or when a specific area suffers from multiple safety problem types and can therefore receive many different countermeasures only a few of which can be funded. For rural two-lane state highway sections that are deficient-but-not-necessarily-hazardous and both-hazardous-and-deficient sections, it was found that $530 million and $55 million, respectively, would be needed to address the engineering safety needs. Given an annual expenditure of $1M over a 5-year period, approximately 170 crashes (translating to $8-15 million, depending on crash costing method) could be saved. If the annual expenditure is increased to $2M over the same period, approximately 240 crashes (translating to $12-26 million) could be saved. The study results also suggest that there seems to exist a ceiling of effectiveness for engineering safety countermeasures, and therefore non-engineering countermeasures such as safety education and enforcement are also vital to further reduce crashes related to drivers, vehicles, and the driving environment. Implementation of the study would involve application of the study products for safety management at both state and local levels to make cost-effective decisions that will reduce highway crashes and thereby accrue the secondary and indirect benefits of increased mobility, enhanced geriatric driving, reduced tort liability, and enhanced economic productivity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 2008 09:07:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/864548</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Safety and Geometric Aspects of Humps and Road Crossings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/840749</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how a speed hump, which is a local rising of a public road, formed as a sinusoidal is meant to force drivers to physically reduce their speed. A plateau is also meant to moderate the speed, but this is a flat rising with gradual slopes. Because of the large diversity in legally normalized construction types, the geometric control of these raised constructions is a complex matter. Moreover, because of the typical low to the ground form of a flatbed truck, problems arise when the road crossings shows a round form. The objective of this study is to find a surveying method to collect geometric data, in order to inspect speed humps, plateaus and road crossings. Depending on the categorization of the different sorts of roads, and the construction principles for flatbed trucks, the work also deals with the theoretical definition of the possibility of passing the road crossings with flatbed trucks. The problem is extrapolated to several successive obstacles and is also applied on traffic thresholds and traffic plateaus, which are also considered as obstacles for flatbed trucks. The paper discusses a surveying and processing method in design, which makes use of a surveyor’s level and proposes the development of new surveying methods namely an adapted method for a level, a method for a total station and a method for a global positioning system (GPS) instrument. Finally, the results of an interesting comparison between the different methods by means of surveys on site are presented and the results are applied on some practical examples.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Nov 2007 07:11:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/840749</guid>
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