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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>SUMMARY REPORT - SOIL-AGGREGATE MIXTURES FOR HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122648</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A SUMMARY IS PRESENTED OF AN INVESTIGATION CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE VARIABLES OF INFLUENCE AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE DURABILITY, STABILITY, AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF SOIL-AGGREGATE MIXTURES FOR USE IN HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS. STUDY CONCENTRATED ON AGGREGATE GRADATION, PLASTICITY OF THE FINES, AND AGGREGATE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS. THESE FACTORS WERE INVESTIGATED IN THE FIELD AND LABORATORY BY CBR TESTS, THE BURGGRAF SHEAR APPARATUS, AND TRIAXIAL TESTS. A PARTICLE INDEX TEST WAS DEVELOPED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS ON THE COMPACTION AND SHEAR STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF SOIL-AGGREGATE MIXTURES. AN EARLY PHASE OF THE PROJECT WAS DIRECTED TOWARD THE PREPARATION OF AN EXTENSIVE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SOIL- AGGREGATE MIXTURES. FIELD STUDIES WERE MADE OF THE OCCURRENCE OF WASHBOARDS, POTHOLES, AND THE IN-SITU STABILITY OF SOIL-AGGREGATE MIXTURES. BOTH THE POTHOLE AND THE WASHBOARD FORMATIONS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH VOLUME OF TRAFFIC AND WIDTH OF ROAD SURFACE. POTHOLING WAS MORE SEVERE IN ROAD SECTIONS SURFACED WITH CRUSHED STONE THAN IN THOSE SURFACED WITH GRAVEL. WASHBOARDING WAS MORE SEVERE IN ROAD SECTIONS SURFACED WITH GRAVEL THAN THOSE SURFACED WITH CRUSHED STONE. A DEFINITE RELATIONSHIP WAS SHOWN TO EXIST BETWEEN THE FORMATION OF POTHOLES AND THE EFFICIENCY WITH WHICH LATERAL DRAINAGE IS PROVIDED BY THE ROADWAY CROWN AND THE SHOULDER SLOPES. THE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COARSE AGGREGATES, AS INDICATED BY THE PARTICLE INDEX, HAVE A DEFINITE BEARING ON THE RESULTANT VOID CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPACTED SOIL-AGGREGATE MIXTURE. THERE IS AN ALMOST LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOID CONTENT IN A COMPACTED SAMPLE AND THE PARTICLE INDEX OF THE COARSE AGGREGATE. SOIL- AGGREGATE MIXTURE PROPERTIES SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH IN-SITU STRENGTH ARE: (1) FIELD MOISTURE CONTENT, (2) FIELD DRY DENSITY, (3) OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT,AND (4) MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY. WEAR RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED SOIL-AGGREGATE MIXTURES WERE INVESTIGATED IN A LIMITED STUDY. INVESTIGATION RESULTS INDICATE THAT GRADATION, AGGREGATE GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, AND PLASTICITY OF THE FINES ARE FACTORS THAT SHOULD BE EVALUATED IN THE MIXTURE DESIGN PROCESS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:44:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122648</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A STUDY OF OCCURRENCE OF POTHOLES AND WASHBOARDS ON SOIL- AGGREGATE ROADS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122452</link>
      <description><![CDATA[RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF A STUDY AIMED AT DETERMINING SOME OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH THE OCCURRENCE OF POTHOLES AND WASHBOARDS ON SOIL-AGGREGATE ROADS. THE STUDY CONSISTED OF A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITATIVE DATA OBTAINED FROM A ROAD CONDITION SURVEY INVOLVING ROAD SURFACES OF THE COARSE-GRADED AGGREGATE TYPE COMPOSED OF MINERAL AGGREGATE SUCH AS GRAVEL OR CRUSHED STONE AND SOME BINDER MATERIAL. RESULTS OF THE STUDY INDICATE THAT THE OCCURRENCE OF POTHOLES AND WASHBOARDS WAS DEFINITELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE VOLUME OF TRAFFIC, THE TYPE OF SURFACE MATERIAL, AND THE DRAINAGE CONDITION OF THE ROAD SURFACE. ALTHOUGH THE FINDINGS ARE ADMITTEDLY LIMITED TO THE TYPES AND CONDITIONS OF THE ROADS STUDIED, IT IS HOPED THAT THE DATA MAY BE OF VALUE IN FURTHER UNDERSTANDING THE FORMATION OF POTHOLES AND WASHBOARDS. /AUTHOR/ Bulletin 282 pp135-157]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:43:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122452</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENTS IN LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167804</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This circular contains fourteen research problem statements developed by the Committee on Landscape and Environmental Design, TRB Group 2-Design and Construction of Transportation Facilities.  The statements were screened by a subcommittee and the order in which they appear represents the best consensus of priority research needs within the scope of the Committee's activities.  The problems cited are (in order): Cost-effective roadside revegetation to enhance physical and psychological roadway features, Value of the psychological effect of visual barriers in solving noise attenuation problems, Scenic highway selection criteria, Maintenance costs of intensively landscaped highway areas, Accommodation of interests in roadside vegetation management and outdoor advertising, Evaluation of plants for city streets and requirements for healthy survival, Cost-effective analysis of erosion control materials and techniques, Use of Landscape Plants by Wildlife, Aesthetic improvement of railroad and rail transit rights of way, Effects of eroded solids from highway construction on aquatic communities, Development of Best Management Practice (BMP) for highway construction, Nitrogen fixation with grosses, Effects of shoulder slope vegetation on subsurface drainage of roadbeds, and soils ecology for highway planting establishment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Oct 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/167804</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WATER POLLUTION ASPECTS OF PARTICLES WHICH COLLECT ON HIGHWAY SURFACES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/88558</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Caltrans studied the nature of constituents in pavement runoff waters at three sites during the winter of 1975 through winter of 1977. Sample sites were located at I-405 Los Angeles, I-680 Walnut Creek, and Route 50 Placerville. Discrete samples were obtained at various times during storm runoff and tested at the Transportation Laboratory in Sacramento. Some 34 different physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured. This report presents the findings of this study. This information can be used in assessing environmental effects of transportation systems on water quality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Jul 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/88558</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF CULVERT AND ROAD ICING-AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/108485</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TWO HUNDRED EIGHT REFERENCES COLLECTED IN THE PERIOD FROM DECEMBER 1966 TO MARCH 1968 WERE REVIEWED TO OBTAIN INFORMATION ON ALL ASPECTS OF ICING PHENOMENA, INCLUDING THE CAUSES OF OCCURRENCE OF RIVER, SPRING AND SEEPAGE ICING, THE PROBLEMS CREATED BY ICINGS IN CONNECTION WITH HIGHWAYS AND THEIR DRAINAGE FACILITIES, AND METHODS FOR ALLEVIATING ICINGS AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS. THIS BIBLIOGRAPHY CONTAINS 86 ENTRIES, WITH ANNOTATIONS. /BPR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Mar 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/108485</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MARYLAND HIGHWAY DRAINAGE STUDY. VOLUME VII. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITIES OF DENSE BASE COURSE AGGREGATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/42617</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report describes an experimental investigation designed to examine the effects on permeability of a dense graded base course aggregate when the gradation is varied within the allowable range set forth by the Maryland State Highway Administration.  The gradations were chosen so that the amount of fines by weight passing the number 200 sieve is varied between 10 and 0 percent. The study showed that significant increases in hydraulic conductivity can be realized by shifting the gradation curve from the finest curve to the coarsest curve within the MSHA allowable range for material designated dense graded aggregate. The study also presents a device which measures both vertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the same granular base course specimen. Practical application of horizontal hydraulic conductivity is discussed in reference to the Corps of Engineers' drainage requirement for base course materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Jul 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/42617</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF HYDROPLANING PHENOMENA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/116393</link>
      <description><![CDATA[RESULTS OBTAINED IN A THEORETICAL STUDY OF PHENOMENA ENCOUNTERED WHEN AN AUTOMOTIVE TIRE ROLLS OR SKIDS ON A PAVEMENT COVERED WITH A WATER FILM ARE DISCUSSED. THE ANALYSIS IS BASED ON A MATHEMATICAL MODEL IN WHICH THE FLOW IS DIVIDED INTO A FOOTPRINT REGION, AN INLET REGION FORWARD OF THE FOOTPRINT REGION WHERE THE GAP BETWEEN THE TIRE AND THE PAVEMENT IS COMPARATIVELY LARGE, AND AN EXTERIOR FLOW REGION. IN PARTIAL HYDROPLANING, A THICK FLUID FILM PENETRATES BETWEEN THE TIRE AND PAVEMENT OVER A PORTION OF THE FOOTPRINT WHILE "SEMIDRY CONTACT" IS ASSUMED TO EXIST IN THE REMAINDER OF THE FOOTPRINT. THE FLOW THROUGH THE SEMIDRY PORTION OF THE FOOTPRINT IS ANALYZED USING EFFECTIVE FILM THICKNESSES BASED ON PAVEMENT DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTICS. IT IS FOUND THAT IN SOME CASES THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW EFFECTS APPRECIABLY LOWER THE LIFT COEFFICIENTS DEVELOPED BY HYDROPLANING TIRES. THE COMPUTED VARIATIONS OF THE THICK-FILM PENETRATION DISTANCE AND TOTAL FRICTION COEFFICIENT WITH FORWARD SPEED ARE GIVEN FOR THE CASE OF PARTIAL HYDROPLANING AND DISCUSSED IN RELATION TO EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. THE GEOMETRY AND TIRE DEFORMATIONS OF THE THICK-FILM REGION PROVE TO BE IMPORTANT PARAMETERS IN STUDYING PARTIAL HYDROPLANING. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Nov 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/116393</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MODEL DRAINAGE MANUAL 1991</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/369877</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The AASHTO Task Force on Hydrology and Hydraulics, in cooperation with the FHWA Rural Technical Assistance Program, has assisted in writing this Drainage Manual.  This comprehensive drainage manual provides guidance on most aspects of highway drainage.  Design theories, concepts, manuals, policies and procedures, are condensed and written for use by the designer.  Where appropriate, relevant existing AASHTO guidelines are given and/or referenced.  The manual has been developed to give the designer a basic working knowledge of hydrology and hydraulics complete with example problems.  All basic design elements are included such that the designer can design highway drainage with minimal assistance.  The manual is organized in the following chapters:  (1) Introduction; (2) Legal Aspects; (3) Policy; (4) Documentation; (5) Planning and Location; (6) Data Collection; (7) Hydrology; (8) Channels; (9) Culverts; (10) Bridges; (11) Energy Dissipators; (12) Storage Facilities; (13) Storm Drainage Systems; (14) Pump Stations; (15) Surface Water Environment; (16) Erosion and Sediment Control; (17) Bank Protection; (18) Coastal Zone; (19) Construction; (20) Maintenance of Drainage Facilities; and (21) Restoration.  The Appendix contains a Glossary.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Feb 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/369877</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AVOIDING DRAINAGE PROBLEMS SAVES DOLLARS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/542300</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drainage is the most important aspect of highway design. Yet, improper attention to poor drainage conditions, frost susceptibility of soils, and poor soil support conditions are major contributing factors to what has been estimated as a $900 billion problem of repairing U.S. roadways between now and the year 2000. Problems concerning drainage are generally associated with the following: (1) Standing water in ditches; (2) Soils with poor drainage -- cracks in the surface of roads; (3) High water tables and seepage; (4) Frost penetration -- heaves and cracking of pavement; (5) Subgrades with low permeability; (6) Pumping under traffic; and (7) Freeze-thaw deterioration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/542300</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A PARTIAL EXFILTRATION TRENCH FOR IN SITU TREATMENT OF HIGHWAY DRAINAGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/541984</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban roadway drainage often contains high concentrations of anthropogenic metal elements, solids, and organic compounds. Metal elements and solids accumulate on the pavement surface between precipitation events and are transported to surficial soils, receiving waters, and groundwater by pavement drainage. A report is provided on the design and performance of a bench-scale and prototype in situ control strategy, called a partial exfiltration trench (PET).  The PET serves as a modification to the current practice of pavement underdrainage, providing a water quality function, in addition to water quantity control.  The water quality modification functions by immobilizing infiltrated metal elements within the PET.  The PET utilizes sand modified with an oxide coating (OCS).  Bench-scale PET simulations were utilized to evaluate PET feasibility and breakthrough capacity.  Results indicate OCS capacity for zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper was significantly improved as the pH increased from 6.5 to 8.0  Based on characteristic metal loadings from urban Cincinnati pavement drainage, bench-scale PET performance indicates that the design life of a PET may exceed 15 years in a humid climate.  Performance of a prototype PET installed along an urban Cincinnati highway indicates metal element mass removal efficiency is generally greater than 80% after nearly 1 year of pavement drainage loadings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/541984</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USE OF REGRESSION MODELS FOR ANALYZING HIGHWAY STORM-WATER LOADS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/541130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stormwater data collected from an expressway in the Austin, Texas, area were used to develop regression models for predicting loads for a number of constituents commonly found in highway runoff.  The goal of the model development was to identify the processes that affect the quality of highway runoff.  Linear regression was selected as the most appropriate technique for analyzing the data because of its ability to identify constituent specific causal variables.  The regression equations indicate that the majority of variations observed in highway stormwater loading can be explained by causal variables measured during the rainstorm event, the antecedent dry period, and the previous rainstorm event.  Loads for each of the constituents were dependent upon a unique subset of the identified variables, indicating that processes responsible for the generation, accumulation, and washoff of stormwater pollutants are constituent specific.  Loads of some constituents, such as total suspended solids, were dependent on the characteristics of the current storm, antecedent dry period, and the preceding storm indicating the importance of buildup and washoff processes. Other constituents, such as oil and grease, were dependent only on conditions during the current storm, such as runoff volume and number of vehicles during the event.  The identification of constituent-specific explanatory variables suggests the type of mitigation that would be appropriate for specific constituents in nonpoint-source pollution control.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Nov 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/541130</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR HYDROLOGIC DATA DEVELOPMENT FOR DESIGN OF HIGHWAY DRAINAGE FACILITIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/536572</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The design of highway drainage facilities involves a hydrologic analysis to determine the design discharge, as well as a hydraulic analysis of the conveyance capacity of the facility. In this report, we present a geographic information system (GIS) for the development of hydrologic data for the design of highway drainage structures.  This GIS has been developed to reduce the analysis time and to improve its accuracy by integrating spatial data describing the watershed through hydrologic theory.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Sep 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/536572</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LIABILITY FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DAMAGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/66943</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This effort to help engineers confronted with drainage problems having legal implications, reviews many cases on this subject. The duties and responsibilities of road agencies are outlined, and cases where damages have been allowed against municipal corporations are listed and discussed.  Since all claims for damages to land as a result of flooding are based on improper drainage or interference with water caused by the highway or street facility, it is important that public officials in charge of designing, constructing, and maintaining the roads have a knowledge of the "Law of the Water" as interpreted in their jurisdiction.  A review of the many cases which resulted in verdicts in favor of the landowners indicate that the flood damage could have been avoided if the public official had been more aware of the liability as a matter of law.  Damage could also be avoided by more attention to the findings of recent drainage research.  If unprecedented rain occurs and private lands are flooded, the fact that careful hydraulic analysis had been made and the facility designed accordingly may establish that it was the rainfall and not the highway improvement that caused the damage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/66943</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GRASS DRAINAGE DITCH IN HIGHWAY RUNOFF POLLUTION REDUCTION IN THE GREATER VANCOUVER REGIONAL DISTRICT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/485393</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/485393</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGHWAY-DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN PREVENTING CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER BY ROAD SALT, ROUTE 25, SOUTHEASTERN MASSACHUSETTS--DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA, DATA COLLECTION PROGRAMS, AND METHODOLOGY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/471464</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Four test sites along a 7-mile (11-kilometer) section of Route 25 in southeastern Massachusetts, each representing a specific highway-drainage system, were instrumented to determine the effectiveness of the drainage systems in preventing contamination of ground water by road salt.  One of the systems discharges highway runoff onsite through local drainpipes.  The other systems use trunkline drainpipes through which runoff from highway surfaces, shoulders, and median strips is diverted and discharged into either a local stream or a coastal waterway. Route 25 was completed and opened to traffic in the summer of 1987.  Road salt was first applied to the highway in the winter of 1987-88.  The study area is on a thick outwash plain composed primarily of sand and gravel.  Watertable depths range from 15 to 60 ft (4.6 to 18.3 m) below land surface at the four test sites.  Ground-water flow is in a general southerly direction, approximately perpendicular to the highway.  Streamflow in the study area is controlled primarily by ground-water discharge. Background concentrations of dissolved chloride, sodium, and calcium--the primary constituents of road salt--are similar in ground water and surface water and range from 5 to 20, 5 to 10, and 1 to 5 milligrams per liter, respectively.  Data-collection programs were developed for monitoring the application of road salt to the highway, the quantity of road-salt water entering the ground water, diverted through the highway-drainage systems, and entering a local stream.  The Massachusetts Highway Department monitored road salt applied to the highway and reported these data to the U.S. Geological Survey.  The U.S. Geological Survey designed and operated the ground-water, highway-drainage, and surface-water data-collection programs.  A road-salt budget will be calculated for each test site so that the effectiveness of the different highway-drainage systems in preventing contamination of ground water by road salt can be determined.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Nov 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/471464</guid>
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