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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>The Highway Beautification Act: Towards improving efficiency of the Federal Outdoor Advertising Control Program</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1507117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Highway Beautification Act, signed in 1965, aims to establish an effective control of the outdoor advertising signs, devices, and displays that are located in a close proximity to the National Interstate System. The Act imposes requirements for specific types of advertising signs, including on-property signs, directional and official signs, and new signs in commercial and industrial areas. Over the years, many issues have been surrounding the Highway Beautification Act, such as attitude and relationship issues, organizational issues, and substantive issues. In order to address the aforementioned issues, this study performs a comprehensive survey among the State Departments of Transportation. Throughout the survey, the data are gathered using a detailed questionnaire, which captures the major aspects of the Federal Outdoor Advertising Control Program. All 50 States and District of Columbia participated in the study. Based on analysis of the collected data, the key regulatory difficulties and inconsistencies, associated with outdoor advertising signs, are determined. A set of baseline standards is proposed to assist the State and Federal agencies with resolving the identified regulatory difficulties and inconsistencies, including the following: lack of uniform requirements in terms of spacing, size, and lighting for advertising signs; clear definition of the areas for effective control; challenges related to the new technologies implementation for outdoor advertising; maintenance and continuation of nonconforming signs; vegetation control challenges; and others. Findings from the conducted survey and the proposed baseline standards are expected to improve effectiveness of the Federal Outdoor Advertising Control Program implementation across the nation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Apr 2018 17:10:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1507117</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Establishment of Effective Control Factors to Achieve Federal Enforcement Consistency with the Highway Beautification Act</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1485199</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Highway Beautification Act, which was enforced in 1965, aims to establish an efficient outdoor advertising control (OAC) program for erection and maintenance of the outdoor advertising signs, displays and devices, which are located in a close proximity to the National Interstate System. The Highway Beautification Act outlines a set of requirements for specific types of advertising sings, including directional and official signs, on-property signs, and new signs in commercial and industrial areas consistent with the size, lighting and spacing criteria of the Federal/State agreements. A number of issues, associated with the Highway Beautification Act, have arisen over the last years. Those issues include the attitude and relationship issues, organizational issues at both State and Federal levels, and substantive issues. In order to identify the most critical inconsistencies and regulatory difficulties associated with the Federal OAC program across the nation a comprehensive survey was performed among the State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) under this project. The data, collected as a result of the conducted survey, were analyzed, and findings were used as the baseline information, summarizing the existing practices and issues associated with the Federal OAC program in the United States. A set of baseline standards was developed to address the identified regulatory difficulties and inconsistences. Furthermore, a number of important criteria, which should be considered throughout the implementation of developed baseline standards, were proposed. Findings from this research and the presented baseline standards are expected to improve effectiveness of the outdoor advertising across the nation and assist the State DOTs and different stakeholders with resolving the key issues, related to the Federal OAC program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Oct 2017 12:32:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1485199</guid>
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      <title>Outdoor Advertising Control Practices in Australia, Europe, and Japan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1113078</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although the Highway Beautification Act (HBA) has been credited with reducing the number of nonconforming signs and removing illegal signs throughout the country, the law is controversial and costly to administer. Many have questioned whether it has controlled outdoor advertising or met the intent of the U.S. Congress. The Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and National Cooperative Highway Research Program sponsored a scanning study of Australia, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom to learn how they regulate outdoor advertising both inside and outside the roadway right-of-way. The scan team also conducted a desk scan of outdoor advertising practices in Japan. In its study, the scan team observed the following: (1) context-sensitive and safety-oriented laws and regulations, (2) no regulation of nonconforming signs or distinction between on-premise and off-premise signs, (3) emphasis on safety and environmental impacts in guidelines and permit requirements, and (4) more collaboration between outdoor advertising stakeholders than in the United States. The scan team assembled implementation ideas under the following improvement goals: streamlining the program, improving efficiency, improving transparency, adopting a context-sensitive approach, and enhancing safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Aug 2011 16:07:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1113078</guid>
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      <title>Conflict Assessment: Federal Outdoor Advertising Control Program</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/805733</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has been responsible for the implementation of the Highway Beautification Act (HBA) since its passage in 1965 through its Outdoor Advertising Control (OAC) Program. In addition to the traveling public, key stakeholders affected by the OAC Program include members of the outdoor advertising industry (sign owners, advertisers, suppliers, and landowners), groups concerned about maintaining and improving scenic views, local governments, and state and Federal regulators. Various conflicts have surfaced among these stakeholders over the years. FHWA decided to pursue a conflict assessment to reach out to parties interested in OAC to identify issues that cause controversy and suggest appropriate methods for addressing conflicts and improving program results.  Through over 100 personal interviews, focus groups and public meetings in seven cities, and over 1,800 comments in the Federal Register, this Assessment has gathered perspectives about the OAC Program. The assessment team has reached several fundamental conclusions:  (1) Conflict about the OAC Program is substantive, organizational and attitudinal. (2) Although there are many issues in conflict, the key issues that are perceived as both important to the stakeholders and having reasonable potential for agreement are: the use of new technology in outdoor advertising; abuses of signage in commercial and industrial areas; the future of nonconforming signs; control of vegetation in public right-of-way around billboards; inconsistent regulation and enforcement; and the organization of the OAC Program within FHWA. (3) OAC Program organizational issues at FHWA warrant attention and should be addressed through a forum that includes state regulators. (4) A well-structured collaborative process holds promise as a means to address substantive issues. However, there are a number of conditions that need to be met for a collaborative policy dialogue to succeed. Most important among these are: FHWA leadership, endorsement and active participation; good faith participation by key stakeholders; limited scope of issues; and commitment to produce results within a specified time period. (5) The team recommends either a National Policy Dialogue or a Multi-State Policy Dialogue as the first step toward resolving key substantive issues. Given the range of issues in conflict, the team believes that, if a single approach is pursued, the National Policy Dialogue is preferred. The team also identifies other processes that can complement either of these approaches.  Although dialogue is not an end in itself, a well-conducted process is likely to generate a range of potential actions to enhance OAC effectiveness, from legislative proposals to regulatory and administrative changes. If mutually agreeable proposals are generated by a process that involves all key affected interests the chances of their successful implementation rise dramatically.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Apr 2007 16:17:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/805733</guid>
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      <title>A55 NORTH WALES COAST ROAD STAGE 1 - LLANDULAS TO GLAN CONWAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/218188</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper describes a major scheme which relieves Colwyn Bay of congestion.  The evaluation of alternative routes, and the development of the chosen route occupied a 12 year period to the start of construction in 1981.  East of Colwyn Bay, unstable clay cliffs overlie a limestone shoreline, and alluvium and peat were found to the west; solutions included an armoured embankment below high water mark, and a piled concrete raft carrying a lightweight PFA embankment. Bituminous construction was specified throughout the length of the Llandulas embankment comprising 10 mm surfacing and 160 mm roadbase, both in hot rolled asphalt.  Elsewhere flexible construction incorporating a composite roadbase consisting of 60 mm dense bitumen macadam and 210 mm of lean concrete was used.  Within the urban area, 3 km of railway has been realigned and the continuous road/rail interface entailed high levels of co-operation from British Rail. Visual treatment has been carefully considered and landscaping contracts commenced as soon as adjacent construction was completed.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Aug 2004 02:43:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/218188</guid>
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      <title>BILLBOARD CONTROL UNDER THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT OF 1965</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/132438</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE BASIC PATTERN OF TITLE I OF THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT, AS FINALLY PASSED, MAY WELL BE THE BEST THAT COULD BE DEVISED, GIVEN THE FAILURE TO PROHIBIT THE ERECTION OF BILLBOARDS ALONG THE NEW INTERSTATE SYSTEM FROM THE TIME OF ITS INCEPTION IN THE MID-1950'S.  THE ADVERTISING CONTROL PROVISIONS OF THE ACT ARE REVIEWED, AND PROBLEMS OF CONSTRUCTION IN REGARD TO UNCLEAR OR AMBIGUOUS LANGUAGE ARE DISCUSSED.  STATE LEGISLATION IMPLEMENTING TITLE I OF THE ACT IS ALSO REVIEWED.  AMENDMENTS PROPOSED SINCE 1968 ARE SUMMARIZED.  /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 20 Apr 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/132438</guid>
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      <title>ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY FOR ROADSIDE WILDFLOWERS. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/356182</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During 1989 and 1990, research was conducted to determine optimum establishment methods, weed control techniques, fertility responses and mowing effects for adapted wildflower species.  The use of preplant, preemergent and postemergent herbicides improved wildflower establishment and performance by reducing competition from grassy weeds. Base fertility requirements for optimum wildflower bloom performance were determined.  Thirty wildflower species showed good rebloom characteristics when mowed high during summer for bloom regeneration and for weed control.  An improved basic wildflower mix was formulated for optimum initial performance and response to management practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Aug 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/356182</guid>
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      <title>WILDFLOWERS BLOOM AND THRIVE ALONG TEXAS ROADSIDES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/688600</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The statewide landscape programs that exist in Texas today grew out of the early wildflower program, which began soon after the Texas Highway Department was created in 1917.  Roadside planting projects have been and continue to be important features of the highway system.  Former First Lady Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson championed the cause of highway beautification.  As First Lady from 1963 to 1969, Mrs. Johnson promoted efforts to enhance the environment, including the Highway Beautification Act of 1965, which enabled improved landscaping, the removal of billboards, and screening of roadside junk yards.  Wildflower plantings have the effect of preserving wildflower species and increasing their ranges.  Besides providing refreshing scenery for the road-weary traveler, roadside plantings of native wildflowers help control erosion, reduce mowing costs, and can increase driver alertness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Jul 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/688600</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VALUATION AND CONDEMNATION OF ADVERTISING SIGNS AND RELATED PROPERTY INTERESTS UNDER THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/66936</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper considers some of the legal problems now facing each state that undertakes compliance with the federal mandate to eliminate nonconforming signs and to pay "just compensation" for the property interests taken from sign owners and landowners. The Federal Highway Administration guidelines permit the States to develop schedules, formulas, and methods to simplify valuation in order to minimize administrative and legal expenses in determining "just compensation".  The issues of the public purpose and public use are discussed as well as the question of necessity of the taking, and the requirement of purchase negotiations.  Cases are discussed where the landowner also owns the nonconforming advertising sign, and the property interest that is to be acquired by the State is either a full ownership interest in the sign itself or an incorporeal interest in the land.  Cases are also discussed where the land and sign are not under common ownership.  A review of the general principles of valuation in eminent domain covers the market data or sales approach, the income approach, and the cost approach.  The valuation of property interest taken pursuant to state advertising control statutes are discussed in relation to the case when sign and land are under common ownership, and when the sign is constructed on the land of another pursuant to an advertising lease.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Aug 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/66936</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>APPLICATION OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISING CONTROLS ON INDIAN LAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/488056</link>
      <description><![CDATA[State highway departments and transportation agencies have a continuing need to keep abreast of operating practices and legal elements of specific problems in highway law.  This report, prepared by Richard O. Jones, is a new paper, which continues the National Cooperative Highway Research Program's (NCHRP's) policy of keeping departments up-to-date on laws that will affect their operations.  This paper will be incorporated in "Selected Studies in Highway Law" (SSHL), which is currently undergoing a major rewrite and update.  This report addresses the need for clarification as to the applicability of the Highway Beautification Act of 1965 to Indian reservations and Indian trust lands.  It should be helpful to administrators and attorneys who are involved with regulating outdoor advertising and/or other restrictions adjacent to interstate and primary highways.  The paper is organized as follows:  (I) Introduction and Background; (II) Control of Outdoor Advertising on Indian Lands; (III) Summary; (IV) Conclusions; and (V) Attachment A - Summary of Comments Regarding the FONSI for Loraine George Fee-To-Trust Conversion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/488056</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ADOPT A HIGHWAY 1989 THRU 1995</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/472499</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Adopt-A-Highway program was initiated in Iowa May 1989 to recognize the efforts of Donald "pappy" Lewis of Woodward. Since his sponsorship, the program has grown steadily during the past five years.  At the end of November 1995 the program consisted of 2,492 active sponsors covering approximately 5,312 of lane miles.  This publication discusses the public response to the program, the renewal process, and reasons for cancellations.  It is noted that interest in the program has traditionally increased in April, due to publicity about Earth Day.  A number of charts are included depicting number of permits received, miles adopted, litter pickups, and number of cubic yards collected.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/472499</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LEAVING A PLACE BETTER THAN WE FOUND IT: SUCCESS STORIES FROM THE VISUAL DATABASE OF TRANSPORTATION ENHANCEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/572956</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since the passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act in 1991, 2.8 billion Federal dollars have been made available for States to spend on Transportation Enhancement Activities.  These worthwhile projects have helped to promote livable communities and strengthen partnerships nationwide.  To track some of these local and State efforts and to share information with our partners, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has created a "Visual Database of Transportation Enhancements" on CD-ROM.  The database showcases the wide range of activities being funded under transportation enhancements--projects and processes that are benefiting communities throughout the United States.  This brochure contains a sampling of the hundreds of projects featured in that database.  (The CD-ROM is provided with the brochure.)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jul 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/572956</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MORE THAN ASPHALT, CONCRETE, AND STEEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/478620</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) encourages the mainstreaming of environmental, cultural, and social considerations in every aspect of transportation planning and development.  ISTEA has paved the way for non-traditional projects by creating "flexible funding".  This unprecedented tool enables state and local decision makers to look beyond traditional highway and transit agendas.  It empowers them to spend highway dollars on "the most appropriate" transportation solutions for their needs.  They have chosen transportation activities ranging from renovating an historic bridge to realigning a main street to redesigning an entire transportation system.  This booklet presents some of their exemplary environmental projects and processes.  The contents are organized under the following headings:  More than Asphalt, Concrete, and Steel: Our Highway Dollars at Work; Bicycle Lanes, Paths, and Racks: Getting There Under Your Own Power; Congestion Pricing: Reducing Traffic through Economics; Greener Roadsides: Caring for the Wild Side; Historic Preservation: Seeing It Again for the First Time; Noise Barriers: Quieting the Sound; Public Transit: Leaving the Driving to Someone Else; Uplands and Wetlands: Preserving the Essence of Things; and Wildlife Crossings: Ending Roadkill.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Apr 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/478620</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VEGETATION PROGRAMS PROMOTE BEAUTY, SAFETY AND KEEP COST DOWN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/462108</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Roadside Vegetation Management Association sponsors annual awards for providing beautiful roadsides while containing costs and maintaining motorist and work crew safety.  Awards go to the best state, county, and municipality, and in 1996, awards were presented to the State of Connecticut, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, and Cincinnati, Ohio.  These award winners could be viewed as how-to models for areas wanting to attain similar results.  Management strategies included mowing, herbicide programs, and highway restoration.  This article presents descriptions of the award winners' efforts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Jun 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/462108</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION. (LATEST CITATIONS FROM THE NTIS BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/457166</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The bibliography contains citations concerning highway beautification and assessment of its environmental impact. Highway planning, roadside maintenance, landscape inventory and management systems are discussed.  References cover scenic and historic parkways, roadside safety features, vegetation and weed control, and environmental improvements.  Effects on outdoor advertising, service stations, motels, and pleasure driving are also discussed.  (Contains 50-250 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 May 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/457166</guid>
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