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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of High-Speed Vehicle-Bridge Interactions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159531</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since railroads are constructed mostly as double tracks, the eccentricity exists between the vehicle axles and the neutral axis of cross-section of the bridge. Therefore, this eccentricity needs to be taken into account in the accurate numerical analysis of the dynamic behavior of the bridge. In this study, a model for the simplified 3-dimensional analysis of high-speed vehicle(KTX)-bridge interactions is presented by considering the eccentricity of axle loads. Through results obtained by the analyses of an existing bridge, the investigations into the influence of vehicle speed on vehicle-bridge interactions are carried out.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 07 Mar 2026 16:05:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159531</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Spatial–Temporal Effects and Driving Mechanisms of High-Speed Rail on County-Level Construction Land Expansion: A Case Study of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632731</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the process of rapid urbanization, high-speed rail has become pivotal in shaping urban land-use patterns by facilitating factor mobility. This research examines the spatial–temporal dynamics of high-speed rail accessibility and urban construction land across 200 counties in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Utilizing fixed panel models and geographical detectors, the study delineates the effects and the underlying drivers of high-speed rail on county-level construction land expansion. Key findings include (1) high-speed rail significantly enhances transportation accessibility between urban nodes across counties, evident in a strip-like expansion pattern along rail corridors. (2) Urban construction land initially increases and then decreases, displaying strong spatial clustering with expansion hotspots stretching southeast along the Beijing–Tianjin axis, increasingly concentrating and widening within Tianjin. Spatial variation in construction land expands, yet spatial correlations intensify, particularly in the southeast–northwest direction. (3) High-speed rail development correlates closely with the dynamics of county-level urban construction land, contributing to a 23.5% increase in such land, with pronounced effects in municipal districts and lesser in county-level cities and counties. A cubic relationship between high-speed rail factors and construction land area is identified, with population and gross domestic product interactions indicating a nonlinear amplification of effects. This study offers new insights into the interplay between railway transportation and land use, aiding in understanding the high-speed rail’s role in urban land expansion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2026 09:16:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2632731</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The influence of tunnel floor heave induced by high water pressure on the mechanical response of ballastless track</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tunnels in complex geological and high water pressure environments are prone to diseases such as tunnel floor heave (TFH), which seriously affects the operation and safety of high-speed railways. Water is a key contributing factor to TFH. By applying radial loads and constraint conditions to the tunnel base, the confining pressure effect caused by high water pressure and water-induced mudstone swelling on the tunnel base is simulated, and a tunnel base structure-load model is established. Furthermore, a refined finite element simulation analysis model considering the cohesive zone model and concrete damage plastic is developed to study the influences of different confining pressures, confining pressure ranges, and inverted arch thicknesses on the deformation, interlayer bonding, and interlayer gap of the track structure. The calculation results indicate that the maximum vertical deformation of the rail is positively correlated with the confining pressure and negatively correlated with the inverted arch thickness. The deformation range is closely related to the confining pressure range. The deformation reaches a maximum of 57.8 mm when the confining pressure is 2.0 MPa, the confining pressure range is 30 m, and the inverted arch thickness is 0.4 m. Bonding damage between the track slab and the backfill layer occurs at the boundary between the confining pressure zone and the non-confining pressure zone. The significant influence of insufficient inverted arch thickness on bond damage is not linear, the maximum bonding damage area increases from 45.5 m2 at a thickness of 0.78 m to 75.8 m2 at 0.5 m. The gaps between the backfill layer and the inverted arch are unevenly distributed laterally along the track, with the interlayer gaps curve transitioning from a “trapezoidal” shape on the outer rail side to an “M” shape on the inner rail side. The research results play an important role in the design and maintenance of ballastless tracks in tunnels under the action of TFH.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Mar 2026 09:16:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical behavior and track geometry evaluation of long-span cable-stayed bridges with ballastless tracks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ballastless tracks have been widely used in China’s high-speed railways; however, they have only recently been laid on 300 m-class cable-stayed bridges. For cable-stayed bridges with a longer span, the mechanical behavior of ballastless tracks is unclear, and the track construction acceptance method is incomplete, restricting the development of cable-stayed bridges with ballastless tracks. Taking four 300–1000 m-class cable-stayed bridges as research objects, this study established static track–bridge interaction models and dynamic vehicle–bridge coupled models. By evaluating static and dynamic indices, the feasibility of laying ballastless tracks and operating high-speed trains at 350 km/h on cable-stayed bridges was analyzed. Based on the results of dynamic analysis and track geometry evaluation, a 40 m chord was proposed for track geometry acceptance on cable-stayed bridges. The accuracy of the simulation results was verified through the measured data from the Xi-Cheng Railway. The numerical results showed that the 300–1000 m-class cable-stayed bridges with ballastless tracks had good static and dynamic characteristics. The 300 m baseline was unsuitable for the long-wave irregularity evaluation of tracks on cable-stayed bridges, and the 60 m chord was easily affected by wavelengths above 200 m, leading to misjudgment of the evaluation results. The 5 mm limits of the 40 m chord could be used for track geometry acceptance on cable-stayed bridges. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation method for track geometry, namely 10 m chord, 40 m chord, and minimum vertical curve radius, was formed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 14:48:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663637</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mitigating roll response of high-speed catamarans by dual Demihull mounted T-Foils, Part 1: Design and validation in calm water open-loop tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655862</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Efficient roll motion mitigation is essential for ensuring the structural integrity and passenger comfort of high-speed catamarans in oblique seas. Ride Control Systems (RCSs) used by Incat Tasmania wave-piercing catamarans (WPCs) typically consist of a single centrally mounted bow T-Foil and two stern-mounted trim tabs, and roll control relies solely on the independent action of the stern tabs, limiting their effectiveness for heave and pitch while not providing optimal ability to mitigate roll in beam and oblique seas. This study experimentally evaluates a new RCS that integrates dual demihull-mounted bow T-Foils with stern trim tabs. The system was implemented on a 2.5 m scale model of a 112 m Incat Tasmania WPC and tested in calm water at 2.89 m/s (equivalent to 37 knots full-scale) using open-loop step and frequency response experiments. Step response tests assessed heel responses under various demihull T-Foils and stern tab deflection patterns. The most effective heel excitation was achieved when the port and starboard demihull T-Foils and stern tab control surfaces operated in antiphase, increasing the heel range by about 43% compared to the centre bow mounted T-Foil RCS configuration. Frequency response tests demonstrated that the integration of dual T-Foils enhanced the RCS roll excitation capability by 45%. A lumped parameter approach was employed to derive and solve the roll dynamic equation of the model, which accurately predicted the heel responses observed in step response tests, with an average deviation of just 4.7%. It also predicted roll response and phase lag trends across a range of excitation frequencies, closely aligning with experimental trends. These findings highlight the significant improvement in the system’s roll control capability by incorporating demihull-mounted T-Foils into the RCS configuration, providing strong support for the new RCS design and laying the foundation for the development of a roll control algorithm for future closed-loop control experiments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Mar 2026 08:55:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655862</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of vertical girder deformations on the high-speed train operation performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The deformation of bridge structures will cause deterioration of geometry on the rail surface during the service period, which will threaten the normal operation of train. A train–track–bridge coupling dynamics model was established. In order to simulate real operational conditions, initial geometric irregularity was taken into account, which was combined with rail irregularity caused by different vertical deformation of girder and was superimposed as external excitation. The probabilistic and statistical characteristics of operational performance indexes were analysed. The sensitivity of operational performance indexes to different deformation modes was studied. The vertical deformation thresholds of girder based on probability guarantee rate were obtained. The results show that unloading rate of wheel and wheel/track vertical force are more sensitive to single vertical rotation deformation mode. Vertical acceleration of the train and sperling index are more sensitive to bilateral vertical rotation deformation mode. Unloading rate of wheel is more sensitive to single vertical translation deformation mode. In the process of enhancing daily operation, single vertical rotation and multiple vertical translation should receive significant attention.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2026 11:00:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A surrogate modeling approach for predicting the dynamic galloping of iced feeder lines in high-speed railways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643934</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The feeder line in high-speed railways is important equipment for improving supply voltage and enhancing current transmission in the traction power supply system. The catenary uses a complex structure to meet the requirements for sliding electrical contact and current transfer under high tension and smoothness, while the feeder line, with relatively lower tension between spans, is more prone to low-frequency, large-amplitude galloping under icing conditions. Addressing the unclear mechanisms, uncertain patterns, and difficulty in predicting galloping of iced feeder lines, the paper develops a surrogate model for predicting galloping using numerical simulation and deep learning methods. First, the icing of the feeder line is decomposed into the processes of collision, capture, and freezing, with an iterative calculation-based dynamic icing simulation platform is developed. Next, the dynamic galloping behavior of the feeder line under different icing states is studied, and a database is constructed. Finally, a surrogate model for predicting galloping of iced feeder lines is established using an echo state network. The above study solves the problem of difficult monitoring of iced feeder lines, clarifies the relationship between icing and galloping, and provides theoretical and technical support for dynamic galloping early warning of high-speed railway feeder lines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 09:21:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643934</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thermal response and effectiveness of water impoundment pre-thawing foundation for high-speed railway subgrade in island permafrost regions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643932</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study addresses the challenge of controlling thermal stability of island permafrost in high-speed railway subgrades affected by climate warming, increased wetting, and engineering disturbances. A novel foundation treatment technology based on water impoundment pre-thawing is proposed. This approach enhances heat exchange via water injection into foundation pits, enabling active and controlled acceleration of thawing within highly unstable, high-temperature permafrost layers. The objective was to achieve uniform pre-construction settlement and mitigate differential deformation after construction. Field experiments at the Riyuexia test section of the Harbin–Yichun High-Speed Railway (HYHSR) deployed a monitoring system to track ground temperature evolution across three stages: water impoundment, drainage, and filling. Results demonstrated that during the water impoundment stage, water’s high heat capacity and limited thermal conductivity resulted in gradual thawing. Following drainage, the exposed subgrade base absorbed increased heat, causing rapid temperature rise in shallow layers. During the filling stage, the fill material served as an additional heat source, further promoting permafrost thawing and ultimately yielding nearly complete thawing within the monitored depth. Overall, the study elucidates thermal boundary effects and permafrost degradation mechanisms during water impoundment pre-thawing and confirms the effectiveness of technology in enhancing foundation thermal uniformity and controlling thaw settlement. This study offers a novel method and theoretical framework for designing high-speed railway subgrades in high-latitude island permafrost regions, with significant practical implications for climate-resilient permafrost engineering systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2026 09:21:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643932</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seismic risk transfer control strategies and reliability assessment of high-speed railway simply supported beam bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636810</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Severe earthquakes can induce excessive mid-span displacements, amplified pier-base forces, and progressive local failures in high-speed railway simply supported beam bridges, posing critical risks to structural integrity and train operation safety. To quantify these risks under high-dimensional correlated uncertainties, a reliability analysis framework (RAF) is established by integrating fractional-order-moment maximum-entropy theory, multiplicative dimensionality reduction, the Nataf transformation, and Copula-based dependence modeling. The RAF reconstructs probability, cumulative, and exceedance distributions of nonlinear seismic responses with an accuracy comparable to one million Monte Carlo samples, while requiring only a small fraction of the computational time. To alleviate the concentration of seismic vulnerability at the mid-span and pier bases, a Seismic Risk-Transfer–Control System (SRTCS) is further formulated, consisting of an inter-span transfer mechanism, side-span energy-dissipation units, abutment stiffness enhancement, and subgrade cushion layers. Numerical results indicate that the SRTCS lowers exceedance probabilities of extreme component responses by 40–50 %, and reduces system-level failure indices for minor and complete damage states by approximately 70 % and 60 %, respectively, demonstrating a substantial improvement in structural redundancy and seismic reliability. The combined RAF–SRTCS framework provides a unified basis for seismic reliability evaluation, risk-oriented design, and performance-based control of high-speed railway bridges in active seismic regions, supporting resilient and uninterrupted rail operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 16:28:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636810</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High-speed rail and economic growth: A market access–based economic impact evaluation in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659672</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Debates continue over whether high-speed rail (HSR) generates new economic value or simply reallocates activity across space. This study evaluates the national economic impact of China’s HSR system through a Market Access (MA) framework grounded in quantitative spatial economics. The authors derive and empirically estimate a log–log elasticity between MA and GDP using county-level panel data from 2007 to 2020 and an instrumental-variable strategy based on least-cost spanning networks. Results show that a 10 % increase in MA leads to a 0.89 % increase in GDP. Counterfactual simulations indicate that without HSR, China’s 2020 GDP would have been 3.31 % lower (≈6.7 trillion RMB). Temporal counterfactuals further reveal a strong network formation effect: economic gains rise sharply once previously fragmented corridors became an integrated national network in 2017. An economic impact evaluation suggests that aggregate gains exceed construction and operating costs, indicating positive net national value. By integrating transport planning, spatial economics, and infrastructure policy, this study provides network-level evidence that HSR can generate positive-sum national growth rather than zero-sum redistribution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 14:02:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659672</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>User intention model on Indonesian High-Speed railway mobile application</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659658</link>
      <description><![CDATA[“Whoosh,” Indonesia’s high-speed railway application, began operations in 2023, and it could be accessed through its dedicated Whoosh mobile app. Although the app has been downloaded more than 500,000 times, actual utilization remains low, suggesting that passengers are facing difficulties accessing online tickets. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing users’ intentions to utilize the Whoosh mobile app. The authors modified the technology acceptance model and information system success model to serve as the theoretical framework for the research. A mixed-methods approach was used, involving a questionnaire administered to 507 respondents and interviews conducted with 30 respondents. Questionnaire data were processed using covariance-based structural equation modelling, while qualitative data underwent content analysis. The results indicated that system, information, and service quality influenced the Whoosh mobile app’s perceived ease of use, while only information and service quality influenced its perceived usefulness. Furthermore, the study found that the factors influencing a user’s intention to use the Whoosh mobile app are perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, aesthetics, price value, and brand trust. These findings offer valuable insights for railway mobile developers to enhance their app’s system, information, and service quality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 13:58:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659658</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A simplified nonlinear longitudinal seismic model of high-speed railway simply supported bridge based on time-history response updating</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642853</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As high-speed railway lines expand into regions prone to earthquakes, the seismic safety of High-Speed Railway Bridges (HSRBs) has become an increasing concern. While traditional seismic analysis models can accurately capture the seismic response of HSRBs, their complexity and low computational efficiency limit their use in engineering applications. To address this issue, this study develops a simplified nonlinear longitudinal seismic model based on the principle of Track Constraint Equivalent (TCE) and proposes a finite element model structural parameter updating method based on seismic response time-history. Additionally, an improved genetic algorithm combined with a filtering strategy was developed to accelerate the iterative process. Three nonlinear test cases are used to validate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. Numerical analyses show that Simplified Track-Bridge Model (STBM) reduces the number of elements and nodes by more than 95 % and nearly doubles computational efficiency in seismic analysis. The STBM demonstrates high fidelity in reproducing both static peak characteristics and dynamic seismic responses of bridge structures, with errors maintained within 10 %. These findings confirm the effectiveness of STBM for seismic analysis and provide an efficient and practical alternative for the seismic design and assessment of HSRBs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 09:01:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642853</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Process-Oriented and Coalescent Analysis Method for Safety and Security in Railway Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625410</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The convergence of network, electronic, and control technologies has expanded the attack surface of industrial control systems (ICSs), necessitating the integration of functional safety and cybersecurity. Existing methods often treat safety and security as isolated domains, overlooking their interdependence in modern ICSs. This article proposes a novel methodology, Process-Oriented and Coalescent Analysis (POCA), to bridge this gap through an integrated safety and security analysis. Unlike previous approaches, POCA focuses on the intersection of cyberthreats and functional interactions, offering a new perspective on threat modeling. Applied to a railway signal system, a representative ICS that has received insufficient attention in cybersecurity research, POCA incorporates cyberattack scenarios, system service processes, and safety constraints to identify and assess risks. The analysis results highlight POCA’s effectiveness in uncovering vulnerabilities at the intersection of functional safety and cybersecurity, providing actionable insights for system design and operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Feb 2026 11:23:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2625410</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Optimization of Customized Feeder Bus for High-Speed Railway Connection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613223</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the inconvenience faced by passengers traveling to high-speed railway (HSR) stations that are located far from city centers in China, this paper proposes a customized feeder bus (CFB) service that considers passenger choice behaviors. This study constructs a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization model that integrates CFB route planning and scheduling optimization, considering the interests of passengers, operators, and the government. Additionally, an iterative heuristic method is designed to enhance the computational efficiency for solving large-scale cases. Finally, the results from practical case studies indicate that the proposed model performs well in reducing costs and minimizing deviations in passenger travel time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613223</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Scheduling Optimization of High-Speed Railway with Consideration of Carbon Reduction Strategy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613211</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Meeting the operational needs while pursuing a lower carbon operation mode has become one of the future directions of high-speed railway (HSR) research. In this paper, a bi-level approach is suggested to minimize train carbon emissions and passenger travel cost under operating time constraints. This study adopts the tree knapsack method to handle the complex changes of carbon emissions during train operation to balance the solving efficiency and the accuracy requirements. Second, the train schedule designs carbon subsidy strategies to balance the total travel cost of passengers with the train capacity limitation. The proposed approach is tested on the numerical example to verify the effectiveness of the model. The research results show that compared with the carbon emissions of the original train schedule, the carbon emissions of the train schedule generated by the proposed approach could be significantly reduced, which can help to build a sustainable and passenger-friendly HSR system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613211</guid>
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