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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Introducing a Composite Index of Multi-Modal Travel Opportunity, Conceptualisation and Application in Hertfordshire, UK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1769397</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Multi-modal journeys are becoming a key part of current travel behaviour. Commuters are increasingly using multiple travel modes to travel from ‘door-to-door’. Two-thirds of rail and underground trips consist of multiple stages with over-ground journeys containing an average of three stages (Transport Research Laboratory, 2011). As a result, it has become increasingly important to facilitate multi-modal journeys through increased connectivity and the integration of different transport modes in planning policy.  The transport industry has a wealth of data to work with, but future planning is still very much car dominated. In recent years, there has been a rise in air quality management areas and a greater need to push individuals away from private cars to more comprehensive sustainable transport solutions. However, the multi-modal picture is often overlooked, focusing on sustainable modes individually. Class and Döppe (2016) highlight that travellers in urban areas show an increasing willingness to combine multiple modes of transport in to one journey, however travel options are not well established. Understanding the multi-modal opportunity within an area relies on the formation of a comprehensive framework evaluating numerous factors for multiple modes of travel, many of which are inherently different. Although some indices of public transport accessibility have been developed i.e. TfL’s PTAL framework, they are rarely transferable given the nature of London’s transport systems and the lack of heterogeneity between London and other areas of the UK. Furthermore, although it encompasses access and opportunity to services, it is limited in evaluating the ease of travel through the network and supporting infrastructure.  This study devised a multi-modal travel opportunity index for Hertfordshire, going beyond investigating public transport accessibility to encompass connectivity, supporting infrastructure and reliability. Within Hertfordshire car remains the most dominant mode of travel with rail trips into London being the only exception (Hertfordshire County Council, 2015). This provided a key opportunity to examine multi-modal opportunity in Hertfordshire and how a modal shift from car to multi-modal journeys could be encouraged.  The outcome of this research is a composite index of multi-modal travel opportunity devised through principle component analysis (PCA), analytic hierarchy processing and spatial analysis. PCA was used to combine input variables into key domains identified from supporting literature and simplify the complexity of high dimensional data while retaining the trends and patterns. Analytical hierarchy processing added weight to the principle components reflecting views on the most important attributes for multi-modal travellers. Additionally, spatial analysis was undertaken to quantify and measure spatial attributes that formed the composite index and identify clusters and hotspots within the resulting multi-modal travel opportunity index.  Mapping provides a visual insight into the spatial nature of multi-modal travel opportunity, and the dominance of specific services that could be improved and enhanced to facilitate multi-modal travel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Feb 2021 10:31:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1769397</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Public Health Implications of Telematic Technologies: An Exploratory Qualitative Study in the UK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1702999</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reducing motorized transport is crucial for achieving public health goals, but cars will continue to be essential for many in the medium term. The role of emerging technologies in mitigating the public health disadvantages of this private car use has been under-examined to date. Telematics are increasingly used by novice drivers in the UK to reduce insurance premiums. An exploratory study of novice drivers’ experiences of telematics identified implications for public health that warrant urgent further research. An exploratory qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews with 12 drivers aged 17–25 in three regions of the UK (Aberdeenshire, Hertfordshire and London). Telematics were acceptable to young drivers, and reported to mitigate some negative health consequences of driving (injury risks, over-reliance on car transport), without reducing access to determinants of health such as employment or social life. However, there were suggestions that those at higher risk were less likely to adopt telematics. Market-based mechanisms such as telematics are potential alternatives to well-evaluated policy interventions such as Graduated Driver Licensing for reducing road injury risks for novice drivers, with a different mix of risks and benefits. However, claims to date from insurance companies about the contribution of telematics to public health outcomes should be evaluated carefully to account for biases in uptake.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2020 10:22:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1702999</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A dynamic model for road protection against flooding</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1524187</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this article, the authors use a dynamic mixed-integer programming model to explore optimal road protection strategies to safeguard against flooding events. Various flood disruption scenarios are considered and a heuristic Greedy Randomised Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP) algorithm is used to generate a starting solution. A case study based on Hertfordshire, UK is presented using historical flood data and geographic information system data to generate flooding scenarios. The costs of implementing different infrastructure protection plans are analyzed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Sep 2018 09:08:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1524187</guid>
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      <title>CAST Analysis of the Buncefield Incident</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1460497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The CAST [Causal Analysis based on STAMP (Systems Theoretic Accident Model and Process)] incident analysis technique is applied to the 2005 Buncefield incident when a fire and explosion due to the overfilling of a gasoline storage tank caused catastrophic damage to a key piece of national infrastructure. Causes are identified at every level from the equipment up to corporate management. The analysis provides new insights into how the incident was caused and how it could have been prevented, which were not highlighted in official reports. These insights are widely applicable to all organisations managing major accident hazards.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 23 Apr 2017 17:07:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1460497</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Delivering Sustainable and Integrated Bus Network in a De-regulated Environment: A Comparative Study of a Higher Education Institute and Pharmaceutical Company</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1326122</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper provides a comparative study of two large organisations (a Higher Education Institute, the University of Hertfordshire based in Hatfield, Hertfordshire and a Pharmaceutical Company, Pfizer based in Sandwich, Kent) that proactively managed their own bus operations that led to a complete reworking of the public transport infrastructure within their respective regions with varying success. The case studies indicated that it is possible to re-craft the provision of local transport infrastructure and services on an area by an organisation (to its own benefit and/or its wider community) – but the approach has to be proactive and work in wider partnership with other organisations and wider community.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 2014 11:36:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1326122</guid>
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      <title>ANPR ruling defines acceptance criteria</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1278340</link>
      <description><![CDATA[After automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) cameras were installed by Hertfordshire Constabulary in Royston, a rural town in England, there were complaints from civil liberties groups, and the UK's Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) reviewed the case. The ICO found that there had not been an effective impact assessment before the installation of the cameras, which was in breach of the Data Protection Act. Hertfordshire Constabulary was ordered to stop processing information collected by the cameras unless the use of the cameras could be justified. The area did not have a high crime rate, and speeding was not a major issue; the cameras were installed as a preventive measure, which was not sufficient justification for their use. The ICO's ruling could have wide-reaching implications, sending a message to police forces that surveillance devices must be justified before they are installed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 09 Dec 2013 10:17:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1278340</guid>
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      <title>Safety First in Hatfield Test</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124348</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article will discuss the safety of the Hatfield Tunnel, which carries the A1(M) motorway under the Gallerias shopping and leisure center at the core of Hertfordshire town. The tunnel was recently the scene of a highly-detailed, seven-hour, night-time exercise set up to test the Highway Agency (HA) and local emergency response procedures in dealing with a serious road traffic incident. The exercise performed was a multi-vehicle collision that resulted in a disastrous fire. The tunnel has been the subject of a 23-month £60 million upgrade that was completed in May 2011 to bring it up to the European safety standards introduced after the Mont Blanc tunnel fire in 1999. Enhancements tested included improved lighting with a controlled system to increase or decrease threshold and transition zone lighting to reflect ambient conditions; upgraded ventilation; and closed circuit television (CCTV). The exercise ended on time and there was a general satisfaction at the level and effectiveness of interagency cooperation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Dec 2011 14:46:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124348</guid>
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      <title>Establishing a Voluntary Quality Network Partnership (QNP) within a Hertfordshire District</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1107724</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent research related to transport within the United Kingdom, especially within urban-conurbations, have identified limitations with transport governance and finance as key issues in creating sustainable integrated transport networks. This paper will  focus on the need, and potential for changing travel behavior away from ever increasing private car use, to greater use of public transport for commuting. This has the potential to reduce traffic congestion and carbon emissions from transport activities as well as improving community cohesion and mobility. Changing individual behavior away from car use is dealt with through organizational “Travel Plans” or the “Smarter Choices” initiative, as proposed by the United Kingdom (UK) Department for Transport (DfT). The UK has a history of declining bus use outside London, particularly in rural areas. Various legislative attempts have been made but so far there has been no real effect in most places. The Local Transport Act 2008 attempts to address the provision of public services by providing Local Authorities with a range of new powers to influence directly bus service provision through the introduction of new voluntary Quality Partnerships. The aim is to create change in bus service delivery, thus leading to reform in transport governance and greater use by the public. This paper uses a unique applied case study approach for setting up and managing a voluntary Quality Network Partnership (QNP), within the Hertfordshire City and District of St Albans. The partnership includes all bus and train operators providing public services within St Albans. The research aim is to investigate, through piloting these additional powers set out in the Local Transport Act, the development and management of a Quality Partnership. The research aims to identify areas of organizational conflict that occur between the Local Authorities, Operators and Transport Practitioners. The paper also provides identification of funding streams for achieving improvements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2011 10:02:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1107724</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hertfordshire light rail by 2012?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/986980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subtitle: Vic Simons analyses the developments to convert the Watford-St Albans heavy rail line to light rail operation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Nov 2010 08:42:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/986980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tunnel upgrade programme reaches Hatfield</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/986669</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subtitle: These are busy times for road tunnel construction and maintenance contractors in England--probably the busiest ever if refurbishment of the Highways Agency's motorway tunnels is included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Nov 2010 12:37:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/986669</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Travelling Light</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/914954</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The conversion of heavy rail branch lines into light rail routes is increasingly being seen as an effective way of delivering additional frequency to increase patronage while reducing costs.  This article discusses the benefits of these conversions and highlights one particular case in the UK.  The Department for Transport (DfT) and Hertfordshire County Council have launched a major consultation exercise into the future shape of the so-called Abbey Line. The six-mile branch line is currently operated by London Midland and carries just under half a million passengers each year. It’s a 16-minute end-to-end journey, which includes five stops. The trains normally run every 45 minutes, but more frequent trains could help provide an alternative to the congested parallel road corridor. However, to run more services, the line needs a passing loop and improved signaling.  Although previous studies showed that there was insufficient value for money, running lightweight rail vehicles could be the way forward. Regulations governing light rail infrastructure and services are not as stringent as for heavy rail and, as a result, improvements can be much cheaper.  According to the consultation document, the light rail trams would use the same track and overhead power lines as the existing service. New vehicles will be procured and some modifications to the infrastructure and power supply may be required. The stewardship of the line would also transfer to Hertfordshire County Council, with the DfT giving money that would otherwise have been paid to London Midland. Depending on the outcome of the consultation, the DfT is hoping to finalize a specification for the new service and issue a tender document in early spring 2010.   Officials have stated that the light rail service could be up and running as early as late next year.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Mar 2010 07:45:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/914954</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing the Extent of Transport Social Exclusion Among the Elderly</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/901905</link>
      <description><![CDATA[“Social exclusion” is a concept that has become increasingly prominent in the UK and elsewhere in the last ten years. Social exclusion occurs as a result of a series of problems that prevent people from being able to participate in activities that are considered normal in their society. Some of these problems are related to issues of accessibility. This paper outlines work carried out in the context of the AUNT-SUE (Accessibility and User Needs in Transport in Sustainable Urban Environments) project to develop and model an appropriate set of accessibility benchmarks for older people. Results confirmed that the travel patterns of older people are very different from those of the average person in the UK and that it was necessary to tailor accessibility benchmarks to the characteristics of this group. A set of benchmarks was developed based on ability to undertake different types of activity. These benchmarks are currently being incorporated into AMELIA, a GIS-based tool for assessing the effect of different policy actions on accessibility. Issues that have arisen include how to model the myriad micro-level circumstances that affect the mobility of older people. Some initial analysis has shown that these details can make a substantial difference to the assessment of the accessibility of a destination. Examples are drawn from St Albans in Hertfordshire, UK.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Oct 2009 07:41:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/901905</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EMPLOYER TRAVEL PLANS, CYCLING AND GENDER: WILL TRAVEL PLAN MEASURES IMPROVE THE OUTLOOK FOR CYCLING TO WORK IN THE UK?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/733707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Previous studies have revealed that women commute shorter distances than men, yet are less likely to cycle.  This study examines the commuter habits of three companies in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom in relation to gender and employer travel plans. Results show that a variety of cultural and trip characteristics, including the need to make complex trips and perceived risk to personal security, can account for the limited number of women who cycle.  Organizational initiatives to increase cycle commuting were perceived more positively by men than women, suggesting that provision of cycling facilities in travel plans will not be effective for organizations employing a large proportion of women.  However, this masks a subgroup of women who have access to a cycle and live near enough to cycle who are more positive about cycle facilities. Measures to encourage cycling in employer travel plans must reflect the gender balance in the organization as well as recognized geographical and organizational factors. Attempts to encourage cycle commuting should address the practicalities of the journey, the extraneous activities incorporating into commuting, the image of the cyclist and the cultural context.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Feb 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/733707</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SMART CARD -- HERTFORDSHIRE LEADS THE WAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/572049</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SUBTITLE: HERTFORDSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL LAUNCHED THE UK'S BIGGEST AND MOST AMBITIOUS TRANSPORT SMART CARD INITIATIVE YET ON 4 DECEMBER.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/572049</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STEVENAGE SUPERBUS EXPERIMENT: SUMMARY REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/240675</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/240675</guid>
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