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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Exploring the dynamic robustness of metro-bus composite networks considering passenger spatiotemporal heterogeneity and behavior characteristics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704322</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Practical experience shows that metro-bus composite networks (MBCNs) are irreplaceable for meeting the travel demands of urban residents. In-depth analyses of MBCN dynamic robustness can reveal the mechanisms driving reliable operations. In this paper, we propose a two-layer metro-bus composite network (TL-MBCN) model that integrates the topological structure with its associated passenger flow dynamic. The propagation of cascading failure in the MBCN is then imitated through a linear load-capacity model by considering passengers’ mode choice behavior and rerouting behavior. Three indicators are introduced to assess the dynamic robustness of the MBCN from three perspectives: connectivity, travel time, and passenger flow. Using traffic data from Nanjing, our experiments reveal that (1) the dynamic robustness of the MBCN varies significantly across different periods of the day, and the scale of the cascading failures is strongly correlated with the passenger flow distribution around the attacked station; (2) the dynamic robustness of the network is significantly influenced by the station capacity, passengers’ tolerance threshold, and their prior knowledge of station failures; and (3) the MBCN is more robust under the proposed passenger flow transfer rule.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:07:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2704322</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The role of ports in the transition to low-emission trucks – a multi-system transition analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Diesel-powered trucks handle most container movement between ports and the hinterland, resulting in negative externalities. Using low-emission trucks could reduce the impact of hinterland transport on global warming, but widespread diffusion remains slow. Since ports are central hubs for hinterland transport and focal points in the energy transition, the authors assess the conditions at ports for accelerating the transition to low-emission trucks. The authors employ a multi-system transition lens to examine the technology, actor, and institutional couplings between the hinterland transport system and the port energy system, under the regulatory influence of the port authority and EU policies. Drawing on data from a literature review, the findings show that ports offer 9 distinct conditions to accelerate the uptake of low-emission trucks for hinterland transport, including facilitating the diffusion of niche-technologies across systems, coordinating actors involved in energy infrastructure for low-emission trucks, and governing the transition as a focal institutional body in hinterland transport chains. Future research should incorporate primary data from port hinterland transport actors to examine diffusion barriers and deploy simulations to understand the diffusion of low-emission trucks in port hinterlands under different policy scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:03:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732789</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A-TTC: A multimodal fusion framework for personalized truck forward collision warning via dynamic threshold calibration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732792</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Heavy trucks experience persistent forward collision risks due to driver heterogeneity and limitations of fixed-threshold Forward Collision Warning (FCW) systems, which fail to adapt to dynamic driver behavior categories and multimodal contextual cues. This study proposes the Adaptive Time-to-Avoidance (A-TTC) framework, a driver-in-the-loop FCW framework developed using a naturalistic dataset of 3,519 video-verified FCW-triggered events from 569 heavy trucks. To capture behavioral variability, a Multimodal Temporal Alignment Neural Network (MMTANN) is introduced, explicitly synchronizing facial cues, road scenes, and vehicle dynamics to infer driver behavior categories (Distracted, Normal, Harsh) with 84.80% accuracy. Leveraging this behavior category awareness, a hybrid approach utilizes a Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) for real-time reaction-time prediction and a convolutional-enhanced Transformer (C-Trans) for braking-distance estimation, reducing prediction error (RMSE) by 51.8% over standard LSTM. These parameters dynamically calibrate a personalized TTA threshold against the real-time predicted minimum Time-to-Collision (TTC). In a retrospective event-based evaluation on pre-triggered FCW logs, A-TTC achieved an overall accuracy of 81.42% and reduced the event-level nuisance-warning proportion to 13.74%, while maintaining a threat-event recall of 89.25%. This research provides a data-driven and driver-adaptive approach to enhancing the safety and personalization of commercial vehicle collision avoidance systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:03:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732792</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Factors that Influence the Determination of Adhesion Utilization of the ABS in Commercial Vehicles: A Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The anti-lock braking system (ABS) plays a fundamental role in preventing wheel lockup and preserving vehicle steerability and stability during braking. In Brazil, ABS is mandatory for commercial vehicles since 2014, following CONTRAN Resolution 380/11, with the objective of improving traffic safety and reducing road accidents. The performance of an ABS is directly influenced by the characteristics of the vehicle’s braking system, including its pneumatic architecture and mechanical component sizing, which determine brake-force distribution and the frequency of ABS intervention. Regardless of these characteristics, developers must ensure that ABS efficiency complies with applicable regulatory requirements. For performance assessment, NBR 10966 Part 6 establishes procedures for measuring and calculating the adhesion utilization of ABS. Represented by the letter epsilon (ε), adhesion utilization quantifies the relationship between the braking performance achieved with ABS active and that corresponding to the vehicle’s maximum braking capacity without wheel slip. This metric provides an indirect evaluation of system efficiency. This work presents a case study conducted during the development of the ABS for a medium-heavy truck equipped with more than two axles. The study consisted of the analysis of results obtained following the adhesion utilization determination methodology defined in NBR 10966 Part 6, and of the evaluation of its applicability to multi-axle vehicles. Despite the braking system and vehicle configuration meeting all minimum static and dynamic performance requirements, the measured adhesion utilization fell below expectations. This outcome prompted a detailed investigation of both the measurement approach used for this vehicle category and the factors affecting the tire–road friction coefficient, which are independent of the braking system itself. The analysis indicated potential improvements in the test methodology for vehicles with more than two axles and highlighted the significant influence of test-track surface conditions on the results obtained.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:00:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742667</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Collaborative truck-drone delivery optimization in humanitarian logistics for vulnerable populations: An improved adaptive large neighborhood search</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2731112</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing frequency and severity of natural disasters have intensified the need for effective humanitarian logistics systems, particularly for vulnerable populations who often face barriers to accessing relief supplies. This study proposes a two-phase operational framework for the rapid and equitable delivery of humanitarian aid using a collaborative truck-drone system in highly disrupted environments under observed post-disaster conditions. In Phase 1, a location-allocation model determines optimal depot locations and assigns vulnerable populations to depots, partitioning the affected region into multiple zones. This stage aims to balance spatial accessibility between depots and demand points, thereby promoting equity in relief service coverage across zones. In Phase 2, truck-drone routing decisions are optimized independently within each zone to minimize the total delivery time, thereby supporting equitable service among demand points within the zone. To better capture operational conditions in disaster environments, the model incorporates truck-reachable parking nodes for drone launch and retrieval and multi-drone nodes that allow multiple drone visits to high-demand locations. The resulting models are formulated as mixed-integer linear programs and solved using two problem-specific adaptive large neighborhood search algorithms designed for large-scale instances. A case study based on 1,379 demand nodes in the Southern District of Ulsan Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea, demonstrates that the proposed framework improves spatial coverage and reduces delivery time under disrupted road conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 10:29:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2731112</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Prospective Environmental and Economic Impacts of the Implementation of Free-Flow Open Road Tolling (ORT) in Greece</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the differences in the environmental and economic impacts of applying a prospective free-flow Open Road Tolling (ORT) system in Greece, compared with conventional tolling focusing on Road Freight Transport (RFT). The sector of RFT highlights the negative impact of frequent stops for toll payment: increased travel time, reduced road safety, high traffic accident risk, fuel consumption, air pollutant emissions, etc. This research includes a comprehensive international comparison of relevant systems, providing a global perspective on tolling practices. The environmental and economic impacts on a local scale are estimated, and, in addition, there is a rough estimation of the annual cost of fuel consumption of RFT due to the non-application of ORT in Greece, aiming to highlight the need for implementation of ORT in Greece. Only using RFT fuel consumption cost during the year 2017, while the diesel cost was much lower than today, and the same goes for the number of toll stations in Greek motorways, it was found that each year 15 million euros more are spent due to the absence of free-flow ORT in Greek motorways. This amount probably has already tripled.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 17:07:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579497</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Parking Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Mining Trucks: A Global Optimal Method Based on Divide-and-Conquer Strategy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2731742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Parking trajectory planning in loading/dumping areas of open-pit mines presents unique challenges compared to standard parking scenarios for passenger vehicles. These include irregular workspaces, kinematic constraints of heavy trucks, and customized trajectory requirements, which collectively formulate a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem with non-differentiable logical condition constraints. Mainstream MINLP solvers struggle to directly handle logical conditional constraints involving integer variables and usually fail to meet the real-time requirements of practical applications. This study presents a nearly global optimal trajectory planning method that developed a search-then-optimize framework based on the divide-and-conquer strategy, separating the difficulties into distinct stages. A multiple-priority-queue search-based method is introduced in the search stage, leveraging its gradient-free nature to tackle non-differentiable variables and generate an initial solution near the global optimal solution. In the numerical optimization stage, the problem is reformulated as a fully differentiable NLP, refining the initial trajectory to enhance quality. Extensive simulations and real-vehicle tests confirm that this method effectively addresses the above difficulties, producing efficient and trackable trajectories.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 15:14:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2731742</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Faster Fixed-Time Path Tracking Control for Autonomous Agricultural Vehicles with Input Saturation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2731738</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fast convergence time is crucial for the path tracking control of autonomous agricultural vehicles (AAVs), enabling them to swiftly adapt to complex environments. In this work, we present a novel generalized proportional integral observer (GPIO)-based faster fixed-time control scheme, enhancing the rapid responsiveness of AAVs while effectively compensating for time-varying disturbances. Then, an auxiliary system is developed to mitigate the adverse effects of actuator saturation that may occur due to rapid response. Subsequently, a Lyapunov-based stability analysis is provided to demonstrate the fixed-time convergence of the AAV path tracking system. Finally, comparative experiments validate the superiority of the proposed control scheme.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 15:14:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2731738</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrated optimization for truck arrival management and yard capacity utilization in a container terminal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720902</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Truck congestion in a container terminal yard is usually caused by the imbalance between the arrival demand of external trucks and the supply of yard service capacity. In the absence of infrastructure expansions, the terminal yard congestion can only be mitigated by optimal control of truck arrivals and the management of yard resource allocation. This paper proposes an integrated modelling framework that mitigates terminal yard congestion by joint optimization of the truck arrival demand and the utilization of yard capacity, subject to truck arrival demand shifting, yard queueing, and yard resource allocation constraints. This integrated model consists of a truck demand management model that manages the distribution of truck arrivals over a planning horizon, a descriptive queueing model that captures the dynamics of truck arrival and service processes, and a yard capacity utilization model that controls the yard resource configuration and the consequent inbound and outbound truck service rates over time. For solving the integrated model, we develop a tailored iterative solution method that decomposes the demand and supply decisions and effectively strikes the balance between truck throughput and yard congestion level. A core contribution of this approach is the interaction between an expansion rule, which iteratively enriches the master problem’s restricted service option set with service rate configurations identified by the subproblem, and a dynamic update rule that strictly tightens the master problem’s congestion threshold. This mechanism is novel in the sense that it offers a convergent and tractable approach to coordinate the demand and supply management decisions that used to be intricate in the literature. We evaluate the computation performance and solution quality of the integrated framework on instances generated from the operational data of a large container terminal. Based on the computation results, we provide insights into truck demand and service management for congestion mitigation in a container terminal.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 15:14:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2720902</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Come fly with me: Scheduling point-to-point transports with collective drones</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714520</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drone usage for transportation tasks has inspired a vast body of operations research literature. Due to the small payloads of current-generation drones, most predecessors treat drone-based transportation in a one-to-many distribution context where a single fulfillment center distributes lightweight, small-sized goods to many customer households. Recent technological progress, however, advocates a coupling of multiple smaller drones to collective drones, cooperating in the aerial transport of bulky and heavier loads over longer distances. Collective drones, thus, open up the application of drones for point-to-point transportation services. Against this backdrop, we consider the following scheduling problem: Given a set of jobs, each representing a point-to-point transport with a given origin, destination, flight time, and weight, as well as a heterogeneous fleet of drones with varying lifting capacity, we seek a schedule, where the sum of lifting capacities of the drones assigned to each job meets the weight requirement, drones have enough time to move between subsequent jobs, and the makespan is minimum. We formulate the resulting collective drone scheduling problem, provide an in-depth analysis of computational complexity, and introduce suitable solution methods based on decomposition. Our computational study explores the performance of these solution methods and investigates managerial issues such as the impact of different drone fleet compositions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Aug 2026 15:14:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2714520</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Heavy-Vehicle Collision Warning Interfaces – Follow-On Testing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732490</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes a follow-on evaluation of heavy-vehicle collision warning interfaces as it pertains to the auditory and visual components of a forward collision warning system. The findings build on the results of the original 2015 study. This follow-on investigation examined human performance under nighttime conditions and assessed the impact of delaying the visual component of the alert. Consistent with the original study, drivers who received imminent collision warnings (regardless of time of day or visual alert timing) responded significantly faster to potential rear-end collision events compared to those who did not receive alerts. Comparison of brake response times between drivers alerted during daytime versus nighttime conditions revealed no statistically significant differences. Delaying the visual alert also resulted in 100 percent of drivers directing their attention first to the forward roadway upon alert activation. However, this alert configuration did not result in faster brake response times relative to alert configurations without a delayed visual alert.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2026 16:57:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732490</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of wheel hollowness and gauge widening on wheel–rail interaction and damage in heavy haul operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Heavy haul railway operations present significant maintenance challenges, particularly accelerated wear and Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) of wheels and rails. Measures like tighter maintenance limits, optimized wheel–rail profiles, and advancing maintenance technologies have helped mitigate RCF on tangent tracks, large-radius curves, and high (outer) rails of small radius curves. However, these efforts have been less effective in mitigating RCF on low (inner) rails of small-radius curves. Given a fixed infrastructure design, rolling stock fleet, and optimized wheel–rail profiles, variations in operational conditions and the progressive degradation of wheels and track significantly influence wheel–rail interaction. The literature highlights that wheel hollowness and track gauge widening are the primary contributors. Therefore, this study focuses on an in-depth examination of how variations in these two factors influence wear and RCF development. A multibody dynamic model of an iron ore wagon is developed using the GENSYS software. Measured track irregularities, and rail and wheel profiles representing various degraded conditions, are incorporated into the simulations. The results reveal that wear number and RCF index trends differ significantly between the two rails (high and low rails) of a curved track, with degradation in wheels and rails. Consequently, maintenance strategies primarily designed to address high rail wear, since it is typically more severe, do not fully mitigate issues on the low rail.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 16:51:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Environmental impacts of alternative fuels in Czech road freight: A case study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692644</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the potential of alternative fuels in road haulage and their ability to reduce environmental impacts. It focuses on bioCNG from biomass and renewable energy sources like wind and solar to power internal combustion and electric freight vehicles. Using cradle-to-wheel Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the study evaluates vehicles from small urban delivery vans to large intercity trucks. The Czech Republic is selected due to its high fossil fuel dependence and planned transition to renewable electricity. Results show that alternative fuels can cut greenhouse gas emissions by up to 65% compared to diesel vehicles with the use phase responsible for most impacts in diesel trucks. In addition, BioCNG vehicles emit significantly less CO₂ than diesel and perform similarly to renewable-powered electric vehicles, making bioCNG a practical transitional fuel, especially for larger vehicles and regions with limited electric vehicle infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 16:51:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692644</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the causes and development patterns of metro rail corrugation on ladder sleeper track</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703894</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rail corrugation observed on ladder sleeper tracks in small-radius curves is often attributed to resonance and self-excited vibration theory, but reliable field validation remains scarce. This study conducted long-term field monitoring of rail corrugation on small-radius subway curves, analysing its geometric characteristics, profiles, straightness, hardness, and metallographic evolution over time and space. The relationship between track vibration and rail corrugation was also studied using finite element modelling and steady-state dynamic analysis. The results reveal that rail corrugation exhibits mixed wavelengths. After rail grinding, low rail wear increases rapidly before stabilizing, while high rail wear initially progresses slowly and then accelerates. The high rail undergoes more severe plastic deformation and work hardening than the low rail. Within two months of grinding, White Etching Layers (WELs) begin forming, leading to slow corrugation development. From two to six months, WELs form in wheel-rail sliding regions, increasing hardness at corrugation peaks and accelerating wear. The lateral overturning resonance of the entire ladder sleeper track aligns with the frequency band associated with the 200–250 mm wavelength corrugation excitation, while the coupling of vertical and lateral modes may contribute to the generation of 100–125 mm wavelength corrugation. The frequency response analysis indicates show that the 40–60 mm short-wavelength corrugation observed on small-radius curved ladder sleeper tracks is more likely related to lateral force excitation. This study provides a foundation for the optimization of track structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 11:16:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2703894</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FTA Section 8 Project C930 Track Map Correlation: Final Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2731617</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Project C-930, "Track Map Correlation", was a Federal Transit Administration (FTA) funded Section 8 grant sponsored by the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) and carried by the Division of Track, formerly the Track and Structures Department. The purpose of the project was to upgrade and augment all paper and computer based track data pools in use throughout the NYCTA. The product of project C-930 would be absorbed into one complete, consistent, integrated computer aided design system and database network. Through this network all current track information would be instantly accessible to any user. A direct result of this project is the ongoing conversion of existing data to conform to the project's specifications. In addition, procedures have been established to enter new information into the databases as it is generated, thereby facilitating the planning process for track renewal. As the proposed systemwide network both absorbs more and better field data from various locations, and integrates and disseminates these data, the planning process will achieve higher degrees of integration and efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 08 Aug 2026 12:14:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2731617</guid>
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