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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Methods for improving heavy truck fuel system integrity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706297</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents methods for improving the integrity of heavy truck fuel systems. A case study is presented in which an aggressively shaped component near a heavy truck fuel tank caused a rupture of the tank during a collision, resulting in a fatal fire incident. The susceptibility of fuel tanks to being compromised in collisions has been long known. In 1954, the NFPA handbook stressed the importance of considering the exposure of truck fuel tanks to damage or upset in a collision. Fuel tanks in heavy trucks have traditionally been placed outside the frame rails in a side-saddle arrangement, leaving them exposed to impacts in a wide range of collision scenarios. This fuel tank arrangement was abandoned decades ago in passenger cars, light trucks, and vans due to the vulnerability of the fuel tanks. Heavy trucks, however, still use the historically dangerous outboard tank location. Laboratory testing was conducted to evaluate the interaction between the aggressive component and the tank and to compare the performance of a more friendly component shape under the same test conditions. In addition, a complete running exemplar truck was fitted with a behind the cab fuel tank demonstrating that functionality and fuel capacity can be maintained with the tank relocated to a less exposed location.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 09:38:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2706297</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Mechanical Response of Road Embankments Built on Permafrost located at Inuvik-Tuktoyaktuk Highway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665666</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road construction on permafrost typically involves using thick granular embankments to provide thermal and mechanical protection for the subgrade. A proper structural design is one of the most important factors to minimize the mechanical impact of roads on permafrost. Additionally, seasonal variability plays a vital role in this regard. This study was conducted as a test section along the Inuvik–Tuktoyaktuk Highway (ITH) by embedding several thermal, moisture, pressure cell, and deformation sensors at different depths and distances in a single location. The instrumentation was done in 2019, and the data was recorded continuously until 2024 for analysis. These results were the outcome of six site visits during two different years, with the goal of recording the properties of the embankment and soil under frost, settlement, and heave conditions. During each site visit, a loaded dump truck was driven over the test section under controlled conditions to record data. The truck was driven at three different speeds (5 km/hr, 15 km/hr, and 25 km/hr) on the centerline of the sensors. Additionally, other testing, such as the Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD), was conducted for further analysis. The results of this research show an increase in permafrost degradation and growth of the active layer, based on the mechanical responses from the embankment and soil. The LWD test shows an improved modulus at the surface of the road, in contrast to a decrease in strength in the deeper layers. The changes in climatic/environmental conditions are also impacting the moisture and temperature in the permafrost region due to increasing temperatures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:52:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665666</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Assessing the risks and mitigating the impact of Mid-Winter Thaws on Canadian Winter Weight Policies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661750</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With climate change, shorter milder winters are expected to increase over the next decade causing logistical disruptions and increasing costs for Canadian heavy truck-based industries. Seasonal weight programs are anticipated to experience sometimes dramatic changes through the curtailment of winter weight periods and spring load restrictions starting sooner.  The objective of this paper is to highlight the financial, operational, and technical consequences of shorter winter weight periods resulting from climate change, and to identify potential adaptative management practices that could mitigate these consequences.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:52:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2661750</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Tyre wear particles : emissions and distribution in soil and stormwater systems in near road environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666553</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tyre wear particles (TWP) are a major source of microplastic pollution in road environments, yet their emissions, distribution, and environmental fate remain insufficiently characterised. This thesis presents a multi-scale investigation of TWP emissions in Sweden, their occurrence and distribution in two roadside ditches and one stormwater system, and the effectiveness of selected mitigation strategies. A detailed methodology was developed to estimate national TWP emissions using vehicle-specific emission factors and mileage data. Passenger cars were identified as the largest contributors (55%), followed by heavy-duty vehicles (31%), with rural roads accounting for the highest emissions. Field studies confirmed the occurrence of TWP in stormwater components such as gully pots, wells, and receiving waters. Fine particles 1.6-20 µm constituted a substantial portion of the total TWP load in both water and sediment samples. In roadside soils, TWP 97%), while more water-soluble compounds (e.g., HMMM, OHBT, MTBT, BTSA) exhibited variable leaching. The addition of biochar improved the retention of TWP, TDC and metals in fine, non-vegetative soils, and may contribute to climate mitigation by offsetting carbon emissions from construction materials such as concrete and steel. The thesis also evaluated mitigation strategies, including stormwater systems, road ditches, and bioretention filters. Bioretention filters with the addition of sorption materials demonstrated high removal efficiencies (97-100%) for TWP even under cold and high-flow conditions. The findings in this thesis contribute to improved understanding of TWP transport and retention and support the development of targeted measures to reduce microplastic pollution from road traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666553</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance and safety assessment of articulated heavy vehicles using traffic data and simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666549</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, the Swedish government permitted five long combination vehicles (LCVs), with a length longer than 25.25 meters but limited to 34.5 meters, along the selected routes in Sweden. LCVs offer potential benefits such as reduced operational costs, improved fuel efficiency, and lower emissions. While simulations have provided insights into the performance of LCVs on the road, they are conducted in idealised conditions that exclude the complexities of real-world traffic. Therefore, the first major focus of this thesis is to investigate the performance of LCVs in real traffic. Two combinations have been studied: the A-double, a tractor hauling two semitrailers with a dolly in between, and the DuoCAT, a truck hauling two center-axle trailers, which is also called C-double. The analysis is based on Performance-Based Standards (PBS) measures, including rearward amplification (RWA), low-speed swept path (LSSP), high-speed transient offtracking, and high-speed steady-state offtracking. The steering reversal rate is further applied to assess the driver's cognitive workload during low-speed manoeuvres. The study covers four traffic scenarios: lane changes, roundabout manoeuvring, turning at intersections, and negotiating tight curves. The second major focus of the thesis is the simulation-based assessment of collision risk for articulated heavy vehicles. CARLA is used as a simulation environment for this purpose. Since models of articulated vehicles, including LCVs, do not exist in CARLA vehicle libraries, a tractor-semitrailer model is developed as a first step, building upon existing studies. The modelled tractor-semitrailer is used to evaluate the efficacy of an improved two-dimensional time-to-collision (TTC) measure for articulated vehicles, proposed in this thesis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666549</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The haulier in road freight electrification : exploring influencing factors and the role of complexity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666523</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The logistics sector is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, with road freight transport accounting for a large share of these emissions. Electrification with battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) is a promising solution to reduce emissions from road freight transport. The role of logistics actors in the adoption of BEVs, in particular heavy-duty BEVs (HBEVs), has received limited attention in the literature. Especially road hauliers - as vehicle owners and those responsible for transport execution - require more focus when it comes to the adoption of HBEVs. This licentiate thesis addresses these gaps through its purpose to explore road hauliers' adoption of HBEVs. Two research questions were formulated to answer the purpose: - RQ1: Which factors influence road hauliers' adoption of HBEVs? - RQ2: How do road hauliers respond to influencing factors? The thesis is grounded in the green logistics literature, with particular emphasis on logistics actors and electrification. Complexity theory is used as a complementary theoretical perspective to enrich the analysis. The thesis purpose was approached through an exploratory research design, supported by a mixed-methods approach to answer the research questions. Qualitative case studies and semi-structured interviews in a Swedish context were the main methods employed which aimed at providing an in-depth understanding of hauliers and the factors influencing their adoption of HBEVs. Descriptive analysis of register data and statistics from Swedish public authorities complement the qualitative data by providing insight into the development of early road freight electrification with HBEVs at an aggregated Swedish level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666523</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Big fun</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666480</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The BIG FUN project aims to understand how to apply quantitative analytic methods to identify moments of interest in real-world vehicle journeys. The combination of these findings with advanced qualitative analytic methods will generate actionable insights such as a deeper understanding of challenges and opportunities for improving truck function, feature and service design to better suit commercial mobility needs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:32:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666480</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Experimental Analysis of Electric Road Pavement Structures in Heavy Vehicle Simulator Tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635354</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electric Road Systems (ERS) constitute a powerful tool for promoting Electric Vehicle (EV) adoption and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Canada's transportation sector. Electric Roads (eRoads) with wireless inductive charging enable dynamic on-the-road charging for EVs, enhancing travel ranges, reducing the need for frequent recharging, and allowing for smaller battery sizes. However, the impact of integrating inductive charging coils into pavement structures on their response to traffic and climate conditions remains underexplored, particularly in the Canadian context. This study investigates the mechanical behaviour of eRoad pavements with inductive coils compared to conventional structures under freeze-thaw conditions, representing early spring weather in Canada. Three pavement sections were constructed in a large-scale laboratory test pit at Laval University: two sections with inductive coils and varying surface course thicknesses, and one control section without coils. Sensors, including strain gauges, load cells, temperature sensors and humidity probes, monitored pavement performance under various traffic and environmental conditions, simulated using a heavy-vehicle simulator. Key findings indicate that eRoad pavements show mechanical performance comparable to conventional pavements under freeze-thaw conditions. Future research should focus on further data analysis and numerical modeling to fully understand the impact of inductive coils and inform the design of effective and durable eRoads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 11:16:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2635354</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long combination vehicles overtaking cyclists: a field study in regular traffic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611027</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Increased cycling, also in rural areas, is important for transitioning to a more sustainable transport system. Also, long combination vehicles (LCVs), in Sweden labelled high-capacity transport (HCT; up to 34.5 m, the previous limit was 25.25 m) can contribute to this goal. If granted access to a larger share of the road network, those trucks can be used more effectively. However, cycling and other active transport on those roads may be negatively impacted. To investigate direct and indirect effects on cyclists when LCVs are using the same road, a study was conducted in real traffic. Nineteen experienced road cyclists rode on a 5 km long rural road segment. Three trucks of different lengths were driven along the same route, instructed to overtake the cyclists where possible and with a full lane change. This generated 175 overtakes by the trucks and 607 overtakes by other traffic. The cyclists reported the overtakes with the trucks to feel safe and found the length of the truck not to be relevant if a full lane change was made while overtaking. The trucks needed more time to overtake than other traffic, and they also waited longer for an overtaking opportunity. In a car-following situation, the clearance of the following vehicles was influenced by the lead vehicle, making it especially important for heavy vehicles to give cyclists a wide berth. Pending further investigations, the conclusion is that for cyclists to feel safe, a full lane change when overtaking should be standard procedure not only for LCVs, but for motorised traffic in general.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2025 11:56:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611027</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How can we integrate road safety into occupational health and safety management ‘to save lives beyond 2025’? A study of safety management among drivers at work</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611026</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Academic Expert Group (AEG) recommendations related to the 4th Global Ministerial Conference on Road Safety in 2025, suggests a strategy of ‘Saving Lives Beyond 2025’, through integrating road safety into occupational health and safety management; implementing safety management systems like ISO:39001, or ISO:45001, and through working with safety culture. In this study, we study commitment to road safety and the prevalence of road safety management measures, according to the Safety Ladder approach (Nævestad et al 2018). Based on survey data, we compare professional drivers at work; bus drivers (n = 305) and truck drivers (n = 298) and employees who drive at work who are not professional drivers (‘work drivers’) (n = 355). We also draw on data from qualitative interviews. We find that organizations with work drivers have a lower focus on road safety, and that they have introduced fewer safety management measures, compared to organizations with professional drivers. However, the study also shows that there is still potential for improvement in organizations with truck drivers and bus drivers. These also have an unexploited potential when it comes to implementing effective measures. Multivariate analyses indicate the importance of the Safety Ladder practices, as they influence safety culture, which in turn is related to driving style and accident involvement. Specifying the AEG recommendations into more concrete actionable steps, we suggest specific management practices that organisations can employ, based on the Safey Ladder approach, and specific third-party actions to motivate organisations to implement the management practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2025 11:56:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611026</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Decarbonizing heavy-duty engines : advanced optical diagnostics for sustainable gaseous fuel combustion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598635</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To address the pressing challenge of decarbonizing heavy-duty transportation, this thesis explores advanced combustion strategies using sustainable gaseous fuels, specifically hydrogen and methane, in internal combustion engines (ICEs). While electrification remains difficult to implement in long-haul applications due to energy density and infrastructure limitations, this work identifies and refines alternative pathways that retain the practicality of ICEs while mitigating their environmental impact. A core innovation in this research is the application of advanced optical diagnostics, including high-speed imaging, natural luminosity, Schlieren imaging, and laser-induced fluorescence, to capture in-cylinder combustion phenomena in unprecedented detail. This enables a real-time, spatially resolved understanding of fuel behavior, air-fuel mixing, jet-wall interactions, and late-cycle oxidation under engine-relevant conditions. The thesis also presents the first comprehensive optical investigation of gaseous fuel jets in the context of unconventional piston bowl geometries, specifically the wave piston. Originally developed for diesel engines, the wave piston's impact on hydrogen and methane direct injection (DI) is explored both experimentally and computationally.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598635</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to SUTZ your city : a guide for more efficient traffic and a more attractive and sustainable city</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598625</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is a guide on how to develop smart urban traffic zones. Smart urban traffic zones (SUTZ) contribute to the development of a more flexible and sustainable city, where vehicles move in a city designed from the human perspective. This report will provide you with information on what, why, when and how a SUTZ can be implemented. We start with a short “how to do it”-stepwise guide and then move on to the necessary components; what is SUTZ, for whom and to what end and what does it consist of. Based on experience in the SUTZ project, we provide examples of SUTZ and describe how they can be evaluated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598625</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safe construction site exits : pilot 3a : pilot evaluation report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598620</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report is part of the Smart Urban Traffic Zones (SUTZ) project, which has received funding from Vinnova. It presents the results of Pilot 3A, where a dynamic warning system at construction site exits was developed and tested. The test was conducted at an exit from Heidelberg Materials' site on Johannesfredsvägen in Stockholm, an area frequently used by cyclists and pedestrians. The main goal of the pilot was to improve safety for cyclists and pedestrians at the exit. A secondary goal was to gain a better understanding of how to design an effective warning system. The ambition was to study how the behavior of cyclists and pedestrians was influenced by the active warning system compared to when it was inactive. The test was conducted by observing behaviors in specific scenarios, measuring cyclists' speed, their distance from trucks, and their likelihood of stopping when trucks exited the site. Measurements were taken with the warning system active as well as inactive.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598620</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Circularity as an enabler for sustainable value chains : managing and controlling the battery value chain for heavy trucks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598609</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Environmental sustainability has become a pressing challenge, with global warming underscoring the need for innovative solutions. The vehicle industry is shifting from fuel- to material-intensive systems, particularly with battery-electric heavy trucks. The automotive industry's transition towards electrification has increased the demand for critical materials, risking shortages and raising ethical and environmental concerns, which highlights the need for a circular economy. Achieving zero-emission trucking depends on efficient battery use, extending battery life, and implementing end-of-life solutions to reduce reliance on virgin materials. Circular value chains for heavy truck batteries are essential in order to secure the supply of critical raw materials and support environmentally sustainable solutions. For battery manufacturers, circularity helps avoid price volatility, supply chain disruptions, and geopolitical dependencies. However, there is limited understanding of the transformation needed to achieve large-scale industrialized circularity in battery production. This research aims to shed light on the circular opportunities of battery life. Achieving circularity for heavy truck batteries requires key shifts, including battery design for extended use and material recovery and set-up of reverse supply chains to address material shortages and geopolitical risks. In addition, technical solutions for the recycling process and access to battery data throughout the battery journey are essential for informed decisions and circular strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598609</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design, modulation, and control of battery-integrated modular multilevel converters for automotive applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598589</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A critical component of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) is the battery pack, which has many series- and parallel-connected electrochemical cells. The total power, energy delivered, and lifetime of the battery pack are limited by the weakest cell in the pack. Battery-integrated modular multilevel converters (BI-MMC) can overcome this limitation by increasing cell-level control. BI-MMCs have several series-connected DC-to-AC converters with a battery module having a few series- and parallel-connected cells called submodules (SM). The research in this thesis focuses on the design, modulation, and control of BI-MMCs. The efficiency and adaptability of five basic BI-MMC topologies with half-bridge and full-bridge SMs across three main system configurations are presented. Full-bridge topologies offer high efficiency, some even higher than the state-of-the-art SiC two-level inverter. However, adapting them to BEVs requires significant architectural modifications to the BEV's electrical system. The half-bridge topologies require fewer architectural modifications for adaption into the BEVs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598589</guid>
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