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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>The effect of traffic data source on deterioration rates of heavy-duty flexible pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1542521</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of traffic data source (estimated vs. actual) on predicted progression rates of roughness and rutting for heavy-duty flexible pavements of rural freeways. Progression rates are predicted using calibrated HDM-4 models. The assessment is performed in terms of variations in maintenance intervention timing associated with the variations in progression rates. Time series pavement condition data (covering 3–5 years) have been collected for 7 sections of rural freeways for use in calibrating HDM-4 deterioration models. They range in length from 10 to 60.8 km and cover different traffic volumes, climate zones and subgrade soil types. For these sections, estimated annual average daily traffic (AADT), growth factors and assumed loading have been extracted from relevant database. Only six segments of these sections have Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) sites so relevant actual AADT, growth factors and axle load distributions have been extracted from WIM reports. The results of running the calibrated HDM-4 deterioration models using different traffic data show that actual traffic data from WIM sites result in higher rates of deterioration to that of estimated data for four sites, resulting in earlier intervention timing and higher present value agency cost. The other two sites have lower rates with actual data due to lower traffic loading than estimated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 14 Oct 2018 16:26:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1542521</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Behavior of RCC-Base Composite Pavement for Heavy Duty Area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1513081</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In heavy duty area, asphalt pavement constructed as entrance roadway may expose the distresses such as cracking and rutting during service life. To mitigate these problems, composite pavement with roller-compacted concrete base may be a good alternative and it should be initially investigated. Structural performances such as fatigue cracking and rut depth may be changed due to variation of some design factors. Therefore, this study focuses on the variation effect of material modulus, layer thickness and loading on composite pavement performances. Stress and strain at the critical location are determined and used as the input of transfer function for corresponding distresses to evaluate the pavement performance. Also, composite pavement achieving the design criteria may be selected as a design section for heavy duty area. Consequently, this investigation indicates that composite pavement has ability to eliminate fatigue cracking in asphalt surface and significantly reduce rut depth. In addition, thick or strong rigid base can excessively reduce rut depth and prolong fatigue life of this layer.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Jul 2018 07:32:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1513081</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Model for Predicting Permanent Deformation of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavements on Heavy-Duty Roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1495981</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A rational structural design method is needed to use interlocking concrete block pavement (ICBP) on heavy duty roads. In this study, a structural model based on 3 dimension finite element method (3DFEM) for the structural design of ICBP was developed. In the model, interlocking concrete block, joint and bedding layer are modeled with solid element and interface element. The values of spring constants in the interface element were back analyzed from falling weight deflectometer (FWD) deflection measurement conducted on the full scale test pavement. Identified spring constants increased with 14 months trafficking over the pavements. A method for predicting permanent deflection of ICBP is proposed employing the model assuming that the permanent strain is proportional to elastic strain due to traffic load. The method was validated with rut depths measured on the test pavements and previously observed on the other trials. In the validations, it was found that the spring constants of joint significantly affect the rutting development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Feb 2018 12:01:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1495981</guid>
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      <title>Complex Optimization of Heavy Duty Asphalt Pavement Types in DURABROADS Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414222</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DURABROADS, an EU FP7 financed project launched in 2013, and led by the University of Cantabria (Spain) aims at providing a sustainable growth through the development of innovative, cost-effective and more durable pavements. The new generation of pavement is based on innovative eco-friendly nanotechnology-enhanced asphalts as well on the optimization of procedures to build and rehabilitate durable, safer and greener road infrastructure more adapted to climate change and freight corridor traffic loads. One of the objectives of this project is to identify and evaluate the existing constraints concerning currently used road materials of heavily trafficked roads (TEN-T routes) to withstand current road challenges. Due to different traffic and climate features, four European regions (Northern, Central, Western and Southern Europe) were differentiated. The climate change elements critical to various road types were identified, reviewing the pavement deterioration forms they accelerate. The traffic loads on freight corridors were evaluated considering their accelerated pavement deterioration forms. The synergistic effect of extreme climatic and mechanical loads to pavement surface was scrutinized. A comprehensive quantification methodology for extreme traffic and climatic load combinations was suggested including technical (functional), economic, environmental and social-human aspects with appropriate weighting. Then the European region-specific “optimal” asphalt wearing course types and road rehabilitation techniques for TEN-T routes were identified. The region-specific material and procedure optimization utilizes – in addition to the processing of a comprehensive literature survey – the answers coming from 81 experts of 52 European institutions to targeted questionnaire. These data were used to develop a decision support model based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) models to facilitate the selection of asphalt pavement types. The results suggested Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) as the most suitable alternative in different climate change scenarios evaluated by a sensitivity analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Sep 2016 15:46:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1414222</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation Study of Pit Run Gravel Asphalt Treated Base Mixtures with Various Percentages of Crushed Limestone</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1392067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In November of 1966, an investigation of the rigid Class I asphalt treated base specification, requiring 70 percent crushed limestone, was initiated. It was felt that it might be possible to modify the need for crushed particles, in the construction of bases on heavy duty roads, at a savings, by using more local materials, without sacrificing strength and/or durability. This is a short study on typical sources of pit run gravel, with various percentages of limestone. It is conducted with an eye open to the possibility that Iowa specifications may be modified. The possibility that further investigation may be desirable is not ignored.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 10 Jan 2016 17:15:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1392067</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Accelerated load testing of asphalt mix designs for heavy duty pavements in hot climates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/885934</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accelerated load testing in the laboratory has been done on heavy duty asphalt mixes in Australia and the Middle East.  The mixes covered a range of asphalts including Australian and overseas airport mix designs and a wide range of existing and new Australian viscosity and overseas penetration binders, and modified binders.  Testing was done using the Model Mobile Load Simulator Mk3 (MMLS) and the Cooper wheel tracking machine used in Australia.  The MMLS testing is scale testing and the laboratory rutting can be scaled to actual field rut performance.  A fundamental analysis of the rutting performance of some mixes was done with due regard to actual aircraft type and loading, lateral wander, climatic conditions, tyre pressure and layer thicknesses. Results from the field showed a good correlation.  The method has application for the design of new heavy duty asphalt mixes intended for high loads in hot climates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2009 17:29:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/885934</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Right Choice for Tough Duty: RCC Pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/863030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The CD explains how roller-compacted concrete (RCC) is ideally suited for heavy-duty pavement applications where conventional concrete is too expensive, and asphalt and gravel are not strong and durable enough. This full-size CD includes a five-minute video that describes the primary benefits of RCC pavements- strength, durability, speed of construction and economy. This CD is an excellent handout at trade shows and seminars and to public officials and community groups to show them how RCC is - The Right Choice for Tough Duty.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jun 2008 07:44:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/863030</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Relative Damaging Effects of Quad Axles and Triaxles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/814983</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This publication describes how the Main Roads Department Queensland (MRD Qld) commissioned ARRB Research (ARRB) to conduct a heavy vehicle field trial in order to provide data on the pavement damaging effects of quad axle groups at different loads.  At the time, ARRB was undertaking a major research project for Austroads entitled “Influence of Vertical Loading on the Performance of Unbound and Cemented Materials”.  The project had included a desktop study to evaluate the equivalent load on a quad axle group based on theoretical analysis.  The project recommended the conduct of field trials to provide hard to for evaluating the theoretical analysis.  The field trial described in the publication was therefore closely related to the Autroads research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2007 08:54:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/814983</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Airfield and Highway Pavements: Meeting Today’s Challenges with Emerging Technologies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/793795</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This publication provides a source of theoretical modeling, design approaches, experimental techniques, field evaluation studies and rehabilitation techniques.  The book presents the latest developments and case studies in airport and highway pavement design and analysis.  These proceedings contain 87 papers that were presented at the 2006 ASCE International Airfield and Highway Specialty Conference held in Atlanta, Georgia, April 30 through May 3, 2006.  These papers include state of the art and state of the practice airfield and highway pavement subjects.  They also present recent developments in the field, including modeling, construction, evaluation, testing and service life prediction.  Topics covered in these proceedings include:  modeling and analysis; design methods; subgrade stabilization technologies; construction, quality control, and recycling; pavement material characterization and performance; distress detection, assessment, and prevention techniques; roughness and friction measurements and analysis; pavement rehabilitation techniques; and pavement management systems, economics, and planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Dec 2006 08:10:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/793795</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EFFECT OF POLYMER MODIFIERS ON DENSE-GRADED, HEAVY-DUTY PAVEMENT MIXTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/501695</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study was initiated to investigate some potential benefits of polymer modification on dense-graded, heavy-duty pavement mixtures.  The following polymers were used to modify asphalt binders and mixtures:  an ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), a low-density polyethylene (LDPE), a styrene butadiene styrene (SBS), an hydrogenated SBS, and a finely ground tire rubber. Each of the polymers was blended with one or more of the following asphalt cements:  an AC-10 and three sources of AC-20. Both conventional and recently-developed test methods were performed on the binders and mixtures to study the effects of the polymer modifiers at both low temperatures and high temperatures.  Standard Marshall mixture design procedures did not optimize the mixtures containing tire rubber and dense-graded crushed limestone.  The effect of polymers on low-temperature properties was dependent on the modifier/polymer combination.  Ground tire rubber was particularly effective at these low temperatures.  The high-temperature performance of an AC-20 mixture, produced with crushed gravel, was improved by modification with an SBS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jun 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/501695</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INFLUENCE OF AGGREGATE PROPERTIES ON PERFORMANCE OF HEAVY-DUTY HOT-MIX ASPHALT PAVEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470035</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because approximately 85% of the total volume of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures consists of aggregates, the performance of HMA mixtures is greatly affected and influenced by properties of the aggregate blend.  The angularity, shape, and texture of the aggregate particles have a significant effect on the performance of HMA mixtures by controlling the mixture's strength and rutting resistance.  Rough, angular aggregates have been proved to produce higher-quality HMA pavements than smooth, round aggregates.  Current aggregate tests are primarily based on experience and empirical characterization tests.  A study was conducted to evaluate test methods that could be used to characterize aggregate properties that are related to HMA rutting potential of heavy-duty pavements.  Specifically, FAA aggregate properties and aircraft loading conditions were addressed.  The aggregate particles were characterized with the particle index (ASTM D3398), uncompacted void content for fine aggregate (ASTM C1252), modified ASTM C1252 for coarse aggregate, and unit weight and voids in aggregate (ASTM C29). The HMA mixtures were evaluated for rutting potential using the confined repeated load deformation (dynamic creep) test.  The laboratory investigation indicated that the tests for particle index, uncompacted void content for fine and coarse aggregates, and unit weight and voids in aggregate could be used to characterize the shape and texture of aggregate particles.  The study also indicated that the confined creep test could differentiate between HMA mixtures with different aggregate properties in terms of their rutting potential.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470035</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NEW PAVING DESIGNS AND MATERIALS - BREAKING AWAY FROM TRADITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/463183</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper addresses recent developments in design methods for heavy-duty port paving and the cost-effectiveness of new technologies in pavement materials.  The process of pavement design requires a comprehensive study of all factors that relate to the pavement's performance.  These considerations are reviewed by citing examples of ongoing work undertaken by Nigel Nixon and Partners, including projects at the Port of Virginia, Port of Oakland, Port of Seattle, and Port of Jamaica.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jul 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/463183</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HEAVY DUTY ASPHALT PAVEMENTS IN PENNSYLVANIA: AN EVALUATION FOR RUTTING. NCAT REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/405813</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Thirty-four heavy duty asphalt pavements encompassing poor to excellent performance in terms of rutting were evaluated in this study.  The objective was to identify the pavement properties (materials, mixture design, construction and post construction) which typify good and bad performing pavements.  Eleven pavement cores were obtained from each pavement to determine in-place voids in the total mix (VTM), mix composition, coarse aggregate fractured face count, fine aggregate particle shape and texture, and recovered asphalt cement properties.  The mix from the pavement cores was heated and recompacted using three compactors:  gyratory testing machine (GTM), rotating base/slanted foot mechanical Marshall compactor, and static base conventional mechanical Marshall compactor.  All project data such as job-mix formula (JMF), construction data, and traffic data were obtained.  Rut depths were measured on each project using a profilograph device.  Some sixty independent variables covering the mix design,construction, and post construction for each pavement were selected to determine their effect on the rut depth (dependent variable).  The extensive data were analyzed using correlation analysis, linear regression analysis methods, and stepwise multiple variable analysis methods.  A rutting model was also developed.  Recommendations were made to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) to improve and optimize the resistance of asphalt paving mixtures to rutting for heavy duty pavements.  The main recommendations are: (a) use at least 75% crushed sand in the fine aggregate, (b) utilize 75 blows per side compactive effort using a rotating base/slanted foot Marshall compactor, (c) design mix with at least 4.0% air voids, and (d) improve production quality control to ensure that the mixes "as placed" are reasonably close to the mixes "as designed".]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/405813</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF ROAD PAVEMENTS. SECOND EDITION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/367894</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As with the previous edition, the second edition of this book is concerned primarily with the design, performance, and maintenance of pavements.  Construction is considered in detail only when it impinges on design and performance, as is particularly the case with concrete pavements.  It is based largely on British and American experience, but where the conclusions are likely to be influenced by climatic conditions the likely effects of rainfall and temperature are considered in detail.  The text is divided into eight parts.  Part One is largely introductory.  Part Two deals with the basic information which engineers need before they can start the design process. This includes climate of the site, the type of plant which can operate, the likely design strength of the subgrade, the broad geology of the site as well as the more detailed information obtained from the site investigation, and the traffic to be carried and its constitution in terms of axle loading.  Part Three is concerned with the construction materials which form part of the pavement including the soil foundation and the preparation of the subgrade.  A separate chapter is devoted to each of the materials currently in common use in pavements.  The structural properties of each material are discussed.  Part Four discusses current British and American design procedures based wholly or partly on experience gained from full-scale pavement design experiments using either test tracks or sections of in-service highways.  Part Five reviews analytical design procedures available for both flexible and concrete pavements and discusses detailed correlation with full-scale evidence from in-service road sections carrying heavy traffic.  Part Six deals with three specialized topics.  The first is the design of heavy-duty port and industrial pavements operated by specialized lifting plant such as front- and side-lift trucks, rubber-tired gantry cranes, and straddle carriers.  The second is the design of haul roads to carry construction plant, and the last is specialized surfacings for roads over concrete and steel bridges.  Part Seven discusses the riding quality and skid resistance of pavements and the design of antisplash surfacings or friction courses.  Part Eight is devoted to the structural maintenance of flexible and concrete pavements and the design of overlays.  An Index is provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Nov 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/367894</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HEAVY-DUTY ASPHALT PAVEMENTS IN PENNSYLVANIA: EVALUATION FOR RUTTING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/378426</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Thirty-four heavy-duty asphalt pavements encompassing poor to excellent rutting performance were evaluated.  The objective was to identify the pavement properties (materials, mixture design, construction, and postconstruction) that typify good- and bad-performing pavements.  Eleven pavement cores were obtained from each pavement to determine in-place voids in the total mix, mix composition, coarse aggregate fractured face count, fine aggregate particle shape and texture, and recovered asphalt cement properties.  The mix from the pavement cores was heated and recompacted using three compactors:  gyratory testing machine, rotating base/slanted foot mechanical Marshall compactor, and static base conventional mechanical Marshall compactor.  All project data such as job-mix formula, construction data, and traffic data were obtained.  Rut depths were measured on each project using a profilograph device.  Some 60 independent variables covering the mix design, construction, and postconstruction for each pavement were selected to determine their effect on the rut depth (dependent variable). The extensive data were analyzed using correlation analysis, linear regression analysis methods, and stepwise multiple variable analysis methods.  A rutting model was also developed. Recommendations were made to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation to improve and optimize the resistance of asphalt paving mixtures to rutting for heavy-duty pavements.  The main recommendations are (a) use at least 75% crushed sand in the fine aggregate, (b) use 75 blows per side compactive effort using a rotating base/slanted foot Marshall compactor, (c) design mix with at least 4.0% air voids, and (d) improve production quality control to ensure that the mixes "as placed" are reasonably close to the mixes "as designed".]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Aug 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/378426</guid>
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