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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PLAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/30746</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An Emergency Medical Services (EMS) plan for a seven-county area in Southeastern Wisconsin is presented which is based on data from several State agencies. The need for emergency services in general and for emergency communications, ambulance and rescue services, personnel and training facilities, and education is documented from an historical perspective. Background information is given on t establishment of the Comprehensive Health Planning Agency of Southeastern Wisconsin, the agency responsible for an EMS system. The functions and components of an EMS system are described. The proposed plan is based on six components--communications, personnel training, transportation, hospital emergency facilities, public information and education, and regional system development and operation. Each program component is defined, goals are set, and specific objectives to meet the overall goals are suggested. The present status of the program component is analyzed, and recommendations for improving services are presented. Recommendations for implementation and evaluation of the plan are included. Appendices contain a roster of the Wisconsin Emergency Medical Services Council, organizational and operational guidelines, a discussion of central dispatch and universal entry points, description of the emergency telephone number, emergency services legislation, essential ambulance equipment, The Wisconsin Ambulance Reporting System, and data from a 1973 Study Report by the Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services Division of Health.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Mar 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/30746</guid>
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      <title>AMBULANCE DESIGN CRITERIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/62399</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Indexed design and performance criteria for ambulances, developed by the National Academy of Engineering at the request of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, are presented. Part I of the report provides historical and technical background, and describes the need for standardization of ambulance design and performance. The purpose and scope of the study are discussed in terms of vehicles, vehicle elements, and vehicle characteristics. From the specific criteria detailed in Part II of the report, several recommendations selected for their special significance, are highlighted. These relate to the design of the patient compartment; standardization of ambulance manufacture; principal environmental requirements for medical care; communications requirements; national standardization of external identification; omission of windows in the patient compartment to enhance privacy and efficiency; adequate acceleration capability; and application of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards appropriate for the kind of chassis employed. Vehicle characteristics for which standards could not be recommended due to lack of adequate objective data include: color and intensity of identification lights; riding quality and stability; noise and vibration; and vehicle braking system. A bibliography and a brief description of applicable Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards are appended.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Nov 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/62399</guid>
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      <title>EMERGENCY MEDICAL TRANSPORTATION: A REGIONAL SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/30379</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Information developed in meetings held to examine emergency medical service (EMS) transportation in Lynn, Peabody, Saugus Swampscott, and Lynnfield, Massachusetts, is summarized. A regional plan which combines the emergency ambulances of these neighboring communities is shown to offer a higher level of community emergency medical care for fewer dollars than any plan requiring communities to act separately. The meeting participants-- representatives of the medical community and of public safety agencies in the five towns-- discussed the following issues: public perception of EMS transportation; ways in which EMS transportation could be improved; and effects of the 1973 Ambulance Law of Massachusetts. The proposed regional plan would replace six potentially obsolete vehicles with four fully staffed ambulances owned or contracted for by an independent, nonprofit EMS authority. The role of private ambulance companies and of police and fire services in the plan is outlined. An estimated annual operating budget for the service is presented (total annual cost, $473,616) . Two methods of distributing the operating costs of the service among the communities are presented. Quality of the proposed service is compared to that of the current system (both dedicated and non-dedicated crews) and of separate municipal systems with dedicated crews. The specific effects of a regional system on each community are described. Portions of this document are not fully legible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/30379</guid>
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      <title>LOUISIANA EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PLAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/30381</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A comprehensive emergency medical services (EMS) plan for the State of Louisiana is presented. The plan is intended as a guide for upgrading of EMS at the State and local levels. The background of the plan is described. Weaknesses in the existing system for delivery of EMS transportation or ambulance service, the apparent concentration of hospital emergency services and facilties in major metropolitan areas and the statewide lack of effective EMS communications are noted. An additional problem is lack of public awareness of present inadequacies and of the need for improving services. Results of studies of ambulance service, hospital facilities, and communications capabilities are summarized. Recommendations are stated, primary among which is the development of legislation to insure standardization of minimal levels of service Statewide. The organization of the EMS program is outlined, including State, local, and areawide responsibilities. A four-stage plan for implementing recommendations is presented. With the aid of tables, graphs, and maps, individual chapters describe the current status of EMS transportation, hospital emergency services, and EMS communications in Louisisana. Appendices include supporting tabulated data, a model patient record form, a summary of emergency medical services legislation in Louisiana, demographic data, system specifications and dial directory of the Louisiana Hospital Association Emergency Medical Communications Network recommended for Statewide use, and copies of the ambulance and hospital survey forms. A three-page bibliography is included. Portions of this document are not fully legible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/30381</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>GUIDELINES FOR THE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF CORONARY CARE IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/30383</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Qualitative and quantitative guidelines for development of a stratified system of coronary care are presented, following a brief background discussion and definitions of relevant terms. There are three levels of capability within such a system: emergency life support units (include emergency transportation in mobile coronary care units or all-purpose ambulances and stationary emergency life support units) ; coronary care units (provide definitive in-hospital care of patients with myocardial infarctions) ; and a regional reference center (provides comprehensive cardiovascular care, training programs in coronary care, facilities for specialized diagnostic and therapeutic studies, and programs in cardiovascular surgery) . Facility, equipment, staffing, and location considerations are discussed for each level of capability. A formula for approximating the number of coronary care beds needed in a health service area is suggested. A bibliography is included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/30383</guid>
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      <title>GUIDELINES FOR THE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/30385</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Following a background discussion and definition of terms, qualitative and quantitative guidelines for development of a community-oriented emergency medical service (EMS) system are offered. Five major components of an EMS system are defined and discussed: general public information and education; emergency medical communications systems; transportation; regionalized EMS facilities; and disaster planning. Capabilities are defined for five categories of emergency facilities: life support unit, basic emergency service, general emergency service, major emergency hospital, and comprehensive emergency medical services. Travel time estimates by radius of operations are given as aids in determining need for personnel, equipment, and facilities. The necessity of training large numbers of people in basic first aid / life support (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, emergency management of spine injury, and emergency management of massive hemorrhage) to achieve maximum survival rate is noted. An EMS system checklist presents questions in the following areas: communications; ambulance, helicopter, and mobile intensive care unit equipment; emergency response vehicle personnel and training programs; hospital emergency departments and regionalization; psychiatric emergency care services; and implementation of guidelines. Community sources from which representation in an EMS evaluation group might be drawn are suggested. A flowchart of the comprehensive health planning process and a bibliography are included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/30385</guid>
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      <title>EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES SYSTEM: SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND OUTCOME STUDY PLANS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/30387</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Eleven components of an emergency medical service (EMS) system are defined, and the results of system activity (patient outcomes, system products, and transfer outcomes) are described for each in a study of EMS care in Jacksonville Florida. Patient outcomes are brought about by a change within the patient (death, stabilization, etc.) ; system products result from a change within the system (no patient located, rescue run cancelled, etc.) ; transfer outcomes are results of system activity which transfers the actions of interest from one subsystem to another (call for help is dismissed or referred elsewhere) . Components or subsystems defined and discussed are emergency communications control, emergency transportation, other location, emergency department, patient activity, other help, fate, hospital, other hospital, other institutional care, and ambulatory. An overview diagram illustrates the complete set of systems and their reversible and non-reversible relationships. Detailed analyses of each system, along with characteristics of their interconnections, are illustrated and described in the appendices. Through mathematical modeling techniques, the following outcome measures are investigated in depth: effect of EMS on mortaility for acute myocardial infarction, unconsciousness, and accidents; effect of EMS on total incident cost; and effect of rate of pick-up and speed of arrival by rescue on infarction mortality in selected areas. Research design for these studies is described in detail. Portions of this document are not fully legible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/30387</guid>
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      <title>GUIDELINES FOR THE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES IN WEST VIRGINIA REGION X</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/30389</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Guidelines to provide a basis for the planning and development of a community - oriented systemof medical services in the Panhandle region of West Virginia are presented. Five major components within an emergency medical services system are described: general public information and education; emergency medical communications system; transportation; regionalized emergency medical services facilities; and disaster planning. Five types of facilities are defined: standby treatment service, basic emergency service, general emergency service, major emergency hospital service, and comprehensive emergency medical service. Travel time estimates by radius of operation are provided as guidelines in determining the need for personnel, equipment, and facilities. A bibliography is included. Portions of this document are not fully legible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/30389</guid>
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