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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>International Production Networks, Clusters, and Industrial Upgrading: Evidence from Automotive and Hard Disk Drive Industries in Thailand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1247250</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The role of international production networks (IPNs) and industrial clusters (ICs) in the industrial upgrading process is illustrated in this paper, shedding light on the ongoing debate regarding the relative importance of IPNs and ICs and their implications for prudential industrial policy. The automotive and hard disk drive (HDD) industries in Thailand are chosen as case studies because their outstanding export performance in the world market in the past two decades suggests success in industrial upgrading. These two industries differ in their modes of networking. In the former, industrial clustering has been observed and has reached a level where the local content of a locally manufactured vehicle is approaching 100 percent. For the latter, industrial clustering has naturally occurred and reached a certain level, while IPNs still play a crucial role. This result suggests the possibility of coexistence between IPNs and ICs. The observed industrial clustering in the HDD industry in the later stage also shows that ICs would be a developmental outcome rather than a precondition of technological upgrading. The choice between IPNs and ICs should be a private sector decision, driven by economic fundamentals.The public sector should focus on strengthening the supply-side capabilities of local firms as well as creating an investment climate to further promote upgrading activities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2013 08:54:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1247250</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Aspects of HDD Tone Measurements: Sound Power Microphones as Bystander Positions and Autocorrelation Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813717</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how tone content has long been known to be important in hard disk drive (HDD) sound quality. The tone-to-noise ratio (TNR) has been in use for many years, while the prominence ratio (PR) is more recent. While a system-level test using a binaural head at the system operator position is the most reflective of the end-user experience, HDD-level testing is still conducted for development and specification purposes. The HDD itself has no operator position, and even the bystander positions are nebulous since the HDD can be mounted in any orientation inside a system. The current wording in ECMA-74 (§8.6.2) specifies four bystander positions 1.5 m above the floor. These microphone positions are separate from the microphones that are used to measure sound power in a hemi-anechoic chamber, typically 10 microphones in a fixed hemisphere or a lesser number on a rotating boom. Given the rather arbitrary nature of the bystander positions, this paper investigates the use of the existing sound power microphones as bystander positions to increase measurement efficiency and spatial sampling. Whatever microphone positions are used as the bystander positions, the spectra gathered will be evaluated using the TNR and/or PR methods. The PR method is more amenable to automated tone analysis compared to the TNR method since PR does not require exact identification of peak center frequency or determination of peak width. This is because PR is based on summing the total mean square value in the lower, middle, and upper critical bands, thus reducing the effect of fine detail in the spectrum. Unless the spectrum is highly structured, a small shift in center frequency will generally have a small effect on the PR value. If the only concern is whether any peak exceeds the prominence threshold, such small changes are negligible; if a peak is near the prominence threshold a detailed analysis centered exactly on the peak in question can always be conducted for a more precise answer. Consequently, PR is sometimes simply calculated at intervals with no attempt at peak identification. Unfortunately, if the spectrum contains a peak which is approximately one critical band wide and the PR is evaluated near the center of this peak, it can be identified as highly prominent even though the peak does not represent a prominent discrete tone. This paper will show an analysis using autocorrelation of a spectrogram to determine the time-domain behavior of such a candidate peak and verify the applicability of PR for that peak.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Jul 2007 07:06:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813717</guid>
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      <title>Acoustics Analysis of Hard Disc Drive Covers Considering an Internal Drive Noise Source</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813713</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presented methods that allow for the optimization of a disc drive cover using analytical acoustic techniques. The methods account for the noise that is radiated off the cover as well as internal noise sources in the drive. Two acoustics analyses were shown. First, an uncoupled analysis was done, which considers only the radiated noise from the cover. A detailed finite element model of one cover was made. The surface velocities due to an internal measured pressure were determined. The velocities were transferred to an acoustic model of the cover. An indirect boundary element method was used to determine the sound power from the cover. It was found that compared to experimental results, only the first peak in the sound power curve could be attributed to the cover. Next, a coupled acoustics analysis was done which modeled the disc drive as a rigid box with a flexible top, and an internal noise source. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors from the finite element model were transferred to a boundary element model of the cover. A cavity was created in which a spherical point source was added. The amplitude and the frequency dependence of the source were varied until sound power predictions and experimental results agreed for one cover. The method was then extended to three other covers. Comparisons with experiments showed that the gasket seal that bonds the cover to the drive also needs to be included in the model to get agreement. With the methods presented in this paper, the cover geometry and material composition can be varied to see effects to sound power. A more sophisticated sound source could be developed based on sound intensity data to better represent idle conditions. In addition, sources could be developed for SEEK conditions to further optimize covers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Jul 2007 07:06:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813713</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterization of Run-Up and Down Transient Events for a Hard Disk Drive</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813712</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how, because of the tireless efforts of engineering teams within the hard disk drive (HDD) industry, the levels of noise emissions from HDD’s has been significantly reduced to the point where customers are requiring transient events be limited in their emissions as well. To date, the standards available for noise emission measurements are limited to steady state events with some mention of impulsive events. However, nothing really addresses time varying events or events that would fall into the “quality of sound” with the exception of ISO532B. But even ISO532B addresses steady state time averaged loudness events using the Zwicker method. Transients that occur, such as latching and de-latching, can be characterized using standardized measurement techniques that are currently in place such as impulsiveness, loudness, and wavelet analysis. Specifically one area of a HDD operation has proven to be hard to characterize, yet has garnered much criticism from customers. That area is the run up and down of the spindle motor as the drive is powered up/shut down or put on standby/awakened from standby. The section of drive consumers that is making this complaint more often is the market where the drives are operated in a very quiet environment (PVR’s, DVR’s, etc). During the spin up cycle some people have described certain events as whiny and hissy in drives that had unacceptable spin ups. Jury tests were conducted to try and find out which time histories were acceptable and which were not. Separate analyses were performed to show what the differences are between the good and the bad. It should be noted that to the HDD industry, characterization during R&D stages is much different than characterization on a mass level during production stages. Sampling at the factory level can reach the 100% mark depending on the customer, market conditions, etc. When the factory turns out X million units per quarter, a quick and efficient method must be found and employed when taking and analyzing data at this level of throughput.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Jul 2007 07:06:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813712</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Noise-Con 04. The 2004 National Conference on Noise Control Engineering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813071</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is the proceedings of the twentieth in a series of National Conferences on Noise Control Engineering. The conference was held on 2004 July 12-14 at the Wyndham Hotel in Baltimore, Maryland. The conference was sponsored by the Institute of Noise Control Engineering and the Committee on Transportation-Related Noise and Vibration of the Transportation Research Board. The topics covered in this conference include traffic noise, noise control, vibration and acoustic sources, noise policies and regulations, noise generation and control, physical phenomena, noise control elements, path noise control, vibration and shock generation, transmission, isolation and reduction, physical aspects of environmental noise, effects of noise, noise analysis, tire/pavement interaction noise, construction and mining noise, statistical energy analysis and energy methods, community noise decision making, automobile noise, modeling and measuring noise sources, national noise policy, fan and compressor noise, noise control treatments, noise exposure and sound perception, aircraft exterior noise, hospital noise, information technology noise, aircraft interior noise, and equipment noise.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Jul 2007 07:06:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813071</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Hard drive use growing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/808558</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Subtitle: HDDs expected on 75 models globally by 2008.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 May 2007 15:34:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/808558</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental observations of coupled-mode instability in disc brake systems leading to squeal vibration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/804118</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A brake system test rig was used to simulate braking operation and measure acoustic pressure, disc temperature and brake pressure during squeal events. Experimental results presented are the strong dependence of squeal frequency content on engagement pressure, the broadening of required brake pressure range for squeal existence as temperature increases, and a periodic squeal behaviour. A model was developed to analyse the stability for squeal prediction. This model is a reduced order modal model, based on component finite element modal properties. Additional support for the coupled mode instability is the correlation of experimental squeal frequencies with analysis.(A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Mar 2007 09:12:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/804118</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cold wear of brake disc related to brake induced vibrations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/770704</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The cold wear of brake disc is a phenomenon related to judder and other kinds of vibrations. The mechanism and the parameters concerning the cold wear of the disc are the basis for the comprehension of the sources of brake induced vibrations. As a continuation of prior research, a tribometric study was conducted with different disc materials: grey cast iron and inox steel. The wear rates of the above materials were measured at different pressure levels and with the same initial temperature. A parametric model was developed to correlate disc thickness variation (DTV) measurements of the different friction coupled with variables affecting DTV. The final model of disc cold wear takes an easy form compatible with the proposed mechanism of wear. The balance among oxide layer-transfer, layer growth and heterogeneous wear is determinant for DTV formation and consequently, brake induced vibrations. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2005 11:33:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/770704</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical analysis of automotive disc brake squeal: a review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/770700</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reviews numerical methods and analysis procedures used in the study of automotive disc brake squeal. It covers two major approaches used in the automotive industry, the complex eigenvalue analysis and the transient analysis. The advantages and limitations of each approach are examined. This review can help analysts to choose right methods and make decisions on new areas of method development. It points out some outstanding issues in modelling and analysis of disc brake squeal and proposes new research topics. It is found that the complex eigenvalue analysis is still the approach favoured by the automotive industry and the transient analysis is gaining increasing popularity. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2005 11:33:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/770700</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANTISKIDDING PROPERTIES OF ROAD PAVEMENTS; RESULTS OF THE NATIONAL CAMPAIGN ON SLIPPERINESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269823</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since 1970 all results of actual skid measurements on different roads in France were stored in microfiche form on the disk computer memory.  The French highway administration assigned 3 trailers equipped with appropriate instruments for testing and recording skid resistance of the roads under all possible weather conditions.  The trailer tires had a bold surface to lessen the friction between tires and the pavement surface.  All 3 trailers measured and recorded longitudinal friction coefficient values along with the data of the tested road such as location, design, type, traffic load etc.  An interactive computer program for retrieval and processing of all data of 14 years of measurements is described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 21:56:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269823</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPACT DISCS TAKE ON DATA STORAGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/218206</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Philips Car Information and Navigation System (CARIN) stores a data base of maps, allowing a computer in a car to plan the most efficient route across a town.  It informs the driver where to turn at every road junction.  The information is relayed to the driver through a speech synthesis unit.  As prototype a minibus in Eindhoven was equipped with a computer, a compact disc player and display screen.  When the compact disc is not being used for directions, it can play music for the passengers.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Aug 2004 02:43:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/218206</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT: FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION LACKED ACCOUNTABILITY FOR MAJOR ASSETS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/673499</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. General Accounting Office (GOA) was asked to analyze the Department of Transportation Inspector General's (IG) audit report on the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) fiscal year 1996 Statement of Financial Position, which reports FAA's assets and liabilities.  Specifically, they were asked to consider the possible program and budgetary implications of the questions raised about financial statement data deficiencies identified in the audit report.  Briefly, the GAO analysis indicates that the deficiencies concerning operating materials and supplies and property and equipment cited by the IG impair FAA's ability to efficiently and effectively manage programs that use these assets and expose the agency to waste, fraud, and abuse.  Four examples follow.  1) Lack of physical controls over inventory and equipment could result in the costly, unnecessary acquisition of additional assets already on hand, shortages of critical parts, delays in ordering needed assets erroneously shown to be on hand, or misuse of assets.  2) Spare parts, such as disk drives, modems and circuit card assemblies, may not be adequately safeguarded. 3) Mission-critical equipment, such as radars and other air traffic control equipment, may be difficult to locate when needed, which could exacerbate an emergency situation.  4) Problems in accounting for significant investments in property may affect FAA's ability to properly maintain these assets, including estimating future maintenance funding needs.  In addition GAO and others have identified the lack of a reliable cost accounting system as a weakness that prevents FAA from reliably determining costs.  Overall, the lack of accountability over physical assets means that FAA and the Congress may not have accurate financial management information to help make informed decisions about future funding.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Apr 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/673499</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COST-EFFECTIVENESS: SOME TRENDS ANALYSIS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/91101</link>
      <description><![CDATA[NEW APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES ARE BEING PROPOSED CONSTANTLY FOR COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS. MOST OF THESE ARE PRIMARILY MATHEMATICAL IN NATURE, BUT A FEW ARE DIRECTED TOWARD A BETTER TREATMENT OF THOSE ASPECTS OF ITS PROBLEMS THAT CANNOT BE HANDLED BY PURELY QUANTITATIVE METHODS. EMPHASIS IN THIS PAPER IS ON THE LATTER. THREE TRENDS ARE NOTED, INVOLVING RESPECTIVELY: COMPUTER, MATHEMATICS, AND THE DIRECT USE OF EXPERTISE. THE FIRST TWO ARE ONLY BRIEFLY DISCUSSED AND THE LAST IS DESCRIBED IN SOME DETAIL. THE TREND TOWARD A BETTER UNION OF MAN AND MACHINE THROUGH ON- LINE TIME-SHARING SYSTEMS WITH INDIVIDUAL CONSOLES, NATURAL LANGAUGE INPUT AND OUTPUT, AND SUBMODELS STORED ON DISCS HOLDS THE MOST PROMISE FOR COMPUTERS. IN MATHEMATICS PROPER THE CANDIDATE IS GAME THEORY. THE THIRD TREND IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCHEMES FOR A MORE SYSTEMATIC AND DIRECT USE OF EXPERT JUDGMENT. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 20 Feb 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/91101</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>TRUCK WEIGHT DATA PROCESSING, STORAGE, AND REPORTING. USERS MANUAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/355764</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A Users Manual was developed for the Weigh-In-Motion programs developed for the PennDOT project entitled 'Truck Weight Data Processing, Storage, and Reporting.'  The manual consists of five sections, including: Contents of WIM Program Diskette; Installation; Using the Programs; Possible Sources of Error.  The manual also presents detailed guidelines to be followed for successful use of the programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Jun 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/355764</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HIGH-TECH BUS MAPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296042</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Desktop publishing is flourishing in the transit industry as a speedy and cost effective manner of preparing and updating transit maps allowing the storage of data on disks which can be updated quickly and in a more timely fashion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296042</guid>
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