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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Queue Length Estimation at Motorcycle-dominated Signalised Intersection by Using Computer Vision and K-Means Clustering</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683134</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accurate queue length estimation is critical for optimising signal control and evaluating performance at traffic intersections, especially in motorcycle-dominated mixed traffic in developing countries. This study proposes an integrated framework, Queue Length Estimation for Motorcycle-dominated Signalised Intersections (QLEMSI), that combines an AI-based object detection model, Harris corner detection, perspective transformation, and k-means clustering to address the unique challenges of vehicle occlusion and non-lane-based movements. A key innovation of the framework is the introduction of two “critical parameters” (Maximum Amplitude and Stability Duration) for identification of stationary vehicle platoons. The proposed method was tested on video data collected from a signalised intersection in Hanoi, Vietnam, validated using three datasets from different camera angles and junctions, and compared with other existing methods. The results demonstrated that QLEMSI achieved acceptable accuracy in estimating queue lengths, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as low as 1.09 zones (approximately 12 m in an area of 60 m before the stop line). The estimated number of queued zones closely matched manual ground-truth data, confirming the system’s potential for practical deployment in motorcycle-dominated mixed traffic signal optimisation. Given the extensive installation of surveillance cameras on signal pole arms, traffic agencies overseeing intersections dominated by motorcycles can effectively leverage the findings of this study. However, the first limitation is QLEMSI’s inability to identify the number of each vehicle type in queues, which is essential for traditional signal design. Another limitation is the need to validate zone lengths in different contexts. Additionally, night-time conditions are not considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jun 2026 15:57:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2683134</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Promoting Sustainability Through e-vehicle Procurement: Experiences from Three Continents</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581590</link>
      <description><![CDATA[By favouring innovative solutions that serve sustainability goals, sustainable procurement can aid in mitigating the negative externalities of mobility. However, a deeper understanding of the sustainable mobility procurement processes, and the potential pitfalls and best practices in the global scale is still lacking. To address this shortcoming, we conducted a qualitative study on e-vehicle procurement, drawing on interview and survey responses of procurers involved in a project aiming to promote urban electric mobility in various urban areas across the globe (EU SolutionsPlus project). Based on the responses, sustainability strategies and goals are widely adopted in cities across the globe, while differences arise in how these strategies are incorporated into regulatory frameworks and procurement guidelines. The results suggest that having flexibility in the procurement process supports collaboration with the suppliers, and the acquisition of suitable solutions for the given context.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 16:39:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581590</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Mobility experiment twin for analyzing travel behavior decisions employing shared electric autonomous vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663291</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The introduction of new mobility services (NMS) strongly depends on the public acceptance. Acceptance is evaluated by allowing users to experience these solutions before their widespread implementation. However, there is limited research on establishing robust frameworks for analyzing travel behavior decisions across the stages and environmental contexts of implementation. This study proposes the mobility experiment twin (MEXT) framework, which integrates cyber and physical experiments using a five-step approach. We introduced shared autonomous electric vehicles (SAEVs) as first-last-mile (FLM) urban mobility vehicles in Hanoi. Utilizing randomized controlled trials with cyber and physical groups to estimate the impact of MEXT. The users preferred SAEVs, willingly accepting longer travel times and higher costs, while young people were more inclined to adopt SAEVs with economic costs. Future works must consider more representative experimental locations and develop a theoretical model that better reflects the current SAEV situation in developing societies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 May 2026 17:04:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2663291</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unlocking digital and social value in public transit: A discrete choice experiment with urban passengers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urbanization in rapidly growing cities has intensified demand for sustainable public transport solutions. Despite their potential, traditional and electric bus services remain underutilized due to limited attractiveness. The case study is Hanoi (Vietnam), where bus use is constrained by reliability and access challenges and strong competition from private motorbikes and ride-hailing. This study investigates passengers’ preferences and their willingness to pay (WTP) for key service improvements in the bus system. A Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) was conducted to evaluate six attributes: ride experience, schedule punctuality, bus app usability, emission reduction, walking distance to bus stops, and fare. Based on survey data from 366 respondents, the study estimates WTP and examines how socio-demographic factors influence user choices. The findings indicate that ride safety and punctuality are most valued, followed by environmental friendliness and the usability of mobile applications. Notably, passengers with children and those expressing environmental concern show higher WTP, whereas low-income and infrequent users are more price sensitive. These results offer practical implications for fare policies, service design, and targeted communication strategies to enhance public transport adoption. The study contributes to the limited literature on bus service valuation in developing countries and supports evidence-based planning through DCE methodology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 May 2026 17:01:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2689868</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modified MRBQ for the gig economy: Linking risky riding behaviors to self-reported safety incidents among food delivery riders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684297</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid growth of the food delivery sector has created job opportunities, particularly for young and low-income workers, but has also introduced new road safety challenges. To examine these risks, this study adapted and extended the Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ) to reflect the unique behaviors of food delivery riders. A 62-item MRBQ was developed through literature review and focus group discussions, and data were collected via an offline survey from 524 riders in Hanoi, Vietnam. The adapted MRBQ was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis to identify key dimensions of risky riding behavior, followed by a multivariate probit model to examine their associations with self-reported crashes, near-crashes, and fines. The analysis revealed six behavioral dimensions: traffic errors, safety violations, distractions, traffic violations, speeding violations, and control errors. Notably, the emergence of ‘distractions’ and ‘traffic violations’, linked to mobile phone use and frequent signal and lane breaches, highlights risk specific to app-based delivery work. The absence of the stunts factor, characterized by thrill-seeking behaviors, among food delivery riders further differentiates them from recreational or non-occupational riders, highlighting their more work-oriented and goal-driven riding style. The results further showed that older age, lower education, higher income, and lack of formal training were significantly associated with increased self-reported safety incidents, including crashes, near-crashes, and fines. Key behavioral predictors of these incidents were distractions, speeding, and traffic violations. The findings reinforce existing road safety recommendations by providing context-specific empirical evidence for food delivery riders, highlighting the continued importance of rider training and delivery platform designs that prioritize safety alongside efficiency in urban gig-economy settings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Apr 2026 13:40:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684297</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Is a fare-free policy sufficient for bus satisfaction among older persons? An empirical evidence from Hanoi, Vietnam</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Adopting government financial policies, such as a fare-free one, contributes to creating inclusive public transportation. However, their impact on bus satisfaction, which can significantly improve the well-being of older users, has been underexplored. This article investigates the satisfaction of bus passengers who are 60+ years old and use bus services freely to travel in Hanoi (Vietnam), a motorcycle-dependent megacity. The study relied on a representative sample of 526 older persons using bus services at least once per week. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to analyze the data for empirically investigating complex relationships among safety and security concerns, service quality, perceived fare-free policy, socio-demographics, and bus satisfaction. The results suggested that bus satisfaction was deterred by safety and security concerns but facilitated by perceived fare-free policy and service quality. The positive effect of perceived fare-free policy (β = 0.233) was much weaker than service quality's (β = 0.425). Interestingly, perceived fare-free policy negatively moderated the positive link between service quality and satisfaction. In this sense, an older passenger with a greater appreciation of the fare-free policy tended to acknowledge less the role of service quality in forming their satisfaction. The multi-group analysis demonstrated a heterogeneity of the relationships between latent variables and satisfaction among gender-based groups. This study empirically demonstrates the critical role of the fare-free policy in contributing to bus satisfaction among older passengers; however, enterprises and policy-makers should not overlook the importance of making the bus service more age-friendly through solutions and campaigns tailored based on gender.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Mar 2026 16:18:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676137</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road Users' Acceptability of Congestion Pricing Policy: Case Study Of Hanoi</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646013</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic congestion pricing is an economic tool widely used in big cities to manage urban traffic and reduce pollution. In Hanoi, rapid urbanization and increasing private vehicle ownership have exacerbated congestion issues. This study investigates road users' willingness-to-pay (WTP) and key factors influencing public acceptability of congestion pricing. Results from a stated preference (SP) survey show that 73.2% support congestion pricing, among which 29.5% will support under specific conditions. Key influencing factors include public transport quality and connectivity, transparent revenues usage, convenient payment systems, and reasonable toll rates. The average WTP for private vehicle users is 30,000 VND per trip, with higher acceptance among those with greater financial flexibility. However, concerns remain regarding a potential shift to motorcycles if congestion pricing is implemented without public transport improvements. These findings could provide useful recommendation to Hanoi's authorities as well as other similar cities in developing an effective congestion pricing program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 2026 16:30:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646013</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From messages to movements: How emotional reactions to message frames activate consumption goals to shape students' public transport usage intention</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657077</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Promoting public transport use among students is crucial for fostering sustainable urban mobility, yet public transport remains underutilized in many cities. This research investigates how message framing influences students' intentions to use public transport through the activation of consumption goals by emotional reactions. Furthermore, by focusing on Hanoi – a Global South megacity undergoing a public transport transformation - it enriches the current literature, which predominantly centers on developed countries. A survey of 611 students explored general school commuting behaviors, followed by a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with 245 participants to examine the independent and combined effects of gain/loss and individual/social frames on public transport usage intention. Results showed that gain frames were slightly better than loss frames, and social references outperformed individual remarks. The effects were congruent, making gain-framed, social-referencing messages the most effective in enhancing students' intention. Additionally, emotional reactions to these frames activated consumption goals, increasing students' behavioral intention. The activation was contextual, as social frames led to higher baseline levels of consumption goals yet less reliance on affective responses. These findings highlight the importance of public communication strategies that emphasize collective benefits and evoke emotional engagement to promote sustainable commuting choices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Feb 2026 13:59:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2657077</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Is Service Quality Sufficient to Attract Users to Toll Roads in Hanoi, Vietnam?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642276</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several toll roads in developing countries have suffered from financial challenges owing to insufficient use. This is partly explained by the absence of empirical evidence on the effects of the perceived factors behind toll road use, particularly in the Global South. This study investigates the role of perceived road service quality and travel characteristics in attracting users to toll roads in Hanoi, Vietnam, where toll roads were introduced alongside existing non-toll networks. A bivariate binary probit model was employed to analyze an individual’s intention to use toll and non-toll roads, with perceived service quality covering accessibility, amenity, safety, quality and comfort, connection level, and serviceability. Data were obtained from paper-based interviews in Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2021, with 304 responses from local travelers. The findings indicated that although toll roads had a higher perceived service quality than non-toll roads, several users had not chosen toll roads, despite being in operation for a decade. This indicates that perceived service quality alone cannot increase toll road use in our case. Policymakers should focus on improving traffic safety and understanding user travel characteristics such as travel frequency, expense opinions, driver status, the importance of roads in daily life, traveler age, toll rate perceptions, and app usage to attract more users to toll roads. This study’s findings suggest that a comprehensive approach is required to enhance toll road use in developing countries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 13:12:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642276</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards the adoption of green freight transport practices in developing countries: Analysis of owner-operators' behavior on electric trucks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647858</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Freight transport is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and transitioning to electric trucks is crucial for achieving sustainable logistics, particularly in developing countries. However, the fragmentation of the truck market, especially the dominance of owner-operators who own a small number of trucks or even a single truck, presents unique challenges for electric truck adoption. This study investigates the acceptance and adoption behavior of electric trucks among truck owner-operators in Vietnam, utilizing an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). A structured questionnaire was distributed to 400 owner-operators in Hanoi, resulting in 219 valid responses. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the effects of psychological factors on adoption intentions. The findings reveal that Perceived Risk has the most substantial negative influence, while Financial Policies, Attitude, and Knowledge positively affect intention to adopt electric trucks. Notably, the extended TAM, which includes Perceived Risk, Knowledge, and Financial Incentives, explains 80.22 % of the variance in adoption intention, an improvement over the original model. The study contributes new insights into electric truck adoption in nascent markets, highlighting that owner-operators are pragmatic decision-makers influenced not only by environmental benefits but also by financial and operational factors. These findings provide actionable implications for policymakers and manufacturers seeking to accelerate the adoption of electric trucks through tailored incentives and infrastructure improvements.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 17:02:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647858</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cash, code, and congestion: A case study on MaaS adoption barriers and policy implications in Hanoi</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622218</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is emerging as a paradigm-shifting solution for urban transportation, yet its research and implementation have been largely confined to developed countries. A significant knowledge gap exists regarding its viability in the unique context of developing nations, which are often characterized by fragmented transport systems, cash-dominant economies, and severe traffic congestion. This study addresses this gap by investigating the factors influencing MaaS adoption willingness among university students in Hanoi, Vietnam, a city that epitomizes these challenges. We frame our analysis through a “cash, code, and congestion” lens to dissect the structural and behavioral barriers to adoption. Employing a survey-based methodology with 372 student respondents, this research utilizes Classification and Regression Trees (CART) to develop predictive models for two distinct user segments: private vehicle users and public/shared transport users. The models identify the key determinants of adoption and reveal the detailed decision-making profiles of each group. Our findings reveal a strong latent demand for MaaS, but uncover fundamentally divergent adoption logics between the two segments. For private vehicle users, adoption is primarily driven by their existing digital habits with ride-hailing apps, with financial considerations acting as a secondary factor. Conversely, for public/shared transport users, the practical utility of their daily journey, particularly commute distance, is the most critical predictor. The results underscore that a one-size-fits-all MaaS strategy is unviable. As a conclusion, this study provides empirical evidence for segment-specific pathways to MaaS adoption in a developing country context. We propose that successful MaaS implementation in a Vietnamese context such as Hanoi requires targeted value propositions: focusing on cost-efficiency and superior convenience to attract private users, while emphasizing operational reliability and functional optimization for public transport users. These strategies must be coupled with systemic solutions to overcome the “cash, code, and congestion” barriers, ultimately positioning MaaS as a key enabler of sustainable urban mobility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Dec 2025 08:24:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2622218</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transformative impacts of shared autonomous vehicles for first-last-mile mobility: A cyber-physical experiment concept</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607616</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study introduced the cyber-physical experiment concept (CPEC) to comprehensively investigate and demonstrate new mobility services, specifically focusing on the impact of shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) on the change of mode choice behavior. By synergistically combining cyber and physical experiments, the integrated experiment approach provided insights into user’s shifts to SAVs as a first-last-mile (FLM) mode choices in Hanoi. The study involved 1030 respondents in the cyber experiments and 346 respondents in the physical experiments with SAVs, respectively. Utilizing a panel mixed logit (PMXL) model and difference-in-differences (DID) analysis, the findings revealed that cyber and physical experiments significantly influenced behavior change following the introduction of SAVs, which were previously unavailable. Both the cyber and physical experiments improved overall preferences for SAVs. However, differences emerged between the groups: participants exposed only to cyber experiments showed higher travel mode transfer rates compared to those who participated in the physical experiments. From a policy perspective, this study advocates for an integrated system to address FLM challenges, particularly in the context of banning motorbikes in inner-city areas and positioning SAVs as viable alternatives. These findings underscore the theoretical contributions and practical implications of CPEC in integrating SAVs into public transportation systems to enhance FLM mobility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 2025 09:30:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2607616</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Traffic congestion and ride-hailing booking: Evidence from Hanoi, Vietnam</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604317</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several studies have empirically investigated the association between traffic congestion and ride-hailing (RH) services from the perspective of users' booking behavior, except in a limited number of countries such as the United States and China. To add new evidence and expand research, this study investigated the association between traffic congestion and booking orders of RH service users in Hanoi, Vietnam. A total of 50,767 booking records on RH users of a private operator in Hanoi were used for empirical analysis. The study established the following four hypotheses: (1) the frequency of RH bookings in congested areas is lower than that in less congested areas; (2) the frequency of RH bookings using an app-based method in congested areas is higher than that in less congested areas during evening-peak hours; (3) the effects of built environment, sociodemographics, and transportation facilities on the frequency of RH bookings in congested areas are less significant than those in less congested areas during evening-peak hours; and (4) the effects of built environment, sociodemographics, and transportation facilities on the frequency of RH bookings are lower in congested than in less congested areas. After identifying more and less congested areas, the four hypotheses were statistically tested with grid-zone-based data matched using the Mahalanobis distance method between the two areas. The results of the statistical tests showed that Hypotheses (1) and (2) were supported by empirical data. Next, the estimation results of the regression models to explain RH service bookings with built environment, sociodemographic, and transportation facilities factors by time period reveal that Hypotheses (3) and (4) were also supported. Finally, policy implications were presented from the findings, including (i) requiring RH service provides to improve their service quality and attract more users during periods of serious traffic congestion to promote a modal shift from private modes to RH services and thus reduce traffic congestion; (ii) providing technical support to traditional taxi companies to use web-based service apps so that the disparity between traditional taxi and RH services could be mitigated; and (iii) identifying the heterogeneity in RH service demand across urban characteristics for urban travel demand forecasting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Nov 2025 16:38:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604317</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Adverse behavioural and health outcomes of bus driving occupation in emerging countries: An investigation from Hanoi, Vietnam</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2584196</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Driving a bus is described as a notoriously demanding, stressful, and dangerous job. Thus, many studies have been conducted to investigate the adverse outcomes of this occupation; however, they are separate in terms of methods, research models, and settings, with many inconsistent findings. In response to this gap, the authors aimed at investigating the influential factors of the four negative outcomes among bus drivers in a developing country, including (1) risky driving behaviors, (2) crash prevalence, (3) rude behaviors against passengers, and (4) alcohol use. The utilized data were collected from 1020 bus drivers working on the 132 routes in Hanoi in three weeks of March 2024. Four models were estimated using multiple methods, including exploratory factor analysis, linear regression, and binary and ordinal logit regression. The results highlighted that the prominent predictors of the four adverse outcomes were working environment and enterprise management. Driving electric buses and having a higher educational level were negatively associated with three of four undesirable outcomes. Other variables (e.g., risk-taking attitude, over-commitment, and working time) had significant roles in predicting one or two outcomes. Being over 50 years old and non-urban bus routes exhibited a negative correlation with crash prevalence but a positive one with the prevalence of rude behaviors against passengers. Bus enterprises should carefully evaluate the interventions they intend to formulate because of their different effects on health- and safety-related outcomes. The local government should be more responsible for enhancing the working environment for bus drivers (e.g., offering bus lanes and signal priority). At the same time, enterprises should improve their management by promoting a salary system, safety training, and company culture. Besides, bus companies should form tailored campaigns and solutions to safety issues based on demographics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 10:55:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2584196</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring risky driving behaviours among bus drivers in Hanoi, Vietnam using an extended Job Demands-Resources framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577307</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite a large body of research on bus safety, scant attention has been given to quantify the factors that lead to unsafe driving behaviors in lower-middle income countries. To address this gap, the authors empirically investigate the determinants of unsafe behaviors among bus drivers in Vietnam using an extended Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) framework. The study utilized the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) method to analyze data gathered from 1020 bus drivers across the Hanoi bus network in March 2024.The results showed that that unsafe driving behaviors were attributable to job demands, personal demands, and job burnout, whereas perceived crash risk and job resources contributed to preventing these behaviors. Job demands were the most decisive risk factor, confirming the stressful, hectic, and strenuous nature of occupational bus driving. While mindfulness did not have a direct effect on unsafe behaviors, it was found to moderate the relationship between job demands and risky behaviors. Specifically, the positive relationship was weaker for more mindful drivers. Additionally, control variables played a key role in predicting risky behaviors, as older and better-educated drivers operating on non-urban routes tended to drive more safely. Reducing job demands by accounting for working condition constraints when creating schedules is critical to improving bus safety. Increasing bus drivers' perception of collision risks, offering more job resources, and mindfulness training should receive greater attention from practitioners and managers. Further research on factors influencing other unsafe behaviors (e.g., lapses and errors) in other settings is needed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Aug 2025 15:29:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577307</guid>
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