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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>The maximum allowable handlebar disturbance: an indicator for the ex-ante evaluation of cycling fall prevention interventions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675142</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Falls due to disturbances are a common cause of serious cycling injuries, yet evaluation approaches to systematically evaluate interventions aimed at improving balance recovery are lacking. Current ex-post evaluations are hindered by sparse crash data, and existing ex-ante approaches often lack generalizability or rely on surrogate measures that are not validated against fall risk. This study introduces the Maximum Allowable Handlebar Disturbance (MAHD), a novel performance indicator that quantifies the largest handlebar disturbance a cyclist can recover from without falling. The MAHD captures the cyclist's resilience to disturbances and provides a direct, interpretable measure of intervention effectiveness. We propose two methods for determining MAHD: (1) controlled treadmill experiments with induced handlebar disturbances and safe fall conditions and (2) simulations using bicycle dynamics and cyclist control models. Together, these methods allow quantitative ex-ante evaluation and systematic comparison of interventions targeting cyclist control, bicycle design, and infrastructure features such as curbs and road shoulders. With further validation, the MAHD offers practical value for researchers, engineers, and policymakers seeking to design safer bicycles, training programs, and road environments and improve evidencebased resource allocation. In the future, this could reduce fall-related cycling injuries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2026 09:59:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2675142</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Handlebar Vibration Mechanisms and Perceptual Characteristics During Push-Walking of Electric Motorcycle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2623880</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electric motorcycles produce less vibration and noise than vehicles with internal combustion engines. However, the cogging torque of electric motors can cause vibrations, particularly at low speeds. When push-walking a motorcycle at very low speeds, this cogging torque produces handlebar vibrations, resulting in discomfort for the rider. Since motorcycles are typically turned off during push-walking, it is impossible to reduce these vibrations through motor control. Thus, reducing handlebar vibrations through motor cogging torque design is required. To simulate vibration, a detailed and large-scale model that considers the characteristics of drivetrain components like belts and gears, is required. Consequently, the optimization of vibrations in the early stages of design is challenging. The ultimate goal of this study is to construct a simulation model that can predict handlebar vibration during push-walking. This report investigates the vibration transmission mechanism. Vehicle testing confirmed that vibration from the motor is transmitted to the handle through two distinct paths: one via the frame and the other via the belt drive. The excitation force is believed to come from the motor’s cogging torque. Handlebar vibrations caused by cogging torque during push-walking were confirmed to occur even in the stand-up condition. Handle vibration was found to be caused by vehicle resonance. Furthermore, by compensating for perceived vibrations in the hand and arm, it was inferred that vibrations below 100Hz are perceived directly through the handle during push-walking. Through an investigation of operational modes, vehicle modes corresponding to resonance frequencies were identified. However, a contradiction emerged during the discussion of the 30Hz mode. Therefore, the operational mode analysis must be reexamined, and further discussion is planned for future work. This study enables the definition of requirements for motors and vibration transmission components in the early stages of design, contributing to the development of electric motorcycles that reduce rider-perceived vibrations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 09:52:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2623880</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A model based on cyclist fall experiments which predicts the maximum allowable handlebar disturbance from which a cyclist can recover balance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587211</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Falls are a significant cause of injury among cyclists, highlighting the need for effective fall prevention interventions. However, ex-ante evaluation of such interventions remains challenging for engineers designing safer infrastructure and bicycles, as well as for safety professionals developing training programs. This study proposes the Maximum Allowable Handlebar Disturbance (MAHD) — the largest external handlebar disturbance a cyclist can recover from — as a performance indicator for evaluating fall prevention interventions. While bicycle dynamics and cyclist control models have the potential to determine this indicator and simulate interventions, their application is currently limited by a lack of validation in predicting the MAHD and the narrow range of interventions that can be incorporated into existing cyclist control models. To address these limitations, the authors conducted controlled experiments with 24 participants of varying ages and skill levels, exposing them to impulse-like handlebar disturbances that resulted in both recoveries and falls. This dataset, which includes recorded cyclist falls, supports future validation of bicycle dynamics and control models in predicting the MAHD. In addition, using Bayesian Model Averaging, the authors identified key cyclist factors influencing the MAHD, with forward speed and cyclist balancing skill being critical predictors. Incorporating these predictors into cyclist control models can substantially improve their practical application. These insights were then used to develop a Bayesian multilevel logistic regression model to predict the MAHD for different types of cyclists. The findings improve the potential for bicycle dynamics and control models to proactively evaluate cyclist fall prevention methods, contributing to safer cycling environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Aug 2025 15:29:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587211</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HANDLE – High tech communication solutions for safer bicycles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2075230</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project is about the development and testing of a smart handlebar for bicycles. The handlebar can warn a bicyclist of oncoming traffic and/or obstacles using vibrations, blinking lights or using a display mounted to the handlebar. The functionality of the handlebar has been tested in a virtual reality bicycle simulator. 24 participants experienced 3 different scenarios with and without the smart handlebar and their movements within the virtual reality was recorded. They were also asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding the functionality of the smart handlebar.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2022 11:41:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2075230</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Three-Movement Handlebar Piloting Control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1816334</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A novel method of piloting control removes the requirements of conventional operator control mechanisms to facilitate simplified incorporation of a motorcycle and a separable flight device. The operator uses a single handlebar to concurrently and independently affect the three axis of fixed-wing flight. Pitch, roll, and yaw, are affected through movements of up/down, tilt, and rotation respectively. The yaw rotation is also associated with ground steering. The resulting product, a flight and motor module fastened to a lightly modified commercially-acquired motorcycle, is cost accessible to an un-before tapped market segment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2022 09:27:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1816334</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pediatric Handlebar Injuries: More Than Meets the Abdomen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1907155</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Injuries from bicycle accidents are of two main types: those incurred in falling off bicycles, and those  from the rider’s body striking against the bicycle. In the second category, most injuries happen when a child’s body strikes the bicycle handlebar. The authors evaluated body presentation and location, injury severity, and need for handlebar injuries treatment at a pediatric emergency center, comparing these to other bicycle-related injuries in children. The authors present a review of the trauma registry over an 8-year period at the emergency center. Individual charts were examined for demographic factors, injury details, and other clinical or radiographic information. Each patient was categorized as having a handlebar or other injury, and each patient's injuries were also classed according to affected body areas and the need for treatment. Three hundred and eighty-five (385) patients who met study criteria were identified, with bicycle handlebars being involved in 27.8% (107) injuries and 72.2% (278) being other injuries. There were differences in injury severity score, Head Abbreviated Injury Scale, and length of hospital stay between patients with handlebar versus other injuries. There were also differences in incidence of injuries across most body zones between patients with handlebar versus other injuries. There was statistically significant difference in need for treatment of abdominal solid organ injuries among handlebar injuries versus other injuries. The bicycle handlebar is a unique mechanism of injury, with the body location, need for treatment, and the nature of the injury varying greatly. Handlebar injuries are likely to occur in abdominal and soft tissues, while other injuries are more likely in body extremities and the skull, neck, or central nervous system. Even within the same body area, handlebar injuries can be very different to other injuries, such as orthopedic vs vascular injuries in body extremities. Physical examination and observation remain of prime importance when laboratory and radiographic investigations yield uncertain results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Mar 2022 10:52:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1907155</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bicycle handlebar injuries - a systematic review of pediatric chest and abdominal injuries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903722</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The severity of handlebar injuries can be overlooked due to subtle signs and wide range of associated internal injuries. The authors objective was to describe thoracoabdominal injuries due to bicycle handlebars and their outcomes in children. Articles that reported thoracoabdominal injuries were identified from database conception to March 3, 2019 using PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINHAHL Complete, Web of Science and Scopus. A systematic review of studies of thoracoabdominal handlebar injuries in children <=21 years on human-powered bicycles in English was performed. Information on demographics, clinical features, injuries, interventions and outcomes was noted. A total of 138 articles were identified from 1952 to 2019. There were 1072 children (males, 85.1%) and 1255 thoracoabdominal injuries. Mean age was 9.7 +/- 3.3 years old. Common clinical features included abdominal pain and guarding, vomiting, fever and a handlebar imprint. The liver was the most frequently injured organ. Surgery was performed in 338 children with a mean age of 10.0 +/- 3.3 years. Twenty-seven children (2.5%) were discharged and returned due to worsening symptoms, of whom 23 (85.2%) required surgery. Thirty-one children (2.9%) transferred to a higher level of care due to injury severity. Two deaths were reported. Bicycle handlebars can cause significant thoracoabdominal injuries. Presence of abdominal pain, vomiting, fever or a circular imprint on the chest or abdomen should prompt further workup. Future studies on diagnostic modalities and best practices are needed to lower the chance of missed injuries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jan 2022 17:24:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903722</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of surface roughness on cyclists’ handlebar controllability: an insight into bicycling safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1663190</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, great effort has been made to increase bicycle ridership, however the high vulnerability of cyclists to road accidents has been a big deterrent preventing citizens from cycling. Among the causes of bicycle accidents, the loss of control due to inadequate handlebar control is a particularly common one. So, investigation of handlebar controllability (HC) is an important part in finding ways to deal with this type of accident. In this study, HC was examined considering the effect of pavement roughness level and the interaction effects of Age and Gender. The results showed that cyclist’s HC was negatively affected by pavement roughness level. The examination ofthe interaction effect of cyclists’ age on the correlation between HC and pavement roughness level indicated that elderly cyclists generally suffer more from the effect of pavement roughness on their HC, compared to younger ones. Especially, as they get older, the effect of pavement roughness on their HC even becomes greater. The interaction effect of Gender was found not to be significant. The results of this study could help in proposing countermeasures to deal with accidents resulting from loss of control and it may also serve as a basis for further studies on the potential field of HC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2019 16:24:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1663190</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Motorcycle Handlebar in Tapered Shape with Low Cost</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1549739</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Application of tapered handlebars using high strength aluminum alloys is effective to weight reduction and high texture appearance. However, due to the influence of Cu contained as a strengthening element, the extrusion productivity of material pipe was low, and the cost was high. Therefore, an alloy in which the addition amount of Cu was suppressed and which was strengthened by addition of Zn was selected. In addition, stress corrosion cracking resistance was secured by optimizing manufacturing conditions. As a result, the weight was reduced by 20% and the cost was reduced by 30%．高強度アルミ合金製テーパーハンドルは，軽量化，質感向上に寄与する．しかし，強化元素として含まれるCuの影響でパイプ素材の押出し生産性が低く，高コストが課題だった．そこで，Cu添加量を抑えZn添加で強化した合金を選定し，製造条件最適化により耐応力腐食割れ性を確保した．これらの結果，重量20%，コスト30%低減した．]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2018 10:24:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1549739</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatal Transorbital Intracranial Penetrating Injury Due to a Bicycle Brake Handle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1539599</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article explores transorbital intracranial penetrating injury, an uncommon head injury that requires early diagnosis and immediate management to prevent mortality. The authors present a case of a 55-year-old man who experienced an accidental self-fall while riding a bicycle. After first being treated at a primary health care center, he was referred to the tertiary care institute, where he was declared dead on arrival. An autopsy was conducted to determine his cause of death, which revealed an injury above the right side of the upper eyelid that then penetrated the right side roof of the orbit and the right cerebral cortex and brainstem. One peculiarity of this case is that the victim's eyeball did not sustain any major damage, despite the extensive head injury and penetrating injury in the eyelid. The authors highlight the importance of looking for penetrating injury in cases of minimal injuries, particularly on the face.  They suggest that early identification of penetrating injuries and proper life-saving measures by medical personnel can minimize complications and fatalities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2018 10:21:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1539599</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predicting Bicycle Setup for Children Based on Anthropometrics and Comfort</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1436141</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bicycling is a popular activity for children. In order for children to enjoy cycling and to minimize injury, it is important that they are positioned appropriately on the bicycle. The purpose of this study was therefore to identify a suitable bicycle setup for children aged between 7 and 16 years which accommodates developmental differences in anthropometrics, flexibility and perceptions of comfort. Using an adjustable bicycle fitting rig, the authors found the most comfortable position of 142 children aged 7 to 16. In addition, a number of anthropometric measures were recorded. Seat height and the horizontal distance between seat and handlebars were strongly predictable (R2 > 0.999, p < 0.001 and R2 = 0.649, p < 0.001 respectively), whilst the predictability of the vertical distance between seat and handlebars was weaker (R2 = 0.231, p < 0.001). These results have practical implications for children and parents, paediatric researchers and clinicians as well as bicycle manufacturers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2016 20:38:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1436141</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Applying Riding-posture Optimization on Bicycle Frame Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1359896</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Customization design is a trend for developing a bicycle in recent years. Thus, the comfort of riding a bike is an important factor that should be paid much attention to while developing a bicycle. From the viewpoint of ergonomics, the concept of “fitting object to the human body” is designed into the bicycle frame in this study. Firstly, the important feature points of riding posture were automatically detected by the image processing method. In the measurement process, the best riding posture was identified experimentally, thus the positions of feature points and joint angles of human body were obtained. Afterwards, according to the measurement data, three key points: the handlebar, the saddle and the crank center, were identified and applied to the frame design of various bicycle types. Lastly, this study further proposed a frame size table for common bicycle types, which is helpful for the designer to design a bicycle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2015 15:56:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1359896</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Does Pedalling on a Recumbent Bicycle Influence the Cyclist's Steering Behaviour?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1345685</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents the answer to the question how pedalling on a specific recumbent bicycle, such as the VeloX3, influences a cyclist's ability to steer the bicycle. The research aims to find the correlation between pedalling and the undesired steering movements it creates. To test this assumption a test setup was constructed. On this setup cyclists were asked to perform in a high intensity Wingate test. A load-cell was used to measure the amount of force exerted by the cyclist on the handlebar while cycling. An ergometer integrated in the setup was used to measure power output and cadence of the cyclist. When comparing the cadence results with the oscillation of the measured forces on the load-cell, a distinct coherence was noticed. The forces measured have magnitudes reaching up to 400N. The combination of the oscillations due to pedalling and the magnitude of the forces will result in disturbances of the steering behaviour on a recumbent bicycle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2015 09:06:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1345685</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifying Factors of Bicycle Comfort: An Online Survey with Enthusiast Cyclists</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1325159</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Racing bicycles have evolved significantly over the past decades as technology and cyclists' comfort have become a critical design issue. Although ample research has been conducted on comfort for other means of transportation, cyclists' perception of dynamic comfort has received scant attention in the scientific literature. The present study investigates how enthusiast cyclists conceptualize comfort using an online survey with 244 respondents. The purpose is to determine which factors contribute to comfort when riding a bicycle, to identify situations in which comfort is relevant and to determine the extent to which vibrations play a role in comfort evaluations. The authors found that comfort is influenced by factors related to bicycle components (specifically the frame, saddle and handlebar), as well as environmental factors (type or road, weather conditions) and factors related to the cyclist (position, adjustments, body parts). Respondents indicated that comfort is a concern when riding a bicycle in most situations and they believed that comfort is compatible with performance. The PCA analysis shows that for the perception “human factor-body parts” are put in evidence, and the “cyclist's comfort” evaluation is mainly based on certain qualities related to the bicycle components, then the road and external conditions (e.g. weather, temperature).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2014 11:26:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1325159</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The influence of footpegs forces in lane change maneuver</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1315352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper illustrates a novel approach for the study of the lane change maneuver. The purpose is to study the contribution given by the rider through the movement of the body as forces applied on footpegs. A specific instrumentation on motorcycle is required to collect the necessary data during the test session. Over the classical sensors usually applied on Powered Two-Wheelers (PTW), customized load cells have been developed to substitute the original footpegs. The tests have been done by professional riders in a track appositely built with the aim to compare the obtained results with the ones given from similar motorcycles. In this way it has been possible to calculate the Koch index and the Lane Change roll index as described in literature. These indexes consider the action of the rider (as the torque transmitted by the handlebar) and the reaction of the motorcycle (as the roll rate of the motorcycle) normalized by the speed. The main novelty introduced in this work is to study the behavior of the motorcycle (as roll rate) due to the torque applied on handlebar and to the forces applied on footpegs. Tests results show that these forces should be considered for a better identification of the rider’s actions involved in lane change maneuvers. According to the development work done, similar considerations could be extended to the effects produced by the rider through the seat. In this way all the forces and torques applied by the rider on motorcycles will be correctly considered. (A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 2014 09:12:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1315352</guid>
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