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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Driving during Alcohol Hangover among Dutch Professional Truck Drivers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1303904</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alcohol hangover may impair potentially dangerous daily activities such as driving a car or operating heavy machinery. The purpose of the present study was to determine (1) whether driving during alcohol hangover is a problem of concern among professional Dutch truck drivers and (2) to what extent they think their hangover state affects driving performance. Three hundred forty-three professional truck drivers were interviewed at a Dutch trucker festival. In addition to demographics, data were gathered on normal driving, alcohol consumption and hangover, and driving style during alcohol hangover. More than half of the professional drivers who consume alcohol and report occasionally having a hangover (56.4%) acknowledge that they have driven while having a hangover during the past year: 26.5 percent only when driving private, 2.6 percent only when driving professionally, and 27.4 percent both private and professionally. Additionally, 45.3 percent reported driving while having a hangover sometimes, whereas 7.7 percent and 1.7 percent reported doing so often or always, respectively. During alcohol hangover, professional drivers rated their driving style as significantly less relaxed, less safe, and less responsible (P < .001). Driving with a hangover is a common phenomenon, and professional drivers acknowledge that their driving is impaired. Therefore, future experimental research should examine the magnitude of impairment while driving with an alcohol hangover.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 May 2014 09:28:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1303904</guid>
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      <title>Hangovers and Traffic Injuries: Is Alcohol’s Influence Greater than Expected?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1089806</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Elevation of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is a well-recognized risk factor for motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) but little is known regarding hangovers and crash risk. This study analyzed data from multiple sources to determine evidence that hangovers increase injury risk and developed a methodology to determine if hangovers represent a real injury hazard. Examination of trauma patients with negative BACs on admission found 12% met the criteria for current dependence and 24% for lifetime dependence, which is 4-5 times higher than the general population. Experimental hangover studies find significant impairment and reduced task performance after BACs return to zero. However no studies examine actual crash risk, in part because objective data to document hangovers is lacking. Studies of alcohol consumption biomarkers, ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) suggest they can indicate recent heavy drinking even when blood alcohol is zero. The study proposes to quantify the role of hangovers in MVCs by assessing these new biomarkers in urine among drivers admitted to our trauma center and deaths from the medical examiner. Case-crossover analyses comparing self-reported drinking 12 hours prior to injury with usual drinking patterns will provide one estimate of risk. Culpability studies determining the extent to which injured zero BAC drivers with biomarker evidence of hangover are responsible for causing their crash, compared with drivers without hangover biomarkers will be used as another estimate of risk. This study is an innovative use of biomarkers in injury research and may indicate that hangovers are an important but unrecognized risk factor in many injuries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Feb 2011 13:41:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1089806</guid>
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      <title>PERFORMANCE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL INTOXICATION AND HANGOVER AT GROUND LEVEL AND AT SIMULATED ALTITUDE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/678212</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Eight private pilots were trained to perform on a two-dimensional tracking task (joystick control of a localizer/glidescope instrument) and to respond as quickly as possible to the onset of a red pinlight, appended to the tracking instrument, by depressing a button on the joystick. Tracking and reaction time scores were obtained under both static (stationary) and dynamic conditions (during angular acceleration), at ground level and at a simulated altitude of 12,000 ft.  Subjects were tested in pairs one night per week for 3 consecutive weeks (alcohol, placebo and sleep control sessions).  Sessions began at 1700, continuing through midnight to about 1100 the next day.  Subjects performed in the evening after a monitored dinner, drank prepared beverages from 2100 to midnight, and were tested again.  Subjects slept 4-5 hours, were awakened around 0645, were fed, and performed the tasks again. Ground level test sessions always preceded ascent in the altitude chamber and sessions included completion of several questionnaires and rating forms by the subjects.  At midnight following alcohol ingestion, peak breath alcohol levels averaged 91 mg percent.  Impairment in tracking performance and in visual reaction time occurred during midnight sessions following alcohol ingestion.  While ratings of hangover and other questionnaire data indicate awareness of hangover symptoms, no hangover related performance impairment was recorded during morning sessions.  In addition, no significant altitude/alcohol interactions on performance were obtained during either acute intoxication or hangover periods.  These results offer no evidence contrary to the "8-hour rule."]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Nov 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/678212</guid>
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      <title>EFFECTS OF CONGENER AND NONCONGENER ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ON A CLINICAL ATAXIA TEST BATTERY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/678197</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a screening procedure in aviation medicine, clinical examiners often use of one or more tests of standing steadiness or gait to help assess neurological and vestibular soundness. Normal functioning of these mechanisms associated with proper body orientation has been traditionally regarded as critical to safety in piloting aircraft.  It is clear that the ingestion of alcohol can disturb postural measures, and it is possible that the effects of alcohol may be manifested at significant stages subsequent to acute intoxication; i.e., during so-called "hangover" periods.  This study was designed investigate the performance of normally "heavy" and normally "light" young male drinkers on an ataxia test battery before and after they drank either a high-congener (bourbon) or low-congener  (vodka) alcohol beverage.  To assess possible long-term effects of alcohol, testing was conducted 1, 3, 5, 9, 24, and 32 hours after drinking.  With the exception of one walking test that showed inferior performance one hour after drinking and recovery thereafter, the measures of the ataxia test battery were about equally affected, showing decrements from 1 to 3 hours after drinking and a return to a normal plateau by the fifth postdrinking hour.  Normally heavy drinkers tended to display less ataxia following drinking than did normally light drinkers. Comparisons of the low and high-congener beverages failed to reveal any significant differential effects.  There was also no indication of any significant impairment on ataxia tests during the hangover period.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Nov 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/678197</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>LABORATORY PERFORMANCE DURING ACUTE INTOXICATION AND HANGOVER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/678195</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Eleven private pilots were recruited and trained on the Multiple Task Performance Battery (MTPB), static and dynamic tracking of a localizer/glide slope instrument, a speech intelligibility test (single words with a background of aircraft noise), and use of the Intoxilyzer.  The experiment comprised four test sessions (vodka, bourbon, placebo and control sessions) held at weekly intervals.  Sessions began at 1700 and continued through midnight to about 1100 the next day.  Subjects were tested in small groups, and were not told whether they were drinking alcohol or placebo.  The ordering of sessions was approximately counter-balanced.  Subjects were given all tests in the evening (before and after a monitored dinner), drank prepared beverages from 2030 to midnight, and were tested again.  Subjects slept 4-5 hours, were awakened around 0700, fed, and performed all tasks again, beginning at 0800 (8 hours after they had finished drinking).  Results showed clear deleterious effects of alcohol on the MTPB and the tracking tests immediately following drinking.  During the morning (hangover) tests, scores on the MTPB and on the tracking tests showed small circadian effects (scores were better) without impairment due to alcohol.  Speech perception scores were unaffected by alcohol; scores were always best in the evening and worst in the morning.  There were no congener effects.  These results offer no evidence contrary to the "8 hour rule."]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 23 Nov 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/678195</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>POSTINTOXICATION EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AFTER MODERATE AND HIGH BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/662434</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates post-intoxication deficits in flight performance 11 hours after moderate and high consumption of alcohol.  Instrument-rated and instrument-current male pilots under the age of 36 were randomly assigned to receive either a placebo, 2 ml/kg of 100 proof vodka, or 3 ml/kg of 100 proof vodka the evening before a flight simulator test.  After the alcohol was administered, participants were provided with sleeping accommodations.  After breakfast the next morning, subjects were asked to fly two 75-min scenarios on a flight simulator.  Five performance measures were assessed for each flight for every participant.  These measures included deviations from optimal altitude, deviations from optimal heading, deviation from optimal speed, rate of turn and bank. The group that had ingested the 3 ml/kg of alcohol showed a decreased ability to perform air traffic control directives. They also demonstrated performance deficits on rate of turn and bank.  No significant effects were observed in deviations from altitude, heading or airspeed.  The group that had ingested 2 ml/kg showed comparable performance to the placebo group.  This research suggests that a disruption in the vestibular system may persist for a considerable time after drinking has ceased, but further research on hangover effects at altitude or in a full motion simulator is needed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Jul 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/662434</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVESTIGATION OF THE "HANGOVER" EFFECTS OF AN ACUTE DOSE OF ALCOHOL ON PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/371336</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents a review of the literature and reports the results of an investigation of the acute and hangover effects of ethanol on driving related skills, as well as focussing on "event-related potential" data recorded in a sub-group of subjects participating in the project.  An earlier study had noted an impairment of a relatively simple reaction time task 3 hours after a dose of alcohol, and the current study was attempting to determine whether this effect would be observed in the more typical "morning after" situation.  There were no statistically significant linear or higher order trends in the dose/response relationship during the hangover session in any of the tasks employed in this study.  However this finding does not preclude the existence of a subjective "hangover" effect nor that performance on other tasks is affected by hangover, for reasons which are discussed in the report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 Jan 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/371336</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HANGOVER EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON DRIVER PERFORMANCE IN SIMULATED DRIVING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/298784</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Possible hang-over effects of alcohol on driver performance in a sophisticated driving simulator were investigated.  The driving task was demanding and rquired the Ss to drive a 20 km test distance in as short time as possible.  The road had horizontal as well as vertical curves.  The Ss participated in drinking parties which preceded each hang-over condition. Each S chose to drink one of four alternative beverages: whisky, vodka diluted in orange juice, wine-red or white, or export beer.  Free and ample supply of food and beverages was provided.  It appeared that performance was lowered in the morning when average BAC was just below 0.04%.  Each S made another 3 test runs during the day, 2.5 hours apart. No perfomrmance decrement was found at these later occasions, however.  After another night's sleep all effects were gone.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Sep 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/298784</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HANGOVER HYPOTHESIS AND THE INFLUENCE OF MODERATE SOCIAL DRINKING ON MENTAL ABILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/294293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The "hangover" hypothesis proposes that there is some residual effect of low to moderate alcohol intake on the nervous system after the blood alcohol level has returned to zero.  This notion has been invoked to explain the putative effects to moderate alcohol consumption on mental ability. We evaluated the hangover hypotheses by attempting to predict cognitive performance from self-reports of alcohol consumed during the week prior to testing.  We found no meaningful evidence to support the notion that moderate alcohol ingestion produces a measurable toxic effect on brain function after the period of acute intoxication.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Mar 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/294293</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHLORMEZANONE: ITS EFFECTS ON SUBJECTIVE ASPECTS OF SLEEP AND ON SKILLED PERFORMANCE RELATED TO CAR DRIVING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/217189</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A double-blind, crossover study compared chlormezanone 200 mg tds, chlormezanone 400 mg nocte and placebo in twelve female volunteers.  There was no obvious evidence of chlormezanone causing an impairment in early morning psychomotor performance, car driving ability of subjective ratings of early morning behaviour.  Subjectively reported mood changes were consistent with those expected of a tranquillising drug and the sleep-inducing and improving properties of chlormezanone were confirmed.  This volunteer study suggests that chlormezanone may well be a nocturnal sedative which does not have a morning hangover effect. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/217189</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>IF YOU DRINK, DON'T DRIVE MOTTO NOW APPLIES TO HANGOVERS AS WELL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/210875</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reviews a study, carried out by Sweden's National Road and Traffic Research Institute (VTI) published last year as VTI Rapport N222A.  This study indicates that hangovers may also diminish driving ability by as much as 20 percent, even when the blood alcohol concentration is 0 mg/dL.  Furthermore, according to the study, a person's ability to carry out complex driving maneuvers is reduced for at least three hours after the blood alcohol level reaches zero, and hangover-impaired subjects demonstrate a marked inability to subjectively determine if they are fit to drive at all.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/210875</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FLURAZEPAM HCL'S RESIDUAL (HANGOVER) EFFECTS UPON ACTUAL DRIVING PERFORMANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/205203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flurazepam HCl is a relatively old and widely used benzodiazepine hypnotic.  The long half-life of its active n-desalkyl metabolite may be responsible for residual ("hangover") effects which extend into the day following ingestion of the recommended therapeutic dose (30 mg). A year-long investigation of flurazepam's residual effect on actual automobile driving performance was undertaken in two parts: an acute experiment and a subchronic experiment.  The practical relevance of the results were discussed.  The major conclusions were as follows: (1) flurazepam 30 mg impairs driving performance for at least 17 hours following drug intake; (2) flurazepam's residual effect is dose-dependent; and (3) frankly unacceptable impairment can occur in some individuals.  The major recommendations were as follows: (1) the recommended flurazepam dose for patients who must operate vehicles on days following night-time drug use should not exceed 15 mg; (2) patients who require a higher flurazepam dosage nightly should refrain from driving for at least a week and preferably longer, after the beginning of therapy; and (3) the occasional use of flurazepam over shorter periods by drivers should be strongly discouraged.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/205203</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HANG-OVER EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON DRIVER PERFORMANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/182785</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim was to study hang-over effects of alcohol on driver performance when all alcohol has been metabolized. The driving task was an avoidance maneuvre putting high demands on attention, reaction time, precision and coordination. Each of the 22 subjects participated in an arranged drinking party. The day after when their BAC was down to zero the first hang-over driving tests were carried out. Three hours later the same tests were repeated. It was found that driving performance was impaired in both hang-over conditions when compared to the subjects' normal performance. The subjects acted as their own controls in rotated order of conditions. No relationship was found between impairment and subjective well-being in the hang-over condition. When the subjects were awakened they were asked to estimate their BAC and time needed to become completely sober. Some gross under- as well as overestimations were made.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/182785</guid>
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