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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Engineering properties on salt rock as subgrade filler in dry salt lake: Water retention characteristics and water migration patterns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2254765</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a special road material, salt rock has high strength and stability in arid areas, and has broad application prospects in highway engineering construction in dry salt lake areas. To investigate the water retention characteristics of salt rock and its water migration patterns under the covering effect, and to ensure the long-term durability of salt rock subgrade, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of the effect of initial dry density on the water retention characteristics of fine-grained salt rock fillers. The soil–water characteristic curve model of salt rock was recommended. The capillary water migration patterns of salt rock were proved. The water migration patterns of salt rock under freeze–thaw cycles were clarified. The hydrothermal state of salt rock subgrade under the influence of pavement overburden was evaluated based on the field monitoring. The results indicated that the water retention capacity of fine-grained salt rock filler increases with the decrease of initial dry density during the high suction stage. The Fredlund & Xing model is recommended to address the soil–water characteristic curve of fine-grained salt rock. The capillary action of salt rock filler decreases with increasing compaction. The temperature gradient from the upper boundary to the bottom of the soil column under the effect of freeze–thaw cycles is significant. After five freeze–thaw cycles, the water in the soil column continued to migrate upwards under the covering effect and temperature gradient. The relative humidity and temperature of the salt rock subgrade both show a sinusoidal cyclical variation. When the temperature range of salt rock subgrade is −6°C–30 °C, the relative humidity of subgrade is significantly correlated with temperature. This study can provide theoretical support for the disaster prevention and control of salt rock subgrade covering effect in the Lop Nor area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Nov 2023 09:34:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2254765</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Data and Development of Journal Paper - Trafficking Machine and Friction Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2221867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research evaluated seven commercial rock salt deicers to assess if a custom-built trafficking machine and non-contact grip sensor could be used to detect differences in performance between deicers. Deicer performance was measured as mean surface grip values during trafficking and after plowing. Mean surface grip values were compared and analyzed based on deicer type, application rate, air temperature, and snow density.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Jul 2023 13:25:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2221867</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating the environmental impact of selected chemical de-icers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1902892</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, the environmental impacts of six commercial chloride-based de-icer products, including Rock Salt and Salt Brine, were evaluated. The nutrients, oxygen demand, heavy metal concentration, corrosion and toxicity of all six de-icers were analyzed. With an assumed 500-fold dilution, the test results were compared to the public water-quality criteria. The results show that the selected chemical de-icers have little chance of severely damaging the environment and ecosystem under a normal dilution scenario. However, attention needs to be paid to small water bodies and sensitive receiving water.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jan 2022 16:28:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1902892</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long-term impacts of road salt application on the groundwater contamination in urban environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1723926</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study explores the contamination potential of groundwater due to the use of sodium chloride (NaCl) in the wintertime. The research was conducted in two Iranian cities, Malayer and Hamedan, where groundwater is the major source of water for drinking and irrigating purposes. However, the amount of deicing salt used in the former is about 10 times less than that used in the latter. The assessment of geochemical dataset from 2004 to 2018 revealed no significant trend in the groundwater characteristics of Malayer where the water quality indices were in the range of WHO and USEPA permissible limits. In contrast, the indices had a continually increasing trend (~ 2.3% annually) in Hamedan’s supply wells over the same period and particularly near the urban areas that showed higher levels (> 5 times on average) than those observed in Malayer. This could mainly be ascribed to the influx of halite. Based on the USSL diagram, the water samples retrieved from the latter system were mostly classified as C3-S1 (decreasing the soil fertility) and even as C4-S2 (harmful for agriculture activities). Chloride contamination rates also reached 250 mg/L, which could negatively affect the water potability and threaten the aquatics microorganisms. In this region, a rather similar distribution of NaCl and arsenic was observed, implying mobilization of toxic trace metals with the increased salt encroachment into the aquifer. Based on such findings, it is suggested that in snow-influenced cities (e.g., Hamedan), new approaches for winter maintenance be considered to prevent the gradual deterioration of water resources.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2020 09:28:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1723926</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Rock Salt Impurities on Limestone Aggregate Durability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1420350</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Non-durable coarse aggregate in concrete pavement can break down under repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Application of rock salt may increase the severity of exposure conditions because of trace compounds, such as calcium sulfate, in rock salt. Concrete and saw-cut limestone specimens were also subjected to wet-dry cycles in varying salt solutions to examine the influence of trace compounds in rock salt. Subsequently, limestone aggregate in concrete was subjected to freeze-thaw cycling in two methods: salt-treating the aggregate before batching concrete, and half-immersing concrete specimens in rock salt solution during freeze-thaw cycling. The wet-dry testing of cut limestone was not severe enough to determine the effects of trace compounds in salt solution. Preliminary experiments showed that salt-treating the aggregates before batching concrete showed more promise in differentiating aggregate quality or in gaining insights into concrete pavement performance. Concrete prisms were made using 12 different salt-treated aggregates and were tested according to Kansas Test Method KTMR-22 (2006) and additionally ASTM C666 (2008) using Method A. Companion prisms were made using the same aggregates without salt treatment and were tested using the same two freeze-thaw test methods. Use of saw-cut limestone prisms for testing the freeze-thaw durability of concrete aggregates is not recommended as crushing limestone may change its properties, prisms from the same source have variable quality, and prisms are labor-intensive to make. Further testing should be conducted to validate the potential use of ASTM C666 Method A as a method to achieve similar freeze-thaw acceptance results as Method B in fewer freeze-thaw cycles. Freeze-thaw tests of concrete made with aggregates presoaked in salt brine could provide a good method to test the effects of salt exposure on internal freeze-thaw distress on the paste portion of the concrete. However, salt treatment may not be an effective method to use for coarse aggregate qualification.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2016 11:10:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1420350</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Chloride Free Snow and Ice Control Material</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1409227</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The City of Burnsville requested that the Local Road Research Board (LRRB) fund a review of areas within winter maintenance that might lead to lower salt (chloride) use. An advisory team of 9 members was assembled to direct and review the research and reports of this project. Rock salt is the most common deicer used for winter maintenance in Minnesota. It is affordable and effective but causes damage to lakes, rivers and groundwater. With the growing concern around high chloride levels in Minnesota’s water, the question was asked: “What are the alternatives?” An additional requirement of the contract was to make the report useful to the maintenance supervisor or non-scientist who might be searching for alternatives to road salt. The City of Burnsville and advisory team expressed through the contract and at the first team meeting that the report should include concrete recommendations for further research and/or implementation. The group started with multiple category headings provided by the LRRB, and selected four key aspects to focus upon. Two areas proposed by the LRRB were combined to create Research Area 2. This report is divided into these three stand-alone sections: Research Area 1 - Non-Chloride Deicers; Research Area 2 - Task 2a - Permeable Road Surfaces and Task 2b - Pavement texture, color, material options that would provide better melting or traction; Research Area 3 - Winter speed limits or other winter driving changes. Fortin Consulting, Inc. (FCI) performed an internet literature review, worked with the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) library research services and conducted email and phone interviews to gather information. FCI produced an intermediate version of research findings from each Research Area and provided this for review by the advisory team. Then a final approved version was created for posting on the LRRB website. The final version is presented in this Transportation Research Synthesis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 29 May 2016 15:32:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1409227</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High-capacity electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries: Li₃NbO₄-based system with cation-disordered rocksalt structure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1358738</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rechargeable lithium batteries have rapidly risen to prominence as fundamental devices for green and sustainable energy development. Lithium batteries are now used as power sources for electric vehicles. However, materials innovations are still needed to satisfy the growing demand for increasing energy density of lithium batteries. In the past decade, lithium-excess compounds, Li₂MeO₃ (Me = Mn⁴+, Ru⁴+, etc.), have been extensively studied as high-capacity positive electrode materials. Although the origin as the high reversible capacity has been a debatable subject for a long time, recently it has been confirmed that charge compensation is partly achieved by solid-state redox of nonmetal anions (i.e., oxide ions), coupled with solid-state redox of transition metals, which is the basic theory used for classic lithium insertion materials, such as LiMeO₂ (Me = Co³ +, Ni³ +, etc.). Herein, as a compound with further excess lithium contents, a cation-ordered rocksalt phase with lithium and pentavalent niobium ions, Li₃NbO₄, is first examined as the host structure of a new series of high-capacity positive electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. Approximately 300 mAh·g-¹ of high-reversible capacity at 50 °C is experimentally observed, which partly originates from charge compensation by solid-state redox of oxide ions. It is proposed that such a charge compensation process by oxide ions is effectively stabilized by the presence of electrochemically inactive niobium ions. These results will contribute to the development of a new class of high-capacity electrode materials, potentially with further lithium enrichment (and fewer transition metals) in the close-packed framework structure with oxide ions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2015 13:43:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1358738</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Snow and Ice Control Chemicals for Environmentally Sustainable Highway Maintenance Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1315322</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of chemicals and abrasives for highway winter maintenance operations is an essential strategy for ensuring a reasonably high level of service, yet the performance of such materials has to be balanced with their potential negative impacts on motor vehicles, transportation infrastructure, and the natural environment. In this context, this work presents a comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of snow and ice control chemicals currently used by various Idaho Transportation Department districts for highway maintenance operations, including rock salts (mainly solid sodium chloride), IceSlicer products (solid sodium chloride with trace amounts of other chlorides), and salt brines. The analysis has been enabled by the utilization of existing lab and field test data along with reasonable assumptions, in the effort to identify environmentally sustainable materials for winter highway operations. Despite its caveats, this case study is the first attempt to incorporate the most up-to-date information into a multicriteria decision making framework for the data-driven, holistic examination of various snow and ice control chemicals used by a maintenance agency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 2014 15:21:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1315322</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Comparison of Alternative Chemicals for De-icing Operations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1289597</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the results of an extensive field study on the comparative  performance of alternative materials for snow and ice control of parking lots and  sidewalks. Approximately 300 tests were conducted in a real-world environment,  covering four alternative materials, and 21 snow events. Each of the alternatives is  compared to regular rock salt in terms of snow melting performance - bare-pavement  regain time. The study confirmed the relative advantage of these alternatives over the  regular salt, but also showed that their performance varied largely depending on some  external conditions. Performance models were calibrated and then used for developing  application rate adjustment factors which can be applied by maintenance operations for  determining the optimal application rates for specific weather events and pavement  conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Feb 2014 10:38:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1289597</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Say 'cheese!'</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1290980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The city of Milwaukee in Wisconsin's Department of Public Works is trying a unique way to battle snow, and cutting costs at the same time - with cheese brine. In this bold experiment to de-ice roads, cheese brine would be blended with rock salt (at a ratio of approximately eight gallons of cheese brine to every one ton of rock salt) and then spread on roads in the Bay View section of the city, in order to test the results. Data on amount of precipitation, time and day of solution application, as well as temperature, pavement conditions, among others, will be recorded, and results will be shared in the spring of 2014.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2014 15:18:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1290980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Snow and Ice Control Materials for Highway Maintenance Operations: A Renewed, Data-Driven Perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1287834</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of chemicals and abrasives for highway winter maintenance operations is an essential strategy for ensuring a reasonably high level of service, yet the performance of such materials has to be balanced with their potential negative impacts on motor vehicles, transportation infrastructure and the natural environment. In this context, this work presents a comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of snow and ice control materials currently used by various Idaho Transportation Department (ITD) districts for highway maintenance operations, including: rock salts (mainly solid sodium chloride), IceSlicer products (solid sodium chloride with trace amounts of other chlorides), salt brines, a corrosion-inhibited magnesium chloride brine, and  sand-salt mixtures. The analysis has been enabled by the utilization of existing lab and field test data along with reasonable assumptions. This case study is the first attempt to incorporate the most up-to-date information into a multi-criteria decision making framework for the data-driven, holistic examination of various snow and ice control materials used by a maintenance agency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2014 15:16:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1287834</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Casing Failure Associated with Bedded Salt Cavern Gas Storage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1121699</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The mechanical properties and creep characteristic parameters of bedded rock salt were obtained by uniaxial and triaxial tests stimulating underground conditions. The bedded rock salt samples used in the experiments were obtained from H-10 well of a salt cavern gas storage in China. The “casing-cement-rock salt” numerical model was established to calculate the external pressure subjected to completion casing in bedded rock salt formation. Basing on the model, the influences of formation dip, interlayer friction coefficient, and creep time on the casing stresses and deformations were studied. The calculated results show that the external pressures are related to the angle between principal stress, location, and creep time. The maximum external pressure produced by creep is larger by about 10% than in-situ stress. When the formation dip is smaller than about 50°, the stresses and deformations of casing increase with the formation dips, and which achieve the maximum at about 50°, and then decrease. The stresses and deformations decrease as the increase of interlayer friction coefficient.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jan 2013 13:48:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1121699</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the Deformation of Completion Casing for Salt Cavern Gas Storage</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1121768</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to improve the injection and production rate of salt cavern gas storages, the diameter of completion casing is generally larger than that of oil well. Moreover, the loads capacity of rock salt surrounding completion casing decreases for the creep of salt, inducing the increase of external pressure subjected to the completion casing. It may lead the collapse of casing. In this paper, indoor experiments were carried out to obtain the characteristic parameters of rock salt, such as damage index, Young's modulus, etc. The numerical simulation models of completion casings were established according to the parameters. The effects of damage index, Young's modulus, creep time, and non-uniform of in-situ stress on the deformations and stresses of completion casing were studied. The studied results show the time of external pressure reaching the maximum value decreases as the increase of depth, and the deformation rate increases with depth. The maximum horizontal in-situ stress increases with time and gradually becomes stable, whereas the minimum horizontal in-situ stress decreases with time when it reaches the maximum value. The creep of rock salt increases the non-uniform of in-situ stress, which is bad for the safety of completion casing. High grade steel and large thickness casing are recommended in the completion of salt cavern gas storages.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Dec 2012 17:18:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1121768</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Salt Brine Blending to Optimize Deicing and Anti-Icing Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research evaluated the ice melt capacity and field performance factors of deicers and deicer blends and then developed a temperature-based cost model for comparing the relative field performance of the evaluated deicers and deicer blends. Both solid and liquid deicers were evaluated for both deicing and anti-icing methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Sep 2012 14:00:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1212612</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Precautionary Salting Trials on the M62 at Goole</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1128196</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents the findings of a 2008 study looking at precautionary salt treatments, on a three-lane section of the M62 motorway, near Goole, United Kingdom.  The two salting trials were undertaken to determine the residual salt levels required to prevent ice formation on roads and how the levels vary after spreading.  Trial 1 used untreated dry 6.3mm rock salt and Trial 2 used dry 6.3mm rock salt treated with an additive based on an agricultural by-product. The de-icer was spread with the trial site open to traffic.  Two hours after the salt spread, the site was closed to traffic and the residual salt was collected from four 1-meter-long strips. After the salt recovery, the site was reopened to traffic until 25 hours after spreading. The site was then again closed to traffic and the residual salt was collected from another four strips.  The authors estimate that 14.6g/m² of the untreated salt and 17.0g/m² of the treated salt was spread to Lanes 1 to 3. After 2 hours of traffic, the salt loss in these lanes was estimated to be 59 per cent for the untreated salt and 51 per cent for the treated salt. After 25 hours, the loss of salt was estimated to be 73 per cent for both de-icers.   The authors conclude by noting that most of the residual salt that was present 25 hours after spreading was trapped in the surface voids of the negatively textured surfacing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Feb 2012 10:14:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1128196</guid>
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