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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Performance and Sustainability Assessment of Pavement Bases Incorporated with Hazardous Biomedical Waste Incinerated Ash in Geopolymer Binders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691641</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research investigates the feasibility of employing biomedical waste incinerator ash (BMWIA) as a geopolymer binder for pavement base stabilization. An experimental program was undertaken to study the influence of BMWIA content, sodium hydroxide–sodium silicate ratio, curing regime, and curing period on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of conventional aggregate (CA)-BMWIA mixtures. The optimum mixture was achieved with 20% BMWIA and an activator ratio of 50:50 under ambient curing conditions, which yielded the highest strength and a dense microstructural matrix. The mechanical performance of this optimized geopolymer mixture was subsequently evaluated against conventional ordinary portland cement (OPC)-stabilized and BMWIA-OPC blend–stabilized bases in terms of UCS, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength, resilient modulus, fatigue behavior, and durability. The geopolymer-stabilized base exhibited superior resistance to weathering, retaining 98% of its UCS after 12 cycles of wetting and drying, fully satisfying IRC: SP:89-2018 requirements. Fatigue testing confirmed a significantly longer service life under repeated traffic loading compared with cement-based counterparts. Environmental assessments indicated that heavy metal leachability remained well below permissible limits, while CO₂ emissions were reduced by approximately 47.7% relative to OPC stabilization and 17% relative to BMWIA-OPC blends. Additionally, the approach demonstrated substantial economic benefits, with cost savings estimated at 3.14 million/km of roadway. Overall, BMWIA-based geopolymers represent a durable, sustainable, and economically advantageous alternative for pavement base construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:50:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691641</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>From hazardous waste to sustainable filler: Synergistic use of treated spent cathode carbon and basalt fiber in asphalt mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2662131</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Spent cathode carbon blocks (SCCB), a by-product of aluminum electrolysis, are considered hazardous waste because they contain toxic substances like fluoride and cyanide. Traditional treatment methods pose a risk of environmental pollution. To achieve reliable and large-scale recycling and utilization of SCCB, this paper utilizes physicochemical synergistic harmless treatment of spent cathode carbon powder (SCCP) to prepare gel-encapsulated spent cathode carbon (PSC), PSC is used as a filler to replace part of limestone powder (LP), and basalt fiber is introduced as a modifier. Microscopic analysis, pavement performance, and environmental tests were conducted to evaluate its feasibility in road engineering, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to statistically analyze the performance differences among different treatments. The results show that PSC surfaces contain numerous grooves and pores, which bond well with asphalt. When the PSC replacement ratio is 50 %, the overall pavement performance of the asphalt mixture reaches the optimal level. However, all PSC replacement ratios exert a negative impact on the low-temperature cracking resistance of the asphalt mixture, and this adverse effect can be effectively mitigated by the incorporation of basalt fiber. After synergistic treatment, the fluoride ion leaching concentration of PSC is significantly reduced to 8.207 mg·L⁻¹ , and the fluoride ion leaching concentration of the corresponding asphalt mixture is less than 10 mg·L⁻¹ , both of which meet the environmental standards. This study proposes a sustainable approach to the resource recovery of SCCB, facilitating the safe recycling of hazardous materials and contributing to sustainable environmental development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2026 14:33:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2662131</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Micro-mechanical and environmental assessment of jarosite waste and limestone powder-treated clay soil for embankment applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647012</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study explores the innovative use of industrial by-products, specifically jarosite waste and limestone powder, for stabilising clay soil and its applicability as an embankment material. Laboratory tests were performed to assess the expansive behaviour of soil samples, and microstructural analyses were conducted to study the stabilisation mechanisms over a curing period ranging from 0 to 28 days. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the samples was measured at curing durations of 0, 7, 28, and 91 days. Additionally, potential toxicity levels associated with jarosite waste were evaluated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The soil treated with 20% jarosite waste and 7.5% limestone powder has been found to satisfy the required strength, plasticity index (PI), and swelling pressure (SP) criteria according to the relevant codal provisions for embankment material.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:15:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647012</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Microplastics Generated from Recycled Plastic Modified Asphalt Pavement: Method Development and Laboratory Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659303</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of recycled plastics in asphalt pavements, known as recycled plastics-modified (RPM) asphalt, has attracted attention for its potential to enhance the sustainability of asphalt pavement and reduce plastics waste. While research has been focused on RPM asphalt performance, little is known about its potential to shed microplastics over time. As awareness of microplastics pollution grows, concerns have arisen about this. However, analytical methods related to microplastics are not standardized and many are not well-suited for application to microplastics generated from RPM asphalts. This study is intended to address these knowledge gaps: an analytical method was developed to identify and quantify microplastics generated from RPM asphalts and used to collect preliminary data on the presence of microplastics in artificially abraded RPM asphalt material. Cantabro testing was performed on material from two RPM mixtures containing polyethylene (P1) and polyethylene terephthalate–based (P2) additives. These samples were analyzed using a thermogravimetric analysis–Fourier transform infrared (TGA-FTIR) spectroscopy technique. Results showed median P1 microplastics concentrations ranging from 1.6?±?4.5?mg/g to 7.25?±?6.9?mg/g, depending on particle size. The laboratory-based approach used is replicable but would require further adaptations for application to field-collected samples. The results suggest that future enhancement of the analytical procedure should include additional sample preparation and the replacement of FTIR spectroscopy by mass spectrometry to better differentiate polymer types present in a sample. Ongoing research will investigate application of these enhancements to the analytical method and apply them to samples of stormwater runoff and sediment collected from RPM asphalt sites.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2026 14:48:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2659303</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on optimization of transportation routes for infectious medical waste</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611430</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the pandemic, the amount of infectious medical waste has increased dramatically. Currently, the medical waste recycling process generally suffers from defects such as long distances, high costs, and a lack of emergency response mechanisms. This paper addresses the problem of medical waste collection and route optimization for regions with multiple vehicle types and stages. It comprehensively considers factors such as transportation costs, distance, vehicle allocation, and contamination risks during the collection and distribution of medical waste. The goal is to minimize transportation costs and risks, with constraints including uniqueness, connectivity between nodes, and vehicle load capacity. A segmented collection approach is used to model the medical waste collection process. An optimization method for medical waste collection site selection and vehicle routing is proposed. Given the NP-hard nature of the problem, a location allocation method based on minimum envelope clustering analysis is employed, and an improved NSGA-II algorithm incorporating a fast non-dominated sorting mechanism is designed to obtain Pareto optimal solutions. Comparing with the results of traditional genetic algorithms through simulation, the results show that using the improved NSGA-II to solve practical problems: 1. When the production of medical waste is flat (1 disposal center, 4 backup transfer points, 58 producing points), the total cost is reduced by 13.94%, the total mileage is reduced by 7.17%, the full load rate is increased by 6.14%, and the convergence time is 26 seconds. 2. When the production of medical waste increased significantly (1 disposal center, multiple backup transfer points, 58 producing points), the total cost, total mileage, and transportation risk were reduced by 9.50%, 10.35%, and 2.03%, respectively, and the full load rate increased by 5.98%. The final results also indicate that compared to the results obtained by traditional genetic algorithms, the improved NSGA-II algorithm performs better in solving the optimization problem of infectious medical waste transportation routes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 2026 17:40:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611430</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low-carbon conversion of hazardous alkylphenol wastes into epoxy asphalt via interfacial miscibility-reaction hybrid processes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2496824</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hazardous alkylphenol wastes (HAPW) are a class of organic semisolid waste characterized by large production, complex composition and difficulties associated with recycling. Their generation and disposal lead to significantly environmental issues, including water and soil pollution, and present a substantial industrial challenge. To address these issues, a sustainable, low-carbon strategy for the high-value utilization of HAPW has been proposed. We take HAPW as a compatibilizer in the production of epoxy asphalt for road construction materials. Experimental results show that the HAPW-based epoxy asphalt containing 19.5 wt% HAPW exhibited optimal mechanical properties (tensile strength: 4.16 MPa; elongation at break: 164.92 %), exceeding industrial standards and outperforming epoxy asphalt produced using commercial cardanol through conventional processes. With a detailed molecular dynamics simulation, it is found that the HAPW plays two key roles in enhancing the interactions between epoxy resins and asphalt: (i) HAPW generates numerous hydrogen bonds with both asphalt and epoxy resin phases, strengthening noncovalent interactions and improving interfacial miscibility between the two phases. (ii) HAPW could react with the epoxy resin through the phenolic hydroxyl group, which further improves the interactions between epoxy resin and asphalt. This approach facilitates the treatment of hazardous organic waste in an environmentally sustainable and low-carbon way, enabling the recovery and repurposing of organic waste into high-valued products. Consequently, it promotes the resource utilization of industrial wastes while simultaneously contributing to a reduction in carbon emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Mar 2025 15:11:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2496824</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An accelerated Benders decomposition method for distributionally robust sustainable medical waste location and transportation problem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2465222</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study addresses the sustainable medical waste location and transportation (SMWLT) problem from the viewpoint of social risk, environmental impact, and economic performance, where model uncertainty includes risk and transportation costs. In practice, it is usually hard to obtain the exact probability distribution of uncertain parameters. To address this challenge, this study first constructs an ambiguity set to model the partial distribution information of uncertain parameters. Based on the constructed ambiguity set, this study develops a new multi-objective distributionally robust chance-constrained (DRCC) model for the SMWLT problem. Subsequently, this study adopts the robust counterpart (RC) approximation method to reformulate the proposed DRCC model as a computationally tractable mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. Furthermore, an accelerated Benders decomposition (BD) enhanced by valid inequalities is designed to solve the resulting MILP model, which significantly improves the solution efficiency compared with the classical BD algorithm and CPLEX solver. Finally, a practical case in Chongqing, China, is addressed to illustrate the effectiveness of our DRCC model and the accelerated BD solution method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Dec 2024 10:34:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2465222</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A multi-objective optimization model for medical waste recycling network design under uncertainties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2353965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transporting medical waste (MW) generated by medical institutions (MIs) is a process that poses potential threats to the environment and public safety. Therefore, it is vital to find a safe and efficient way to transport this type of waste to disposal centers (DCs). However, there are challenges in the transportation of MW due to random factors such as the generation of waste in an unpredictable manner and unforeseen travel times. In this paper, the authors propose a bi-level optimization model to minimize site selection costs, transportation costs, time-window penalties costs, and transportation risks under uncertainties. The concepts of “loading reliability”, “travel time reliability” and “transportation risk” are adopted in the proposed optimization model. The simulated annealing algorithm (SA) is employed to address the optimal location problem (Upper level), which involves minimizing the construction cost, transportation cost (DC-CP-DC), and transportation risk (estimated using Bayesian method). To tackle the capacity-constrained vehicle routing problem considering transportation risk and time window penalties (Lower level), they propose an improved genetic algorithm named harmony search algorithm (IHSGA). Subsequently, the results from the lower level are looped back to the upper level, fostering mutual influence between the two stages. They demonstrate the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed model and algorithm using S city in China as an illustrative example. Furthermore, a series of sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine the impact of various factors. The findings highlight the pivotal roles of both travel time reliability and loading reliability in designing the medical waste recycling network. In comparison to the general Genetic Algorithm (GA) and CPLEX solver, the modified IHSGA presented in this paper exhibits superior performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Apr 2024 09:48:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2353965</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leaching and mechanical performance of rubberized warm mix asphalt modified through the chemical treatment of hazardous waste materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2095288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Two main distresses of rutting and moisture damage of warm mix asphalt (WMA) are evaluated using crumb rubber, as major additive. Treated waste polyethylene and waste engine oil were employed to provide the reasonable production temperature of rubberized WMA. The results of storage stability, freeze–thaw cycles, and dynamic creep tests showed that the biphasic problem of rubberized bitumen and WMA distresses can be solved through this mixture modifications. Moreover, the reduction of bitumen consumption and production temperature are other advantages. Furthermore, the results of leaching assessment indicate that the long-term environmental impact of hazardous materials of WMA is negligible.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Feb 2023 09:57:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2095288</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How can infectious medical waste be forecasted and transported during the COVID-19 pandemic? A hybrid two-stage method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2077308</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unforeseen collapse of infectious medical waste (IMW) and an abrupt smite of the conveying chain. Hospitals and related treatment centers face great challenges during the pandemic because mismanagement may lead to more severe life threats and enlarge environmental pollution. Opportune forecasting and transportation route optimization, therefore, are crucial to coping with social stress meritoriously. All related hospitals and medical waste treatment centers (MWTCs) should make decisions in perspective to reduce the economic pressure and infection risk immensely. This study proposes a hybrid dynamic method, as follows: first to forecast confirmed cases via infectious disease modeling and analyze the association between IMW outflows and cases; next to construct a model through time-varying factors and the lagging factor to predict the waste quantity; and then to optimize the transportation network route from hospitals to MWTCs. For demonstration intentions, the established methodology is employed to an illustrative example. Based on the obtained results, in finding the process of decision making, cost becomes the common concern of decision-makers. Actually, the infection risk among publics has to be considered simultaneously. Therefore, realizing early warning and safe waste management has an immensely positive effect on epidemic stabilization and lifetime health.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2022 16:58:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2077308</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Indicator of the modernity of the waste utilization method of transport enterprises and municipal consumers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993617</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the practice of protecting the biosphere from waste, it is necessary to make a choice of methods, technologies or equipment. Preference is given to modern methods and technologies. To assess the modernity of the method, the integral indicator of the modernity of the method (IMM) is used. IMM takes into account the requirements of humanity to the control of consumption and production waste in a specific period of time. It is a multi-component indicator related to various aspects of waste control. It takes into account the period of existence of a given method, or the duration of use of a particular disposal method, economic and environmental indicators of its application. The indicator can take into account the need and distance of waste transportation to the place of their disposal. The proposed indicator corresponds to the requirements of laws and regulations on hazardous waste management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Aug 2022 09:23:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1993617</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Medical waste collection considering transportation and storage risk</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1918256</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors consider a Periodic Load-dependent Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (PLCVRP) encountered by healthcare centers and medical waste collection companies for the design of a weekly inventory routing schedule to transport medical wastes to treatment sites. In addition to minimization of transportation risk, occupational risk related to temporary storage of hazardous wastes at the healthcare centers is considered. The transport risk on each arc is dependent on the weight of hazardous medical waste on the vehicle when it traverses that arc. The authors devise a decomposition based heuristic algorithm to solve this problem. The authors analyze the characteristics of the PLCVRP’s solutions with respect to four different criteria: (i) transport and occupational risk, (ii) transport risk, (iii) occupational risk, and (iv) transportation cost. Solving different versions of PLCVRP reveals that minimizing both transport and occupational risk on the network can aid decision makers to develop a better routing schedule in terms of the imposed risk of hazardous medical waste. Experimental results confirm the efficiency of our heuristic. The authors present a case study to illustrate solution attributes obtained by the solution methodology. The case study is based on medical waste management in Dolj, Romania.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Mar 2022 10:52:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1918256</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analytical Evaluation of Preliminary Drop Tests Performed to Develop a Robust Design for the Standardized DOE Spent Nuclear Fuel Canister</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Department of Energy (DOE) has developed a design concept for a set of standard canisters for the handling, interim storage, transportation, and disposal in the national repository of DOE spent nuclear fuel (SNF). The standardized DOE SNF canister has to be capable of handling virtually all of the DOE SNF in a variety of potential storage and transportation systems. It must also be acceptable to the repository, based on current and anticipated future requirements. This expected usage mandates a robust design. The canister design has four unique geometries, with lengths of approximately 10 feet or 15 feet, and an outside nominal diameter of 18 inches or 24 inches. The canister has been developed to withstand a drop from 30 feet onto a rigid (flat) surface, sustaining only minor damage - but no rupture - to the pressure (containment) boundary. The majority of the end drop-induced damage is confined to the skirt and lifting/stiffening ring components, which can be removed if desired after an accidental drop. A canister, with its skirt and stiffening ring removed after an accidental drop, can continue to be used in service with appropriate operational steps being taken. Features of the design concept have been proven through drop testing and finite element analyses of smaller test specimens. Finite element analyses also validated the canister design for drops onto a rigid (flat) surface for a variety of canister orientations at impact, from vertical to 45 degrees off vertical. Actual 30-foot drop testing has also been performed to verify the final design, though limited to just two full-scale test canister drops. In each case, the analytical models accurately predicted the canister response.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 10 Jan 2022 16:44:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894391</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mixed-integer linear programming models for the paint waste management problem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856741</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hazardous wastes have significant negative impacts on environment and people, which make their management a prominent task. A general hazardous waste reverse logistics network consists of sources, collection centers, treatment centers, processing/recycling facilities, and disposal facilities. The authors study a reverse logistics network specifically for household hazardous wastes and examine its difference from a non-hazardous and industrial waste network. The authors consider multi-objective mixed-integer deterministic and stochastic mathematical models that are designed to answer the following questions: which facilities or centers should be opened, which routes should be utilized, and how much waste should be transported to each location in order to minimize the transportation cost, transportation/site risk, and to maximize household convenience for the purpose of participation increase at collection stage. Specifically, the authors propose an optimization framework for the management of hazardous household wastes, and consider the waste paint network in the City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada as a test bed for the authors' analysis. Finally, the authors provide easy-to-interpret visualization tools for the problem, which help interpreting the model outcomes and identifying policy insights.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 2021 14:25:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1856741</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Scenarios Involving Accident-Damaged Electric Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867963</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electrically propelled cars will play a major role on the streets, not only in the far, but also in the near future. In this work, an overview on the possible risks arising from electric vehicles is given that involves electrical, chemical and thermal hazards. Additionally, an analysis on different scenarios involving damaged electric vehicles, the involved parties, as well as their risk assessment in terms of hazard rating is presented. Furthermore, two scenarios are explained and addressed with more detail. With the derived risks of the battery and with possible crash scenarios presented, the still existing uncertainties for handling damaged electric vehicles are addressed, followed by a discussion on ways to overcome this problem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Aug 2021 11:16:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867963</guid>
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