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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Accessibility to primary health care in the 15-minute city: Localization decision making on a Swedish hybrid market</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684200</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accessibility to everyday services and activities is widely regarded as a cornerstone of sustainable urban development and transportation framed in the 15-minute city model. In the literature on the 15-minute city, everyday important destinations to services and amenities are in focus, with health care being one of the most essential services. In Sweden, the overarching goal of health care—outlined in the Health and Medical Services Act of 1982—is to promote good health across the entire population and ensure care is provided on equal terms, based on individual needs. According to a recent Swedish government investigation, a well-functioning public health centres (PHC) is “probably the single most important activity by which the health care system can contribute to improve equity in health”. Digitalization is reshaping the organization of PHCs, but physical meetings, and accessibility to PHC is still vital, not least for complex health issues and patients that require recurring attention. We furthermore argue that the everyday aspects of primary health care underline the importance of geographical proximity to PHCs. There is a lack of studies on performance of primary health care in terms of e.g. quality and patient satisfaction, and proximity has shown to be one of the most important factors for patients. Geographical location and easy access to PHCs are therefore key aspects in welfare provision. The Swedish PHC sector can today be described as a quasi-market, with both public and private practitioners but mainly public funding. Here we present the starting point of a study focusing both on how the localization decisions are made in practise by public and private public health providers in a quasi-market structure, the locational outcome of the existing system and if accessibility by sustainable transportation is of any concern in deciding where to localize.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 11:00:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2684200</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>United States taxi and for-hire vehicle drivers: Emergency room utilization with high hospital admission rates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587103</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Background: Taxi and for-hire vehicle (FHV) drivers have risk of high emergency room (ER) utilization, but there is an evidence gap around their utilization patterns and outcomes. Objective: The authors sought to describe and find predictors of drivers' ER use and hospital admissions. Methods: Bilingual research staff recruited New York City (NYC) metropolitan area licensed full-time taxi/FHV drivers for a cross-sectional survey (December 2016-January 2017) at work-related locations (airport holding lots, taxi garages, etc.). Drivers were stratified by birth region, age group, and driving arrangement (taxi or FHV type). Results: The authors recruited 422 taxi/FHV drivers (97% male, mean age 45 years [12 SDs]). The most frequent region of birth was South Asia (36%). Average time in the U.S. was 19.9 years (11 SDs); 28% indicated speaking English "very well". Twenty three percent had past-year ER use, with 44% subsequently admitted to hospital. In multivariate regression analyses, the authors found that financially being able to cover one's expenses with some left over and not having a past-year general health check-up increased the odds of visiting the ER. There were no significant predictors of hospital admissions. Conclusions: The study is the first to show high hospital admissions following ER visits among NYC taxi/FHV drivers, which were 4 times more frequent than in the general U.S. population. Non-emergency/preventable ER use could likely be lessened by increasing awareness of and motivation to access routine health visits for general health care and chronic condition management. More research is needed into high hospital admission rates.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Sep 2025 08:35:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2587103</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Introducing rational agent access model to enhance scene-to-hospital accessibility of emergency medical services</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emergency medical services (EMS) are crucial for patient survival, and spatial access to EMS is among the most important factors from a spatial perspective. While existing spatial accessibility models applied to EMS were mostly the nearest facility model and two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) methods, the authors considered the rational agent access model (RAAM) as an approach that incorporates EMS personnel's hospital-seeking behavior regarding available emergency rooms and the golden time to increase a patient's survival. They compared the generalized 2SFCA (G2SFCA) method and RAAM, validating both using actual patient transport data in Seoul, South Korea. Results show that the RAAM has small locational accessibility gaps within the study area compared with the G2SFCA method, and it identifies islands that have low accessibility areas in central Seoul, which the G2SFCA method cannot. Furthermore, RAAM correlates better with actual patient transport times, hospital waiting times, and patient allocation patterns than the G2SFCA method does, indicating that it reflects EMS personnel's behavior more accurately. Based on these results, the authors suggest that while 2SFCA-based methods are useful for general healthcare access measurement, RAAM provides a better measurement for EMS, where resource constraints and golden time are critical.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:39:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577288</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Injuries associated with e-scooters, e-bikes and other e-micromobility devices: analysis of emergency department presentations and deaths in Victoria, 2016 to 2023</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[E-micromobility refers to the use of electric-powered, lightweight vehicles for short-distance trips within urban or suburban areas. These vehicles typically include electric scooters, electric bicycles (e-bikes), and electronic self-balancing devices such as Segways. While the use of e-micromobility is beneficial in providing environmentally friendly and cost-effective transport options, there are safety concerns around their use. The introduction and extension of the current e-scooter ride share scheme in Victoria, the regulation permitting use of private e-scooters on road, and the current widespread availability of e-bike ride shares, provided ample impetus to focus on e-micromobility safety in Victoria. The aim of this edition of Hazard was therefore to provide an in-depth description of e-micromobility related injuries resulting in Emergency Department (ED) presentations (2017/18 to 2022/23) or death (2016–2020). The aims were to provide insights into e-scooter, e-bike and electronic self-balancing device related injuries in terms of time trends, population-based rates, sociodemographic patient profile, circumstances of the injury occurrence, injury severity, and ED presentation outcomes. The information can be used to inform e-micromobility safety practices in Victoria, as well as providing a baseline measure for continued tracking of injury trends and patterns. The data sources for this report were the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset, made available to the Victorian Injury Surveillance Unit by the Victorian Department of Health, and a custom data report on fatalities associated with e-micromobility, from the National Coronial Information System.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 13:46:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550860</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing road Safety: Improving Injury Severity Assessment and Post-Crash Care Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509217</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Various measures can be used to define a ‘serious injury’ resulting from a road crash. These range from police reported data on whether a road crash participant was admitted to hospital, to in-depth detailed coding of each individual injury sustained by a person in a road crash using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). The latter is often reduced to a single value, indicating the maximal level of injury sustained (MAIS) by an injured person. MAIS greater than three is commonly used as a serious injury indicator, and the European Commission have adopted this definition. However, this definition diminishes the influence of multiple less severe injuries that may increase both overall injury as well as extended hospital stay. This research explores the various injury measures as well as post-crash recovery time spent in hospital, and which measure might give a better indication of serious injury.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:06:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509217</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Monitoring Personal Mobility Device emergency department injury presentations and trends</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509160</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the more than five years since the first shared e-scooter scheme in Australia began in Brisbane, Queensland, other Australian jurisdictions have gradually allowed their own shared schemes with varying restrictions. Private use on public infrastructure has also become more commonplace with previous bans being lifted over this time. However, evidence from emergency department presentations, injuries and compensation claims, shows it is apparent that as the number of users grows, as does the amount and severity of injuries from e-scooters and other PMD (Personal Mobility Device) types (RACQ, 2023). In November 2022, Queensland introduced new legislation regarding PMD use, decreasing the footpath speed by half and increased fines for breaching the rules (Queensland Government, 2022). As the rules and users mature with PMDs, it is crucial to track changes in injury trends to understand the impacts from safety messaging, regulations and policies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:05:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509160</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigating factors influencing hospital admissions of injured road users</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509116</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the realm of road safety research, understanding the multifaceted factors influencing the number of injured individuals admitted to hospitals is paramount for effective policy-making and intervention strategies. This paper delves into this critical area by harnessing machine learning techniques to analyse historical road injury data (2011-2021) collected by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Specifically, the study investigates the impact of various factors, including personal characteristics such as gender and age, as well as locational factors such as urban and regional settings, on both the frequency and duration of hospital length of stay for injured road users. Through the utilisation of machine learning techniques, this research endeavors to unveil intricate patterns and relationships within the dataset.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:05:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509116</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of children applying to emergency service after motor vehicle trauma</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475962</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic accidents are significant causes of death and serious injury in children. Children's clinical findings are more subtle and there is a risk of faster deterioration. On the other hand, radiation sensitivity due to imaging is also high. These challenging factors highlight the importance of approaching pediatric trauma cases. In the study, the authors aimed to contribute to current approaches by examining the clinical course and profiles of children involved in traffic accidents. This study aimed to analyze the profiles and clinical courses of children involved in road traffic accidents. Pediatric patients brought to the hospital due to injuries from traffic accidents were retrospectively investigated. During the two-year period analyzed in the study, 605 child patients applied due to traffic accidents, accounting for 5.4 % of pediatric trauma cases. The majority of the children were between the ages of 12-17, with most accidents occurring in the summer. In total, 56.9 % were from in-vehicle traffic accidents, 36.7 % were from extra-vehicular traffic accidents, and 6.4 % were from motorcycle accidents. The imaging rate among the patients was 89 %, and 50.6 % had more than one tomography. More than half of the cases had no pathological findings, and only 6 % required hospitalization. Most cases were treated successfully with medical care, while 21.4 % needed interventional procedures, and 10 % received no treatment. The most common injuries were superficial skin lesions (11.1 %) and extremity fractures (10.2 %), with orthopedics being the most consulted department. Fractures were most common in the tibia and were more likely in motorcycle accidents than in-car accidents. In-vehicle accidents were the most frequent type of accident, and children under 4 years old had a higher incidence of in-car accidents than other age groups. Males made up 60 % of the cases, with boys having higher rates of motorcycle and extra-vehicular accidents compared to girls. While most children had no injuries from the accidents, those who did generally recovered well with outpatient monitoring. On the other hand, 89 % of patients underwent imaging at a high rate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jan 2025 15:11:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475962</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Association between e-scooter temporal usage patterns with injuries resulting in admission to a level one trauma center</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449405</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As e-scooters have become common modes of transportations in urban environments, riding e-scooters has become a common mechanism of injury. This study examines the relationship between when riders are using these devices (i.e. day of week, and time of the day) and injury incidence based on data from a large U.S. city. This study is a retrospective cohort study of patients in the trauma registry at a level one trauma center. Registry data were combined with a publicly available dataset of all e-scooter trips that occurred during the study period. Frequency of injuries and trips were analyzed using ANOVA. Poisson regressions were conducted to calculate incidence rate ratios associated with injury incidence by day of the week and time of day. A total of 194 injured e-scooter patients were admitted to the trauma center during the study period. Patients were injured most often on Fridays (21%) and most often presented between 18:00-23:59 (38%). E-Scooter riders in general, most often rode on Saturdays (20%) and between 12:00-17:59 (44%). There was no significant relationship between day of week and injury. Riders in the early morning (IRR = 16.7, p < .001 95% CI: 10.5, 26.6), afternoon (IRR = 2.0, p = .01 95% CI: 1.2, 3.4), and evening (IRR = 3.7, p < .001 95% CI: 2.3, 6.2) had significant increased injury incidence compared to morning riders. E-Scooter injury incidence varies by the time of day. The time of day in which a person rides an e-scooter can have a significant impact on the likelihood that the person will sustain an injury.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Nov 2024 11:01:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2449405</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hospital preparedness assessment for road traffic accidents with mass casualties: A cross-sectional study in Kurdistan Province, Iran</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381630</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are predicted to become the world's seventh leading cause of death by 2030. Given the significant impact of RTAs on public health, effective hospital preparedness plays a pivotal role in managing and mitigating associated health and life-threatening issues. This study aims to meticulously evaluate the preparedness of selected hospitals in western Iran to handle road traffic accidents with mass casualties (RTAs-MC). The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a reliable and valid questionnaire to measure hospitals' preparedness levels. Descriptive statistics (frequency distribution and mean) were utilized to provide an overview of the data, followed by analytical statistics (Spearman correlation test) to examine the relationship between hospital preparedness and its dimensions with the hospital profile. Data analysis, performed using SPSS software, categorized preparedness levels as weak, moderate, or high. The study found that hospitals in Kurdistan province had a favorable preparedness level (70.30) to respond to RTAs-MC. The cooperation and coordination domain had the highest preparedness level (98.75), while the human resource management (59.44) and training and exercise (54.00) domains had the lowest preparedness levels. The analysis revealed a significant relationship between hospital preparedness and hospital profile, including factors such as hospital specialty, number of beds, ambulances, staff, and specialized personnel, such as emergency medicine specialists. Enhancing preparedness for RTAs-MC necessitates developing response plans to improve hospital profile, considering the region's geographic and topographic features, utilizing past experiences and lessons learned, implementing of Hospital Incident Command System (HICS), providing medical infrastructure and equipment, establishing communication channels, promoting cooperation and coordination, and creating training and exercise programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Jul 2024 09:55:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381630</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Emergency Department Visits for Pedestrians Injured in Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes - United States, January 2021-December 2023</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic-related pedestrian deaths in the United States reached a 40-year high in 2021. Each year, pedestrians also suffer nonfatal traffic-related injuries requiring medical treatment. Near real-time emergency department visit data from CDC's National Syndromic Surveillance Program during January 2021-December 2023 indicated that among approximately 301 million visits identified, 137,325 involved a pedestrian injury (overall visit proportion = 45.62 per 100,000 visits). The proportions of visits for pedestrian injury were 1.53-2.47 times as high among six racial and ethnic minority groups as that among non-Hispanic White persons. Compared with persons aged >=65 years, proportions among those aged 15-24 and 25-34 years were 2.83 and 2.61 times as high, respectively. The visit proportion was 1.93 times as high among males as among females, and 1.21 times as high during September-November as during June-August. Timely pedestrian injury data can help collaborating federal, state, and local partners rapidly monitor trends, identify disparities, and implement strategies supporting the Safe System approach, a framework for preventing traffic injuries among all road users.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Jun 2024 14:16:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381612</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Direct medical charges of all parties in teen-involved vehicle crashes by culpability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2226039</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study that estimated hospitalization and emergency department costs for teenage driver-involved crashes, analyzed by burden of responsibility and comparing costs for the teen driver, his or her passengers, and occupants of other vehicles.  The study used data from Iowa police crash reports, hospital emergency departments, and hospital inpatient data and included teenage drivers (aged 14-17 years, n = 28,062) involved in crashes from 2016-2020.  Of the teen drivers involved, the authors determined that 61% (n = 17, 437) were responsible for the crash.  For all parties involved, the inpatient charges were $20.5 million in crashes where the teenage driver was considered culpable and $7.2 million in non-culpable crashes. The emergency department charges were $18.7 million in teen culpable crashes and $6.8 million in teen non-culpable crashes. Of the $20.5 million total inpatient charges in which a teen driver was culpable, charges of $9.5 million (46.3%) were for the injured teen driver and $11.0 million (53.7%) for other involved parties.  The authors conclude with a discussion of these higher proportions of injury and higher medical charges in crashes caused by teenage drivers, noting that most of these charges were for other individuals in the crash.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 May 2024 15:27:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2226039</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electric scooter sharing systems: An analysis of injury patterns associated with their introduction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370846</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the increasing popularity of electric scooters (ES) and the introduction of ES sharing systems in 2017, hospitals are seeing more ES-related injuries. The effects of sharing systems on traumatic injuries are lacking in the literature. The authors, therefore, sought to describe trends in ES injuries. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried for patients hospitalized with ES-related injuries in the United States from 2015 to 2019. Admissions due to ES were divided into two cohorts: before (=2017) and after (>2018) the introduction of sharing systems. Patients were stratified by injuries sustained, age, gender, and race. Inpatient hospital charges and length of stay were compared. Exclusion criteria included patients older than 65 and patients with neurological disorders. Traumatic injuries were compared after adjusting for age, gender, and race in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. During the study period, there were 686 admissions, of which 220 remained due to exclusion criteria. There was a consistent increase in ES-related injuries over the years (r = 0.91, p = 0.017). Patients who were injured after the introduction of sharing systems were more likely to sustain facial fractures (OR, 2.63; 95%CI, 1.30–5.32; p = 0.007) after controlling for age, gender, and race. The incidence of lumbar and pelvic fractures was higher following the introduction of such systems (7.1% vs. 0%; p<0.05).  The introduction of ES sharing systems resulted in increased incidence of facial, pelvic, and lumbar fractures. Federal and state regulations need to be implemented to mitigate the detrimental effects of ES sharing systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2024 09:24:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2370846</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Secular trends in the incidence and severity of injuries sustained by riders of electric bikes and powered scooters: The experience of a level 1 adult trauma center</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2372860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The incidence of injuries caused by electric bicycles (E-bikes) and powered scooters (P-scooters) continues to increase. Data on the severity of those injuries is conflicting. The purpose of this study was to explore secular trends in the incidence and severity characteristics of patients following E-bike and P-scooter injuries and predictors for major trauma. A retrospective cohort study of patients aged >=16 years following E-bike and P-scooter injuries was performed at a level 1-trauma center between 2017 and 2022. The authors explored secular trends in major trauma cases (primary outcome), emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and surgical interventions (secondary outcomes). Major trauma was defined by either an injury severity score (ISS) >15 or the patient's need for acute care, defined by any of the following: Intensive care unit admission, direct disposition to the operating room, acute interventions performed in the trauma room, and in-hospital death. Primary and secondary outcomes were compared between two time frames (2017-2018 vs.2019-2022). In total, 9748 patients were presented following P-scooter and E-bike injuries. Of them, 1183 patients (12.1%) were hospitalized (854 males [72.2%], median age 33 years, median ISS 9). During the study period, the number of ED visits increased by 21-fold, with a parallel increase hospitalizations and surgical interventions numbers, which increased by 3.4-and 3.8-fold, respectively. Numbers of patients with ISSs >15 and patients who required acute care sharply increased during the study period, but no significant differences were found in the percentages of patients with ISSs >15 (p = 0.78) or patients' need for acute care (p = 0.32) between early and late periods. A severity analysis revealed that male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.7 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-2.4], p = 0.001) and E-bike riders compared to P-scooter riders (aOR 1.5 [95% CI:1.1-2.0], p = 0.005) were independent predictors for severe trauma. The incidence of E-bike and P-scooter injuries sharply increased over time, with a parallel elevation in numbers of hospitalizations, surgical interventions, and major trauma cases. Major trauma percentages did not increase during the study period. Male sex and E-bikes emerged as independent predictors for major trauma.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2024 09:24:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2372860</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Police-hospital data linkage for traffic injury surveillance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2366984</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This systematic review examined the linkage between police crash data and hospital data in both developed and developing nations context. Using inclusion and exclusion criteria, relevant studies were selected from PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus (N=58) using the backwards and forwards snowballing technique to identify additional relevant papers from 1994 to 2023. The research examined data from different sources; road traffic injury and fatality risk variables, and employed statistical methods. Studies varied in chronological and geographical coverage, data type, aims, incident numbers, linking methodology and software tools, link rates, and most notable discoveries. Police crash records underreported pedestrian, pedal-cyclists, and socially-disadvantaged groups’ injuries and overestimated clinically serious injuries, according to the review. The research demonstrated that the probabilistic record linkage is more popular, however, more uniform categorisation criteria such as the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) might improve injury data linking.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2024 14:19:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2366984</guid>
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