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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Mitigation of the Damage of Amish Buggies to Local Roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2134550</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper summarizes the results of a study that was conducted to identify all possible changes that could be made to horseshoes used by the Amish community to mitigate their damage to local roads. Several alternative horseshoes were identified, including: horseshoes with a new calk design, horseshoes coated with select tungsten carbide coating design, and a composite horseshoe. Laboratory tests were performed to quantify the reduction in damage to local roads from using the alternative horseshoes. Experiments were also conducted to evaluate the effects of the new horseshoes on horses’ hooves and legs. Finally, comprehensive cost analyses were conducted to estimate the costs to users as well as the life-cycle costs of Amish buggy routes when the different horseshoes considered in this paper are used. The results of laboratory tests indicated that the use of alternative horseshoes can significantly reduce the road damage. The experiments performed to evaluate the effect of alternative horseshoes on horses indicated that the alternative horseshoes reduced stress on the horse hoof by at least 45%, while maintaining traction. The results of life-cycle cost analyses indicated that using the alternative horseshoes with new calk design can result in reducing the annual repair costs of Amish buggy routes by at least 40%. The results also suggested that using the alternative horseshoes could reduce the annual cost of horse keeping, considering the effects of the shoes on the service life of a horse.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Mar 2023 09:04:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2134550</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Cars dent, horse riders break: analysis of police-recorded injury incidents involving ridden horses on public roads in Great Britain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2052742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Police-recorded road injury data are frequently used to approximate injury risk for different road user groups but a detailed analysis of incidents involving ridden horses has not previously been conducted. This study aims to describe human injuries resulting from interactions between ridden horses and other road users on public roads in Great Britain and identify factors associated with severe to fatal injuries. Police-recorded road incident data involving ridden horses (2010-2019) were extracted from the Department for Transport (DfT) database and described. Multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression modeling was used to identify factors associated with severe/fatal injury outcomes. A total of 1,031 injury incidents involving ridden horses were reported by police forces, involving 2,243 road users. Out of 1,187 road users injured, 81.4% were female, 84.1% were horse riders, and 25.2% (n=293/1,161) were in the 0-20 year age category. Horse riders represented 238/267 serious injuries and 17/18 fatalities. Vehicle types involved in incidents where horse riders were seriously/fatally injured were mostly cars (53.4%, n=141/264) and vans/light goods vehicles (9.8%, n=26). Horse riders, cyclists, and motorcyclists had higher odds of severe/fatal injury compared to car occupants (p<0.001). Severe/fatal injuries were more likely on roads with 60-70 mph speed limits versus 20-30 mph roads, while odds of severe/fatal injury increased with increasing road user age (p<0.001). Improved equestrian road safety will largely impact females and young people as well as reducing risk of severe/fatal injuries in older road users and those using modes of transport such as pedal-cycles and motorcycles. The findings support existing evidence that reductions in speed limits on rural roads would help reduce the risk of serious/fatal injuries. More robust equestrian incident data would better inform evidence-based initiatives to improve road safety for all road users. The authors suggest how this can be done.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2022 16:19:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2052742</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Characteristics and outcomes following motorized and non-motorized vehicular trauma in a resource-limited setting</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1897074</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the ubiquity of motorized vehicular transport, non-motorized transportation continues to be common in sub-Saharan Africa. The authors performed a retrospective analysis of trauma patients presenting to Kamuzu Central Hospital in Malawi from February 2008 to May 2018. Demographic and clinical variables including injury characteristics and outcomes were collected. The authors performed bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine predictors of mortality following non-motorized vehicular trauma. This study included 36,412 patients involved in vehicular road injuries. Patients in the non-motorized group had a preponderance of men (84% versus 73%, p<0.01). The proportion of patients with Glasgow Coma Scale > 8 was slightly higher in the non-motorized group (99% versus 98%, p<0.01), though injury severity did not differ significantly between the two groups. A higher proportion in the motorized group had the most severe injury of contusions and abrasions (56% versus 50%, p<0.01). In contrast, the non-motorized group had a higher proportion of orthopedic injuries (24% versus 16%, p<0.01). The crude mortality rate was 4.51% and 2.15% in the motorized and non-motorized groups, respectively. After controlling for demographic factors and injury severity, the incidence rate ratio of mortality did not differ significantly between motorized and non-motorized trauma groups (IRR 0.91, p=0.35). Non-motorized vehicular trauma remains a significant proportion of morbidity and mortality resulting from road traffic injuries. The injury severity and incidence rate ratio of mortality did not differ between motorized and non-motorized trauma groups. Health care providers should not underestimate the severity of injuries from non-motorized trauma.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 13:07:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1897074</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predictors of perceived road collision/incident risk among horse users: A survey study from Norway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although horse users in traffic are a vulnerable road user group, traffic safety problems among them are scantly examined by previous research. The main aim of the present study was to examine the role of some demographic variables, traffic safety attitudes, and level of knowledge about rules and regulations applying to horse use in traffic for predicting perceived road collision/incident risk in a sample of horse users in Norway. An online survey was conducted to collect data from a total of 1733 horse users including horse riders and drivers of horse-drawn sulky, wagon or sled. The respondents accessed the survey via a link put to the website of the Norwegian Horse Centre, which is in contact with many different horse user environments in Norway. The majority of the respondents were female and between the ages of 18–30. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the predictors of the perceived collision/incident risk involving other motor vehicles. Results showed that traffic safety attitudes among horse users were the strongest predictor of the perceived collision/incident risk. In particular, horse users reported a negative attitude towards the other road users (e.g. drivers) indicating that they perceive the other road users’ actions and approaches as the biggest source of risk in road traffic. The level of knowledge about the rules and regulations applying to horse use, especially in walking and cycling lane, was relatively low among the respondents. However, knowledge about rules and regulations did not appear as a strong predictor of the perceived collision/incident risk. Results indicate the need to increase road users, especially drivers’, awareness about the problems and needs of horse users in traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Oct 2020 09:28:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1739117</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Partial Depth Pavement Repairs on Routes Heavily Traveled by Amish Horse and Buggies -Phase 2</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1709030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes the results of a research project that was conducted to identify and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alternative repair mixtures and methods and their combination that can be used to improve the performance and service life of partial depth repairs performed on Amish buggy routes in Ohio, and identify all possible changes that could be made to the Amish horseshoes and buggies to mitigate their damage to pavement structures. This project was divided into two phases. The results of Phase 1 indicated that partial depth repairs performed on routes with heavy Amish buggy traffic were four times more expensive than those of routes without Amish buggy traffic.  Based on the outcome of Phase 1 of this project, Phase 2 involved designing several asphalt mixtures with improved rutting resistance. The field evaluation of the test sections constructed in this study indicated that that the designed mixtures  had  better performance than those typically used for repairing of Amish buggy routes. In addition, Phase 2 also identified several alternative horseshoes to reduce damage to Amish  buggy routes. The results of cost analyses indicated that using the alternative horseshoes with new calk design can result in reducing the annual repair costs of Amish buggy routes by at least 40%. In addition, the results suggested that using alternative horseshoes reduce the annual horse costs encountered by Amish when considering the effects of those shoes on the horse service life.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2020 14:15:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1709030</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Vulnerable Road Users: Diagnosis of Design and Operational Safety Problems and Potential Countermeasures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1486246</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Following the World Health Organisation, nearly half of those dying on the world's roads are vulnerable road users (VRU). This proportion is much greater in low- and middle-income countries, because of the greater variety and intensity of traffic mix and the lack of separation from other road users, than in high-income countries. Compared to other road users the vulnerable user group is particularly exposed to injury as they are not protected by a vehicle shell.  For years, pedestrians, cyclists, moped riders, etc. have been considered in the World Road Association (PIARC) guidelines on road safety. However, considering that worldwide the total number of vulnerable road users deaths and injuries remains unacceptably high the PIARC 2012-2015 technical committee "Design and Operation of Safer Road Infrastructure" decided to review and update its guidelines, checklists and manuals emphasizing on the safety of this group of users.  As a first step a PIARC common agreed definition of VRUs has been proposed. This definition focuses on road users who are at great risk because of insufficient physical protection or because of relative high speed difference with potential conflicting modes. Through this definition a specific attention is given to four main categories of road users; i.e. pedestrians, cyclists, riders of powered two-wheelers, light duty farm vehicles or animal drawn vehicles. In a second stage the working group worked on listing infrastructure safety treatment solutions to mitigate risks for VRU sub-groups along urban and interurban roads.  In parallel the road safety audit (RSA) and inspection (RSI) checklists have been amended to account for the newly adopted definition. Checklists have been made more consistent to address safety issues related to pedestrians, cyclists, powered two-wheelers and other VRU subgroups.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Nov 2017 11:34:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1486246</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USTRA at 125</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487583</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This year marks the 125th anniversary of Hannover's transport undertaking. The most notable event was a spectacular parade on 25 May, featuring tramcars spanning the entirety of the city's electric tramway era. Mike Russell reports.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Nov 2017 11:31:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487583</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Injury Risks for On-Road Farm Equipment and Horse and Buggy Crashes in Pennsylvania: 2010–2013</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1455676</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics associated with farm equipment and horse and buggy roadway crashes in relation to person, incident, and injury characteristics to identify appropriate points for injury incident prevention.  Information on crashes occurring on public roads during the years 2010–2013 was obtained from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and analyzed. There were 344 farm equipment and 246 horse and buggy crashes during the 4-year study period. These crashes involved 666 and 504 vehicles and 780 and 838 people, respectively. In incidents with farm equipment, the non-farm equipment drivers had an almost 2 times greater injury risk than farm equipment operators. Horse and buggy crashes were almost 3 times more injurious to the horse and buggy drivers than the drivers of the other vehicles.   The average crash rate for farm equipment was 198.4 crashes per 100,000 farm population and for horse and buggy the crash rate was calculated as 89.4 crashes per 100,000 Amish population per year. This study suggests that road safety and public health programs should focus not only on farm equipment operators and horse and buggy drivers but on other motorists sharing the roadway with them.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Apr 2017 11:53:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1455676</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Partial Depth Pavement Repairs on Routes Heavily Traveled by Amish Horse and Buggies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1460280</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report summarizes Phase 1 research work that was completed to: (1) document Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) current practices for partial depth repairs performed on roadways with and without Amish buggy traffic, (2) identify and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alternative repair mixtures and methods and their combination that can be used to improve the performance and service life of partial depth repairs performed on Amish buggy routes in Ohio, and (3) identify all possible changes that could be made to the Amish horses and buggies to mitigate their damage to pavement structures. To achieve the first objective, a survey was conducted to collect information from ODOT county garages on partial depth repairs. The results of this survey indicated that partial depth repairs on routes with and without Amish buggy traffic involves milling the distressed area of the pavement to depth of 2 ½ to 3 inches and filling with 448 Type 1 surface course asphalt mix. Limited number of county garages and districts indicated that they monitored compaction during partial depth repair. The survey results also indicated that, in general, the service life of repairs on non-Amish routes ranged between 5 to 7 years, but repairs on Amish routes lasted 2 years only. However, partial depth repairs lasted about two years on routes with heavy Amish buggy traffic. Factors affecting performance for routes with Amish buggy traffic included: Amish buggy volume, grade of road, compaction efforts, mix type, and joint deterioration from buggy wheels in longitudinal joints.  Analysis of repair cycles for routes with or without buggy traffic was also performed in Phase 1. The results of this analysis indicated that the rutting was mainly in the surface layer(s) and was not due to deficiency in the pavement structure. Furthermore, aggregates in surface mixes within the top 2.5 inches were cracked, which was caused by the high stress intensity due to the Amish buggy traffic. The life cycle cost analyses (LCCA) results showed that partial depth repairs performed on routes with heavy Amish buggy traffic were about three times more expensive than those of routes without Amish buggy traffic.  Several alternatives were proposed in Phase 1 to improve the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures used in partial depth repairs on Amish buggy routes, which included using alternative: mix design procedure, asphalt binder type, aggregate structure, and aggregate type. In addition, it was also proposed to use the vibratory steel roller for compaction of asphalt mixtures used in partial depth repair and monitor density of compacted mix. The LCCA analysis indicated that the proposed alternative mixtures/method could reduce the life cycle costs of partial depth repairs on routes with heavy Amish buggy by up to 46%.  Literature review conducted in Phase 1 indicated that using alternative horseshoes was expensive and won‘t significantly reduce the damage to the pavement since the calks or cleats welded to the horseshoes are the main cause of damage to pavement structures. Based on information collected in this phase, using screw-in studs that are made from hard polymer material and have larger contact area or horse boots might help to reduce pavement damage caused by Amish buggies. The Amish community representatives were receptive to trying the screw-in studs and horse boots and using them in the future if they are proven to be cost effective and are not rejected by their horses.  Based on the outcome of Phase 1 of this project, it is recommended that Phase 2 of this study should evaluate all of the identified alternative mixtures/method for partial depth repairs on Amish buggy routes as well as the proposed changes to Amish buggies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 Apr 2017 14:13:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1460280</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Horse-drawn survivor</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1428527</link>
      <description><![CDATA[140 years is a remarkable milestone, but especially so for a full-service horse-drawn tramway. Mike Russell reviews recent developments on the Isle of Man and hopes for the future.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Nov 2016 14:50:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1428527</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Epidemiology of Road Traffic Injuries Treated in a Large Romanian Emergency Department in Tîrgu-Mureş Between 2009 and 2010</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1370040</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road traffic injuries are one of the leading causes of preventable unintentional injury. The European Injury Database estimated that in European Union (EU)-27 countries, road traffic injuries account for 10% of all injuries treated in the emergency department or admitted to the hospital, accounting for 4.2 million victims each year. The authors examined the characteristics and outcomes of road traffic injuries treated in a large emergency department in Romania by different types of road users.  Secondary data analysis was conducted on a sample of patients who suffered a transport-related injury and received care at the Emergency Department of Mures County Emergency Hospital in Romania. Data was collected by 2 trained emergency physicians between March 2009 and July 2010, as part of the European Injury Database project. Information about demographics, mechanism, nature, place of occurrence, and activity of injury; treatment and follow-up; and mode of transport were described for 5 different categories of road users: animal-drawn vehicle (operator and passenger), passenger car (driver and passenger), motorcycle (driver and passenger), bicyclist, and pedestrian. A total of 2,782 patients were treated in the emergency department, of which 718 (25.8%) were road traffic injuries. The male-to-female ratio was 2:1. The highest percentage of patients were injured in passenger cars (49%), followed by motorcycles (16.7%). For both types of road users, the majority of patients were between the ages of 18 and 29. Pedestrian injuries accounted for 14.6%, of which a third were children up to the age of 17 and 40% were adults and elderly over the age of 50. The majority of patients were injured due to contact with a moving object (48.1%), followed by contact with static object (23.5%), then falling, stumbling, jumping, or being pushed (19.6%). Contusion and bruises (54.9%) were the most common diagnosis, followed by fractures (20.1%) and open wounds (10.2%) for all road user categories. The most common part of the body injured for all road user categories was the head region (42.3%). Of the 34.9% patients treated and admitted to the hospital, 30% had a length of stay between 4 and 7 days.  Understanding the extent, nature, and characteristics of road traffic injuries may help to identify vulnerable road users in specific settings and implement the most effective prevention strategies targeting the most affected populations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Oct 2015 16:22:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1370040</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Paving for Horse and Buggy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1277104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article profiles Brooks Construction’s paving of a 2.5 mile stretch of State Route 5, which runs through Amish Country in Shipshewana, Indiana. The work, which received an award from the National Asphalt Pavement Association, involved patching ruts, milling the surface and repaving the road and shoulders that had been damaged by large volumes of horse and buggy traffic that travels the road. The job’s unique challenges included clearing the surface of horse manure daily and facing workday restrictions due to flea markets events. A hot mix with steel furnace slag was used for the pavement, and the impact of the use of this mix in the bidding process is also described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2013 09:58:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1277104</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Riding Denver’s Rails: A Mile High Streetcar History</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1261559</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book presents a colorful history of the Mile High streetcar, in Denver, Colorado.  The streetcar system began in Denver in 1872.  The book includes the early horse cars that made up the Denver Horse Railroad Company; the Colfax Avenue Railway that was powered by steam; the Denver tramway, which consisted of running cable cars; and the South Denver Cable Railway Company's electric trolleys.  Denver continues to embrace its public transit system with its modernized light rail travel, even though its streetcars were removed from service during the 1950s.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Sep 2013 16:14:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1261559</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Equine Disequilibrium</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/912807</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Information drawn from the Ohio Department of Transportation's District 11, which includes Holmes County, which has a 40% Amish population, is presented. Roads frequently traveled by horse-drawn vehicles need to be resurfaced every four to five years, while roads more likely to be traveled by motorized vehicles need to be resurfaced about every ten years. The majority of damage roads sustain from horse-drawn vehicles is made by welded horseshoe spikes. Damage is also inevitable on road shoulders. Extra shoulder width is needed on roads being used by horse-drawn vehicles - at least six feet for comfort, eight feet for safety. Since revenues raised by state, federal, sales, and property taxes collected from the Amish typically are not applied to road repair, the Amish community offsets the gap through different methods, including donations to a road maintenance fund. Partnership with the Amish population of Holmes County in terms of transportation is touched on by the author.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Feb 2010 10:58:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/912807</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving Safety for Slow Moving Vehicles on Iowa’s High-Speed Rural Roadways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/892186</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Among the variety of road users and vehicle types that travel on U.S. public roadways, slow moving vehicles (SMVs) present unique safety and operations issues. SMVs include vehicles that do not maintain a constant speed of 25 mph, such as large farm equipment, construction vehicles, or horse-drawn buggies. Though the number of crashes involving SMVs is relatively small, SMV crashes tend to be severe. Additionally, SMVs can be encountered regularly on non-Interstate/non-expressway public roadways, but motorists may not be accustomed to these vehicles. This project was designed to improve transportation safety for SMVs on Iowa’s public roadway system. This report includes a literature review that shows various SMV statistics and laws across the United States, a crash study based on three years of Iowa SMV crash data, and recommendations from the SMV community.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Jul 2009 16:32:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/892186</guid>
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