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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Horizontal port integrations under mixed ownership</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2510584</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the effects of horizontal port integrations between public and private ports under mixed ownership. It distinguishes two different types of integrations between adjacent (A-type) and non-adjacent (N-type) integrations, wherein a private port integrates with a neighboring or non-adjacent public port, respectively. The authors' analysis reveals that, compared with no integration, both types of integrations are profitable for the merged port when the private share of mixed ownership is high. A-type integration consistently improves local and social welfare, whereas N-type integration only achieves this benefit with lower private share levels. However, compared with N-type integration, A-type integration benefits both the port industry and society but harms shippers. This examination of merged entities' non-uniform pricing strategies corroborates conclusions drawn under a uniform pricing regime and underscores the advisability of governmental promotion of integrations between private ports and their neighboring public counterparts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 2025 10:46:35 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Decomposing sources of gain from airline mergers: A model and case study from China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1758290</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a decomposition of sources of gain of airline mergers. Economic analysis of horizontal mergers often attributes the gains of the merger to market power and productive efficiency effects. The authors adopt a Williamson framework to propose a decomposition analysis quantifying the relative importance of these two effects for airline mergers. First, the authors use an event study to compute the market power and productive efficiency wealth effects in airline mergers. Second, the authors use the airline's operating statistics to compute the proportion of profit gain due to market power and productive efficiency. They then apply those proportions to decompose the sources of wealth effects from the event study. In a case study, the authors apply this methodology to analyze the horizontal merger between China Eastern and Shanghai Airlines in 2009. The authors' results find that improved productive efficiency contributed about four-fifths to the merged airline's increased wealth, while increased market power contributed about one-fifth.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Feb 2021 11:14:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1758290</guid>
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      <title>Horizon Scanning for Transport Research and Innovation Governance: A European Perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1759073</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TRIMIS, the European Commission’s Transport Research and Innovation Monitoring and Information System is an open-access transport policy-support tool developed and managed by the Joint Research Centre to support the implementation of STRIA, the Strategic Transport Research and Innovation Agenda. STRIA covers seven priority areas through its dedicated roadmaps on: cooperative, connected and automated transport; transport electrification; vehicle design and manufacturing; low-emission alternative energy for transport; network and traffic management systems; smart mobility and services; and infrastructure. One of the objectives of TRIMIS is to provide a forward-oriented support to transport research and innovation governance by incorporating horizon scanning to its processes. The Joint Research Centre has developed a foresight capacity including horizon scanning. Within the TRIMIS frame, horizon scanning is applied through a structured and systematic collaborative exercise. Horizon scanning contributes to the identification of new and emerging technologies and trends, especially those affecting the transport sector, supports the assessment of current and future research needs, and feeds into the broader European Commission foresight system with transport insights. Besides contributing to an improved transport sector, it also supports a higher-level strategic framework: Better policies through policy integration. This paper provides an overview of the TRIMIS horizon scanning methodology, its role, application, outcomes and identifies areas for further development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Feb 2021 10:54:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1759073</guid>
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      <title>Cost functions and determinants of unit cost effects in horizontal airline M&amp;As</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1479943</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper analyses the unit cost effects of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) using linear, quadratic, and translog cost functions. In addition to a basic unit cost model the authors specify separate models for distress, profit, relative size, and cost difference, among the merging firms. The authors use a sample of 19 horizontal M&As in the international airline industry and data spanning from 1980 to 2012. The authors' models show that M&As do not affect unit costs in a significant way, unless the relative size difference of the merging firms is large, in which case the authors detect an increase in unit costs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Aug 2017 10:07:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1479943</guid>
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      <title>Structural Changes in the Container Liner Shipping Influencing Shipping Agent’s Role</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1459089</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article presents structural changes in liner shipping sector, as many global Container shipping lines are opening their own agencies and many independent shipping agents are consecutively closing down their activities, either via takeovers or by going out of business completely. The process of horizontal and vertical integration in shipping industry is re-shaping the entire logistics industry. Such changes put pressure on shipping agents to redefine their market role and develop services with added quality, and relationships with actual and new principals. They are forced to seek for new ways to make income therefore they are forced to perform additional roles, in order to satisfy carriers on one hand, and usually just a few clients, on the other. A market analysis in Slovenia has been performed among companies offering ship-port services, with focus on comparison between independent agents and Container Line offices. It has been ascertained that independent shipping agents must implement the new strategy which is closer to a forwarder’s mentality and market role.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 2017 17:07:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1459089</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Modeling Complex Megaregion Systems: Horizontal and Vertical Integration for a Megaregion Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1407630</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Megaregions are considered to be the new geography that may become the nation’s operative regions, according to the March 2010 U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Strategic Plan. Such regions need analysis tools to evaluate scenarios and their regional impacts. These tools have to cover areas larger than covered by the typical Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) or State Department of Transportation (DOT) models. In addition, such tools need to integrate systems beyond transportation, such as economic, land-use or environmental modules. This paper reviews a megaregion case study, funded by the Federal Highway Administration’s Exploratory Advanced Research Program, using an analysis framework to address the impact of high energy prices in the Chesapeake Bay Megaregion around Washington D.C., USA. The paper describes the model, focusing on horizontal and vertical integration issues of various modules. A high-energy price scenario is analyzed showing the need for action at the megaregional scale.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 May 2016 09:21:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1407630</guid>
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      <title>Collaborative Supply Chain Management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1256896</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Modern approaches to the logistics have been increasingly emphasizing the role of integration and the philosophy of managing the complete flow of goods, information, money and services from the supply, procurement, manufacturing, distribution and sales to the final consumer. In the changing business environment the integrated logistics provides support to operational and marketing strategies by creating high-quality customer service, and represents the foundation upon which the company builds its competitive advantage. The collaboration in the supply chain increases the market potential for pooling of knowledge between business partners while the main components of supply chain management become the integration of business networks and coordination of information, material and financial flows. The focus of the concept of supply chain management is the coordination and trust between business partners with common aim of achieving synergy effects that are evident through greater business performance and joint action in relation to the individual action of a business entity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jul 2013 16:43:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1256896</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Competition and horizontal integration in maritime freight transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1246718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper models competition for freight transport between the road and maritime sectors. Operators offer differentiated services and there are economies of scale in the oligopolistic shipping line sector. Two types of integration between shipping lines are considered: in one of them the liners production processes remain separate (like in an alliance); in another economies of scale are further exploited. Typically maritime freight post-merger goes down. However, it may increase if the merger exploits further economies of scale, they are important and transport services are sufficiently differentiated. An empirical application to the routes Valencia–Antwerp and Valencia–Genoa is undertaken to confirm the predictions of the model. It is shown that, for both types of merger, user surplus increases when transport services are weakly differentiated and economies of scale are sufficiently small. These conditions also guarantee that a merger is socially beneficial.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2013 09:39:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1246718</guid>
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      <title>The Impact of Supply Chain Integration on Responsiveness: the Moderating Effect of Using an International Supplier Network</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1239535</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study reveals that in supply networks both external and internal integration practices have a significant and positive impact on responsiveness. The use of an international supplier network acts as a contingency factor on the relationship between external integration practices and responsiveness, as in an international context noting the effect on performance is amplified. Conversely, the impact of internal integration on responsiveness is not moderated by the use of international suppliers. The evidence suggests that managers know how to properly tune the level of adoption of integration practices, according to the degree of supplier network internationalization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2013 12:46:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1239535</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Swiss operators optimise short-haul railfreight</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1222898</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to optimize short-distance railfreight operations, special concepts have emerged, as detailed in this article. Switzerland depends heavily on rail for domestic freight, as a small, mountainous country with numerous restrictions on truck movements, and as such, freight is being increasingly transferred from trucks to rail. Changes involving both new hubs and new services are in the pipeline, with the objective of having horizontal handling and automating all stages of handling as much as possible. Intermodal traffic is also common here and is economical over surprisingly short distances. Issues for future consideration include how to integrate long-haul freight with urban service, sharing tracks and experiencing delays. Another issue is whether to integrate domestic intermodal traffic with wagonload freight, as several experts are suggesting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Nov 2012 10:06:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1222898</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Horizontal Development Strategy for ITS in Urban Transit System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1114095</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the rapid development of the economy and the pace of urbanization in China, passengers gradually increase their requirements for travelling. The construction of an integrated passenger transit system (IPTS) has become an inevitable choice for transport development. After a brief introduction, the paper points out the way and method to realizing an IPTS. Since many feasible results of the application of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have been obtained in the railway transport system, in the following parts, the paper discusses the promotion of these results from railway transport to urban rail transit, that is, a horizontal development strategy of ITS in urban rail transit. In the end, recommendations and suggestions are given for the integration of ITS in other traditional transport methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Sep 2012 08:56:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1114095</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Port integration in global supply chains: measures and implications for maritime logistics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/889219</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this article is to define and empirically develop measures of seaport integration in global supply chains and to infer implications for maritime logistics. A literature review identified four key parameters hypothesized to be part of the higher-order construct of terminal supply chain integration (TESCI). Data for operationalizing the conceptualized variables were obtained via a large scale survey of container terminal operators. A model was developed and validated using confirmatory factor analysis. The validated parameters of the higher-order construct of TESCI included information and communication systems, value-added services, multimodal systems and operations, and supply chain integration practices. The study provides implications for maritime logistics by focusing on key parameters such as determination of costs, revenues, performance, productivity, and competitive advantage for international supply chains.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 2009 13:38:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/889219</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A System-Optimization Perspective for Supply Chain Network Integration: The Horizontal Merger Case</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/880372</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the author presents a new theoretical framework for the quantification of strategic advantages associated with horizontal mergers through the integration of supply chain networks. The framework is a system-optimization one in which each firm is represented as a network of economic activities associated with manufacturing, distribution, and storage and with explicit capacities imposed on the links. The author presents the models pre- and post-horizontal mergers and defines a measure for the quantification of the gains, if any, associated with the mergers. The author also illustrates the framework with several numerical examples. For simple classes of mergers, formulae are derived for the strategic advantages.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Feb 2009 07:48:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/880372</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Mobility and European Integration: Politicians, Professionals and the Foundation of the ECMT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/870891</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) was founded in October 1953 as a way for Ministries of Transport delegates to discuss and make decisions regarding regulations that are politically non-binding. Part of this decision making hinged upon coming to consensus on such contentious matters as supranationalism versus intergovernmentalism; transport professionals versus the non-expert political class; liberalism versus coordination. Formed from the collapse of the 'sectoral approach' to European transport integration, the ECMT created a platform for transport professionals to begin have an influence in efforts to consolidate and unify Europe's various transportation systems. This influence, however, is seen as more implicit than explicit, as the opportunities of transport professionals to offer technical expertise to the ECMT was limited and often overruled by politicians. But as policy makers, ECMT transport professionals included political considerations in their policy making, becoming influential more by their actions than merely by their consultative expertise.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 10:39:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/870891</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>INSTALLING A 24-INCH PIPELINE BENEATH AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY AND REGIONAL AQUEDUCT USING HDD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/755227</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Construction of transportation infrastructure often involves resolving conflicts between intersecting transportation modes. Trenchless technologies allow for construction of buried structures with minimal disruption to surface transportation systems.  This paper describes the use of horizontal directional drilling (HDD) to construct a 24-inch diameter natural gas transmission pipeline beneath an interstate highway and regional aqueduct.  Prior to construction a hydraulic fracturing analysis was performed to evaluate the potential impact of pipeline construction on existing surface structures.  During construction, quality assurance observation and testing was performed to evaluate compliance with permit conditions and good drilling practices.  After construction was completed, a mass balance calculation was performed to estimate the amount of solids in the slurry remaining in the annulus around the installed pipeline.  Results of the mass balance calculation suggested that the slurry remaining in the borehole during construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Apr 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/755227</guid>
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