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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Determining Landslide Drain Lifecycle for Development of Maintenance and Operation Manuals</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2735985</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this project, numerical models are proposed to evaluate the (1) mechanisms and transient drawdown from horizontal drains for a wide range of geometric conditions using simplified design charts, (2) siltation mechanisms and timing for various drain geometries and grain sizes as a means of determining “time until failure” using simplified design charts, and (3) a simple machine learning model to estimate transient drawdown using an ArcGIS toolbox. Further, hydrologic data from the HWY20 Pioneer Mountain-Eddyville realignment was analyzed and used to develop robust observation-based criteria for evaluating drain performance at a systems level, explored through proposed hazard matrices that guide actions regarding inspection and intervention. These criteria are intended for less frequent, but more robust evaluation of performance. Simple criteria for individual, more frequent drain monitoring is provided in a checklist form, along with template inspection guidelines and examples of satisfactory or unsatisfactory drain performance. Lastly, in collaboration with the OpenS lab at Oregon State University, a low-cost, open-source flowmeter system was designed and developed as a future means of monitoring discharge from horizontal drain systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2026 10:08:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2735985</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Case Study of Assessment of Reoccurring Failures in a High Plasticity Soil Cut-Slope and the Importance of Timely Stabilization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2377782</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The author performed a geotechnical engineering assessment of repeated failures of a 24-ft-tall cut earth slope along a main highway corridor. The slope was cut into high plasticity native clay soils during the original highway construction and located in the vicinity of stormwater drainage. The purpose of the assessment was to evaluate potential for additional slope failure, identify probable causes of failures, and provide engineering recommendations for stabilization of the slope. Findings of the assessment indicated that shallow groundwater was present in the slope, the native slope soils were significantly disturbed during construction of adjacent below-grade structures, and extension of the slope failure to the upper part of the slope was likely. The author recommended stabilizing the slope as soon as practical. However, while the decision on the stabilization was underway, a slope failure re-occurred approximately three months after the author’s assessment and substantially increased the scope of the stabilization. An emergency slope stabilization for the extended failure areas using soil nails and lateral drains to reinforce the slope and alleviate the shallow groundwater was completed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 02 Jun 2024 17:44:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2377782</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Performance of a Winged PVD (WPVD) for Vacuum Consolidation of Soft Clayey Deposits</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1708398</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) with wings has been proposed, and its behavior has been investigated using laboratory model tests and finite element analysis (FEA). The new PVD uses wings that are aligned perpendicularly to the surface of the PVD and is thus named WPVD. The wings increase the contact area of a WPVD with soil and serve as a horizontal drainage channel, and this can be more economic than a normal PVD with a larger diameter. Both the model test and FEA results show that, compared with a normal PVD, WPVD can increase the consolidation rate of a WPVD unit cell and, even, the final consolidation-induced settlement. The mechanism for the increase in the settlement is that WPVD can reduce the degree of non-uniform consolidation within a WPVD unit cell. The results also indicate that the effect of a WPVD depends on the total surface area of the wings per unit length of a PVD, as well as the ratio of the length (Ls) and width (Ws) of the wing (Ls/Ws). For a given surface area, the larger the Ls/Ws ratio is, the greater the effect of the wing is for increasing the rate of consolidation. Finally, an empirical equation has been established for evaluating the equivalent diameter of a WPVD, with which WPVD-induced consolidation can be analyzed using existing PVD consolidation theories.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2020 14:42:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1708398</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Case Studies in Roadway Landslide Repair and Rock Slope Stabilization in California</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1503028</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The challenges associated with roadway landslide and rock slope failures along California’s roadways can introduce a series of difficult problems to solve. Not only is the design and construction associated with the repair of these landslides and rock slope failures challenging, many of the traditional contracting and review processes available either present too long of a time frame or are not flexible enough to handle the field level decisions often required with emergency landslide and rock slope repairs. This paper outlines some landslide and rock slope design build mitigation methods and technologies that are both relatively lower cost when compared to traditional repairs methods and robust enough to achieve standard design life and seismic criteria. Relevant technologies include soil nailing (including hollow injection anchors), high capacity tensioned wire rock mesh, micropiles, post-tensioned rock bolts, and various types of drilled horizontal drains. The case studies for this presentation include a rock slope stabilization using tensioned rock bolts and high capacity wire mesh for the United States Army Corps near Chowchilla, CA; a Pacific coast bluff repair using hollow bar soil nails, micropiles, and shotcrete for California Department of Transportation (CalTrans) District 4 near Pescadero, CA; a landslide repair using self drilling soil nails, micropiles and shotcrete for CalTrans District 2 near Weaverville, CA; and a landslide repair using self drilling soil nails and shotcrete for Santa Clara County Public Works near Los Gatos, CA, and a series of landslides repaired using an innovative combination of the “Deep Patch” method and micropiles for the USDA Forest Service near Fresno, CA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2018 09:34:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1503028</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Emergency Response: Fossil Cut Rockslide Investigation and Repair BNSF Spokane Subdivision, WA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1474469</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In May 2016, a complex rockfall and rotational slide event occurred along the BNSF railway at Fossil Cut, a through-cut near Spokane, Washington. The event fouled the track and interrupted rail traffic. At BNSF’s request, McMillen Jacobs Associates provided emergency engineering and rock slope evaluation services. Within Fossil Cut, jointed and spheroidal weathered flows of the Columbia River Basalts are conformably overlain by jointed, blocky claystone of the Latah Formation. While under live-track conditions, 700 cubic yards of loose unstable rock were removed from the slope during a 44-hour period of slope scaling. During the same time, the authors mapped selected vertical scanlines using limited access rope techniques to characterize the rock mass. Kinematic and global stability analysis of field data supported the following conclusions. First, the head scarp and gaping tension fracture on the brow of the slope, the drunken (tilted) trees, and the stressed roots suggest the slope failed as a rotational rockslide. The rupture surface appears to have developed along the weak interface between weathered basalt,blocks. Second, rockfall was derived from toppling and wedge failures of weathered basalts and Latah claystone, exacerbated by freeze thaw weathering and mechanical wedging by pervasive root systems. Third, surface runoff percolating through discontinuities and root systems within the rock mass, suggested by surface staining and weathering of discontinuity surfaces, decreased slope stability. To manage rockfall and stabilize Fossil Cut, the authors recommended installation of subhorizontal drains and a wire mesh slope stabilization system, combined with routine clearing of drainage ditches.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jul 2017 16:36:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1474469</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Practical Considerations for the Design and Construction of Landslide Mitigation using Horizontal Drains</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1472253</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Significant study and theoretical discussion has been devoted to drainage and horizontal drains for landslide mitigation. However, in practice horizontal drains have a reputation for being risky or potentially unreliable. Drains are sometimes installed without much engineering investigation, analysis and design which may contribute to the reputation for poor reliability. At the other end of the spectrum are extensive groundwater monitoring studies, transient flow modeling, and parametric analysis of slope stability. In addition, commonly accepted design and construction procedures are still evolving. Therefore, this paper presents an engineering design method using commonly available data and analysis tools with an emphasis on a constructible system to provide reliable landslide mitigation. Drawing from a series of case histories and published literature, practical considerations for the site investigation, design and construction of horizontal drains were developed to improve the reliability of horizontal drains. A simplified slope stability model is used to illustrate why drains work and what site conditions are needed for reliable mitigation with horizontal drains. Detailed site conditions and groundwater fluctuation data are used to develop a groundwater seepage and slope stability model using site data and back calculation of soil strength and groundwater parameters. Horizontal drains are added to the seepage model and the effect on the slope stability is calculated to provide an analytical evaluation of the mitigation potential of the drains. Design details, specifications, construction observation, and design adjustments provide the construction control needed for the drains to perform as intended.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jun 2017 13:49:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1472253</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High Quality H₂O, Utilizing Horizontal Drains for Landslide Stabilization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1469542</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Utilizing horizontal drains for landslides is a relatively new concept in the geotechnical field. Thousands of horizontal drains have been installed throughout the nation and the world, yet a good number of engineers and geologists have limited to no experience with this method for landslide stabilization. This was the case for WYDOT in 2009 when several key factors forced it to take a hard look at horizontal drains to help stabilize landslides. Since 2010, WYDOT has installed horizontal drains on 6 different landslides, primarily on the Togwotee Pass Corridor near Yellowstone National Park, but most recently west of Buffalo, Wyoming at the Caribou Landslide. Most drain sights have been a success, with only a few showing poor performance, but all sites presented distinct challenges from design and construction to the completed product. Design concepts of horizontal drains are relatively simple and straight forward, yet the nature of each landslide and subsequent placement of drain pad sites is critical for a successful product. WYDOT Geology faced a significant challenge to attempt to stabilize several key landslides with numerous constraints. The new concept of utilizing horizontal drains provided additional factors of safety and proved to be worthwhile, from slide stabilization to dollars saved. So much so, horizontal drains are being considered to be incorporated into three more upcoming landslide contracts. Regardless of whether horizontal drains are utilized in any of these landslides, WYDOT Geology now has the experience and a sound track record to justify use of this method of slide stabilization for projects in the future.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Jun 2017 17:16:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1469542</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Modeling of the Stability of Horizontal Multidrain Oil Wells</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1370886</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The stability of the horizontal multidrain wells is a crucial issue and several factors are involved in this matter, including in-situ stresses, magnitude and distribution as well as the mainbore trajectories. In this paper, this issue is evaluated by assuming different circumstances for the above mentioned factors, based on finite difference three-dimensional modeling by using the finite difference numerical software, FLAC3D. The stability of the mainbore and lateral branches is analyzed based on the Normalized Yielded Zone Area (NYZA) criterion, i.e. the ratio of the surrounding yielded cross-sectional area to the initial area of the well. Optimum mud pressures are obtained in the mainbore and lateral branches in different mainbore trajectories under three in-situ stress regimes. In addition, the stability of the junction where the lateral branches are bifurcated from the mainbore is assessed in those situations. The optimum trajectory of the mainbore, in which the junction has obtained the most stable condition, is selected in each stress regime. It was concluded that in the Normal Faulting (NF) stress regime, the mainbore and junction stability varies in relation to the mainbore trajectories, inversely. However, in the other two stress regimes, i.e. Strike Slip (SS) and Reverse Faulting (RF), the variations of the mainbore and junction stability are in the same trend with respect to the mainbore trajectory deviations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2015 09:28:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1370886</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design Guidelines for Horizontal Drains Used for Slope Stabilization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1247804</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The presence of water is one of the most critical factors contributing to the instability of hillslopes. A common solution to stabilize hillslopes is installation of horizontal drains to decrease the elevation of the water table surface. Lowering the water table dries a large portion of the hillslope which increases the shear strength of the soil, thereby decreasing the probability of slope failure. The purpose of this manual is to provide a single comprehensive reference for geotechnical engineers and hydrogeologists on designing horizontal drainage systems to improve slope stability. Guidelines are provided for translational and rotational failure and consider fractured systems. Basics of hydrogeologic and geotechnical terminology, site characterization and conceptualization, groundwater modeling techniques and template projects help to guide the user with respect to identifying important parameters to drainage design. An iterative approach is presented for determining the minimum drain construction to lower water levels enough to keep the factor of safety (FOS) greater than 1.2.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 08:50:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1247804</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Soil Mechanics 2009</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/907128</link>
      <description><![CDATA[These 14 papers are concerned with the following aspects of soil mechanics:  instrumented rollers to assess construction quality; vibratory roller-measured soil stiffness and resilient modulus testing; automation of pavement sublayer moisture content determination; stiffness-based assessment of pavement foundation materials; horizontal drains for clay landslide stabilization; high-capacity piles; a geotechnical perspective on design-build contracts; high-capacity composite spun piles; laterally loaded shafts behind a mechanically stabilized earth wall; deformation factors of buried corrugated structures; geogrid reinforcement in granular materials; geogrid base reinforcement with aggregate interlock; geosynthetic-reinforced aggregate roads; and porous asphalt composites with carbon fiber reinforcement polymer grids.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Dec 2009 14:01:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/907128</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Horizontal Drains in a Clay–Landslide Stabilization Test Program</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/881921</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During highway construction, a large ancient landslide was discovered within the Cattaraugus Creek Valley in western New York State. An active landslide was contained within this ancient landslide complex. The depth of the slide is approximately 30 m (100 ft). The purpose of the horizontal drain installation test program was to determine the feasibility of reducing pore-water pressures within a clay stratum by using dewatering techniques. The test demonstrated that horizontal drains could be installed with moderate difficulty. More than 90% of the installed horizontal drains produced discharge water. Flow rates were low but consistent with horizontal drain experience in clayey soils. Most of the original working drains were still discharging water 6 months after installation. Several of the piezometers appeared to have responded to the horizontal drains. One piezometer showed a gradual drawdown of 3.8 m (12 ft) during the first 6 months. A reduction in the rate of slide movement was also observed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2009 14:43:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/881921</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASSESSMENTS OF GEOSYNTHETIC PERFORMANCES FOR IMPROVEMENT OF SOFT FOUNDATION SOILS IN COASTAL AREAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/754309</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Theoretical studies have been performed for drainage and filtration characteristics, low consolidation rate of sand mat and prefabricated horizontal and vertical drains.  These prefabricated horizontal drains were adopted to substitute for sand mat in domestic highway construction sites and test instrumentation was installed to investigate the drainage and filtration capacities of these materials.  Finally, discussion on quality control and methodology is presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Mar 2005 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/754309</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HORIZONTAL DRAINS USING LARGE-SIZED SHREDDED SCRAP TIRES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/744669</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objectives of the research are to verify the feasibility of large sized shredded scrap tires for use as a horizontal subsurface drain and to develop a rational design procedure for such drains.  The scope of the study includes laboratory tests to characterize the compressibility and hydraulic conductivity of the shredded tires, field testing of a prototype drain, and development of design guidelines.  The results of the research demonstrate that a horizontal drain constructed with large sized shredded scrap tires provides effective drainage and lowering of the water table in low permeability soils.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Nov 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/744669</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FIELD STUDIES OF RESPONSE OF PEAT TO PLATE LOADING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122650</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS PAPER PRESENTS THE RESULTS OF A SERIES OF SMALLSCALE FIELD TESTS CARRIED OUT TO INVESTIGATE THE IN SITU DEFORMATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOFT PEAT, PARTICULARLY IN THE VICINITY OF A LOAD DISCONTINUITY. A 3-FT DIAM PLATE WAS USED TO APPLY LOADS TO THE SURFACE OF A 10-FT THICK STRATUM OF NONWOODY FINE FIBROUS PEAT WITH A MOISTURE CONTENT OF 950%. RATES AND MAGNITUDES OF SETTLEMENT, AND PORE PRESSURES AT FIVE POSITIONS WERE MEASURED AND COMPARED. FIELD RESULTS WERE SUPPLEMENTED BY DATA OBTAINED FROM A LIMITED NUMBER OF OEDOMETER-TYPE LABORATORY CONSOLIDATION TESTS, CONDUCTED WITH AND WITHOUT PORE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS. THE GEOMETRY OF THE SETTLEMENT-LOGARITHMIC TIME PLOTS IS DESCRIBED. EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON THE PREVALENCE OF HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE. THE DEPARTURE OF SOFT ORGANIC MATERIALS FROM THE PREDICTED BEHAVIOR AS BASED UPON THE LINEAR THEORY OF ELASTICITY IS DESCRIBED, AND POSSIBLE REASONS FOR LACK OF AGREEMENT ARE PRESENTED. /ASCE/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:44:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122650</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CALIFORNIA EXPERIENCE IN STABILIZING EARTH SLOPES THROUGH THE INSTALLATION OF HORIZONTAL DRAINS BY THE HYDRAUGER METHOD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122014</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AN ECONOMICAL AND EFFECTIVE METHOD OF STABILIZING LANDSLIDES THROUGH SUB-DRAINAGE WAS DEVELOPED BY THE CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS. SUCH CONDITIONS WERE CORRECTED THROUGH THE INSTALLATION OF PERFORATED METAL PIPE DRAINS IN HORIZONTAL OR SLIGHTLY INCLINED HOLES. EIGHT YEARS' EXPERIENCE WITH THIS METHOD HAS DEVELOPED A GENERAL PROCEDURE WHICH IS PRESENTED. EXPERIENCE HAS SHOWN THAT A PROCEDURE, UTILIZING VERTICAL SAND DRAINS IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE HORIZONTAL DRAINS, IS VERY EFFECTIVE FOR DRAINING HIGHLY STRATIFIED AREAS COMPOSED OF FLAT LYING SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS INTERBEDDED WITH PLASTIC CLAY. THE VERTICAL DRAINS PERFORATE THE IMPERMEABLE CLAY LAYERS, RELEASING GROUNDWATER FROM THE UPPER PORTIONS OF THE MASS TO THE HORIZONTAL DRAINS. THE HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE TREATMENT OF SLIDES AND SLIPOUTS BY THE HYDRAUGER METHOD IS CONDUCTED BY A TRAVELING DRILL CREW ASSISTED BY MEN FROM LOCAL STATIONS. THE FIRST OPERATION CONSISTS OF CLEARING OR BENCHING TO ACCOMMODATE THE DRILL EQUIPMENT AT THE TENTATIVE LOCATIONS PROPOSED AS OUTLETS FOR THE DRAINS, AND ESTABLISHING WATER AND COMPRESSED AIR SUPPLY TO THE HYDRAUGER UNITS WHICH UTILIZE AIR MOTORS FOR POWER AND WATER FOR WASHING THE HOLE AND COOLING THE BIT. DRILLING AN INSTALLATION IS DESCRIBED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:41:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122014</guid>
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