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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Cracking and Rutting Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Incorporating RAP and RAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2301595</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of recycled materials in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) has been encouraged by transportation agencies across Canada and elsewhere to save construction costs, preserve natural resources and reduce impact on the natural environment. Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has now become feasible source of acceptable quality and cost-effective recycled material in pavement construction that contributes to sustainable growth by reducing the consumption of virgin aggregates and asphalt binder as well as reduction in carbon footprints by reducing fuel consumption from that required for the equivalent quantities of virgin aggregates and virgin asphalt binder production. Some agencies have also started to use the recycled asphalt shingle (RAS), at least on a trial basis, while some others started to explore the potential use. Nevertheless, highway agencies, like Manitoba, require performance evaluation of HMA mixtures containing both RAP and RAS or RAS only to allow them as acceptable materials and/or to determine the acceptable proportions for pavement construction. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of HMA mixtures in Manitoba containing both RAP and RAS for a potential move to allow RAS in the HMA to advance sustainability in pavement construction. In the experimental phase of this project, three local asphalt mixtures including a virgin mix, a mix that contains RAP only, and a mix that contains both RAP and RAS were assessed in terms of cracking and rutting performance as well as moisture susceptibility. Cracking resistance was evaluated using the Illinois Flexibility Index Test, while rutting and moisture resistance were evaluated using the Hamburg Wheel-Tracking Test. Results showed that RAP and RAS combination improved both rutting and moisture resistance but led to a more brittle behaviour with low cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Dec 2023 16:47:18 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Impact of Mixer Type and Mixing Time for Hot Mix Asphalt with High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Content on Mix Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1930567</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The mixing process in the laboratory is directed by standards. Those standards make recommendations and present some limits. The influence of the laboratory technique to produce asphalt mixes affects the properties and performance of the mixes. Different mixers that produce different mixing energy that are used for different mixing time are considered acceptable, and those variations affect the materials. It could have major impact on aggregates and asphalt mix properties, on the bitumen oxidation, and on the compaction. This paper presents the effect of the mixing process in laboratory for Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) with high content of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). Three types of mixers have been used for this research project. For each mixer type, four mixing times were selected based on the mixer properties. The stiffness of bituminous mixture was also evaluated with dynamic tests (waves propagation) and indirect tensile modulus tests (ITSM). According to the results, voids during the SCG compaction have changed with the mixing time for all mixer types and all gyrations. A translation based on the mixing time between the different curves has been observed. For stiffness, results changed through the mixing time and an optimum was obtained for each mixer type.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Mar 2022 14:50:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1930567</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Evaluating Low-Temperature Cracking Resistance of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures Using a Modified IDEAL Procedure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1930557</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The observation of significant aggregate fracturing during testing is a challenge in interpretation of low-temperature cracking resistance testing of recycled asphalt mixtures. This challenge is becoming more important due to increased interest of using high contents of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) in the production of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). It is believed that such aggregate fracturing is an artifact of the test conditions in the laboratory and does not represent field conditions. ) In this study, a modified procedure of the Indirect Tensile Cracking Test (IDEAL) was developed to reduce or eliminate aggregate fracturing through adjusting testing temperatures and loading rates. The results show that mixture CTindex values measured with the modified IDEAL procedure can differentiate effectively based on RAP/RAS amounts, recycling agent types, and laboratory aging conditions. The CTindex values also correlate very well with blended binder Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) results, indicating that the test procedure reduces the interference of aggregate fracturing and showing the effects of binders low-temperature properties on the high recycled asphalt mixtures. It is recommended that this issue of aggregate fracturing needs to be carefully considered in IDEAL and other types of low-temperature cracking tests being used today.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Mar 2022 14:50:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1930557</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Combined Effect of Warm Mix Processes and Multi-recycling on the Main Criteria of the French Asphalt Mix Design Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899422</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study reported here aims to precise the combined effect of warm mix processes and multi-recycling on the main criteria of the French asphalt mix design method. Asphalt concretes (AC) 0/10mm are produced at a semi-industrial scale for a combination of 3 recycling cycles, 3 production processes (hot, warm with additive and warm with foamed bitumen) and 2 recycling rates (40 and 70%). This combination is completed by a cycle without recycling for the 3 production processes, giving a total of 21 modalities. Compactibility, water sensitivity, stiffness modulus and fatigue tests are performed on the 21 AC produced. A principal component analysis (PCA) is then performed on the set of data obtained to extract the main trends.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:43:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899422</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>International evaluation of the performance of Warm Mix Asphalts with high Reclaimed Asphalt content</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899324</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Task Group 2 of the RILEM Technical Committee 264-RAP on non-cold recycling identified the need to gather some insights about possible durability issues associated with the combination of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) and of Reclaimed Asphalt (RA) in order to prioritize the characteriza-tion or research needs for relevant damage types. For this purpose, an interna-tional inter-laboratory testing program was launched in 5 different laboratories. This was developed on the basis of the challenges which a road material de-signer commonly faces: reduce the temperature, add RA, but preserve the same properties. Each laboratory characterized, according to its internal protocol, two variations of the same type of mixture (similar grading curve, binder content, etc.): a Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) without RA taken as reference and a WMA with 40% RA. The performances of all the WMA with 40% RA are then com-pared in order to see if common trends emerge from the different characteriza-tion methods and reveal property issues specific to WMA+RA combinations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:38:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899324</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A review of thermal processes in the production and their influences on performance of asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899282</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in asphalt mixtures is considered as one of the best sustainable practices in the construction of transportation infrastructures. Extensive efforts have been made to design, produce, and evaluate RAP mixtures produced by the hot recycling technology in asphalt plants. However, the inconsistencies or contradictive conclusions regarding the performance of RAP mixtures reported in the literature impede the use of high percentage of RAP in asphalt mixtures. One of the knowledge gaps for the discrepant behaviors of RAP mixtures is the negligence of the influence of production thermal processes, e.g. mixing time, production temperature, silo storage temperature and time, etc., on the mechanical performance of RAP mixtures. In this context, this paper synthetically reviewed the fundamental thermodynamics and kinematics involved in the plant production of RAP mixtures and the corresponding numerical methodologies to quantify the thermal processes. Three prevailing numerical methods, including overall energy balance method, 1-D thermal-granular model, and coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method, are used to quantify the temperatures of hot gases, virgin aggregates, and RAP particles in the drum dryer. Then, the key production parameters that could influence the performance of RAP mixtures were identified based on the experimental studies. The review results from the experimental studies highlighted the importance of mixing time, mixture discharge temperature, and silo storage time on the mechanical performances of laboratory-produced and plant-produced RAP mixtures. The review findings from this study can be used to guide the best practice of the production of RAP mixtures and further contribute to the energy saving and sustainable construction of using RAP in asphalt mixtures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:36:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899282</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Kontrakt för underhållsbeläggningar : analyser av produktivitet, effektivitet och kostnadsförändringar mellan avtal och slutkostnader</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Every year, the Swedish Transport Administration carries out paving work to maintain an acceptable standard on longer road sections for almost SEK 3 billion. The report summarizes the results of three analyses made of this type of procurement. Both the project cost in the contract between the Swedish Transport Administration and a contractor and the final invoiced cost are treated. The purpose is to identify opportunities to further develop the business's productivity and efficiency. Each percentage point cost savings can free up significant funds to order more maintenance or to transfer to other, more urgent purposes. The first sub-study points to opportunities to streamline the applications of hot coatings. Analysis of the cost of 293 such contracts show that there are strong reasons to consider making the contracts larger than today. The more square meters of asphalt in each contract, the lower the cost per square meter. The second sub-study tries to explain why the final cost is on average 14 percent higher than the cost in the contracts signed, while the third study reports a productivity analysis of the same contracts. Even though several hundred pavement contracts were tendered during the pertinent period, only 91 observations have been available for analysis. The explanation is that it is not possible to link the activities procured with the result of the assignments. This applies to both the costs of the business and the actual amount of work, which may differ from the orders placed.  The final review of the report has also identified shortcomings in the matching between contract and final cost, which means that it is not possible to report any policy conclusions. However, the analyses illustrate how follow-ups can be carried out to deepen the understanding of, among other things, cost deviations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2021 14:50:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1894973</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANALISIS Y MODELACION DE LA VARIACION DE PARAMETROS DE DISENO EN EL COMPORTAMIENTO A DEFORMACION PERMANENTE DE UNA MEZCLA ASFALTICA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1851980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[La publicacion presenta los resultados de la evaluacion de las propiedades de una mezcla asfaltica a deformacion permanente mediante dos diferentes ensayos. Primeramente, se realizo el analisis con el ensayo de rueda cargada de Hamburgo, el cual es el ensayo empirico mas utilizado en Mexico para el diseno y control de calidad de mezclas asfalticas. En base a los resultados obtenidos se decidio realizar una evaluacion complementaria mediante un ensayo mecanico, el cual permite identificar las variaciones en los parametros de diseno de una mezcla asfaltica. El ensayo utilizado fue el de compresion axial repetida. El analisis de los resultados experimentales demuestra la pertinencia de utilizar un ensayo mecanico para la evaluacion de las propiedades mecanicas a deformacion permanente de una mezcla asfaltica, asi como su implantacion para el diseno de pavimentos asfalticos que van a estar sometidos a altos niveles de transito (>20x106 ESAL´s).  Abstract: The document presents the results of the evaluation of the properties of an asphalt mixture under permanent deformation by means of two different tests. The first one was the Hamburg Loaded Wheel Test, which is the most popular test in Mexico for the design and quality control of asphalt mixtures. Based on the results, it was decided to carry out a complementary evaluation by means of a mechanical test, which allows the identification of variations in the design parameters of an asphalt mix. The test used was the repeated axial compression test. The analysis of the experimental results shows the relevance of using a mechanical test for the evaluation of the mechanical properties to permanent deformation of an asphalt mix, as well as its implementation for the design of asphalt pavements that are to be subjected to high levels of traffic (>20x106 ESAL's).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 12 May 2021 16:56:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1851980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MANUAL DE ENSAYOS PARA LABORATORIO. MEZCLAS ASFALTICAS EN CALIENTE (MAC) PARTE 2. ENSAYOS MECANICOS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757719</link>
      <description><![CDATA[El presente documento es un manual de pruebas para evaluar el desempeno de mezclas asfalticas en caliente de granulometria densa, las cuales estan basadas en normas ASTM y AASHTO. El manual describe cuatro metodos de prueba, uno se refiere a la fabricacion de especimenes de prueba (MAC-VI) y tres a la evaluacion del desempeno de la mezcla asfaltica (MAC-VII, MAC-VIII y MAC-IX) con respecto a la deformación permanente y la resistencia a la fatiga. Al final del documento, se presentan anexos los cuales tienen como objetivo dejar claro algunos requisitos de los métodos de prueba Abstract: This document is a test manual to evaluate the performance of dense graded hot asphalt mixtures, which are based on ASTM and AASHTO standards. The manual describes four test method, one refers to the manufacture of test specimens (MAC-VI) and three to the evaluation of the performance of the asphalt mix (MAC-VII, MAC-VIII and MAC-IX) with respect to permanent deformation and resistance to fatigue. At the end of the document, annexes are presented which aim to clarify some requirements of the test methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Dec 2020 13:51:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757719</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DISENO DE MEZCLAS ASFALTICAS DENSAS EN CALIENTE EN FUNCION DEL NIVEL DE TRANSITO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757709</link>
      <description><![CDATA[El diseno de mezclas asfalticas en caliente ha ido evolucionando a lo largo de los anos. Estos cambios han sido tanto en los procedimientos de elaboracion de la mezcla asfaltica como en la evaluacion de las propiedades de desempeno de la misma. Esto se puede ejemplificar con la sustitucion en Estados Unidos del Metodo Marshall por la metodologia Superpave. Bajo esta situacion y debido a que en Mexico se sigue utilizando el diseno Marshall para el diseno de mezclas asfalticas en caliente para carreteras de bajo transito, se decidio hacer una conjuncion de ambas metodologias, la cual estara en funcion del transito de la carretera En el documento se presentan las caracteristicas de calidad que debe cumplir una mezcla asfaltica en caliente, las cuales estan definidas en cuatro niveles de transito. Contemplando en los primeros dos el uso de Metodo Marshall, y para los transitos superiores el uso del compactador giratorio, asi como la evaluacion del desempeno de la mezcla asfaltica. Adicionalmente se presenta un procedimiento para la realizacion del control de calidad de la mezcla asfaltica en caliente, asi como una secuencia de calculo para la determinacion de las propiedades volumetricas de la mezcla asfaltica.. Abstract: Hot mix design has been evolving over the years. These changes include both asphalt mix processing procedures and the evaluation of asphalt mix performance properties. This can be demonstrated by the replacement of the Marshall Method with Superpave methodology in the United States. Based on this situation, and since in Mexico the Marshall design is still used for the design of hot asphalt mixtures for low traffic pavements, it was decided to make a combination of both methodologies, which will be a related to the traffic on the pavement. The document presents the standard requirements for hot mix asphalt, which are defined in four levels of traffic. These are defined in four traffic levels. The first two levels include the use of the Marshall Method, and for higher traffic levels the use of the gyratory compactor. In addition, a procedure for conducting quality control of the hot mix asphalt is presented, as well as a procedure for calculating the volumetric properties of the asphalt.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Dec 2020 13:51:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757709</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cracking and Rutting Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Mixes for Moving Towards a Balanced Mix Design - A Pilot Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1754882</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The balanced mix design approach considers a matrix of volumetric properties as well as cracking and rutting performance in the selection of asphalt mix constituents. In Manitoba, asphalt mix design and mix acceptance are becoming more and more complex with the increasing uses of recycled materials, binder additives/modifiers, and multiple warm-mix asphalt technologies. The objective of this study is to conduct a pilot performance-testing program to evaluate the asphalt mixes, for potential field performance in terms of cracking and rutting to optimize asphalt mix constituents for moving towards the balanced mix design. Hot-mix asphalt and warm-mix asphalt laboratory compacted specimens along with field compacted specimens were assessed for cracking and rutting performance using the Illinois Flexibility Index Test and Hamburg Wheel-Tracking Test, respectively. Results showed that warm-mix asphalt mixtures have a lower cracking potential than hot-mix asphalt mixtures. The well-compacted field mixtures displayed a low rutting potential. Low mixing/compacting temperatures using WMA additives, proper voids in mineral aggregate content, and adequate field compaction (low air voids) were found to be viable candidates for an effective balanced mix design approach.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Dec 2020 13:58:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1754882</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Advanced Pavement Technology – A Must for Airport Pavements – Case Studies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1682663</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aircraft traffic loading continuously increases at Canadian airports. Climate change also has an adverse impact on pavement performance. Temperature increases may cause premature pavement deformations and shear failures. Pavement friction is another aspect that must be addressed. Conventional pavement technology is often not sufficient to meet the increasing quality demands for airfield pavements. Pavement materials and technologies successfully used on road pavements are often not suitable to meet the performance needs for airfield pavements.  The focus is mainly on hot-mix asphalt, including asphalt cement types, quality aggregates, and advanced mix designs. It is common to improve the subgrade soil characteristics; the application of geosynthetics has been noted to be very successful and has become a common solution for airside pavements.  This paper includes two case studies. The introduction of advanced HMA technology at Edmonton International Airport which significantly improved pavement performance, and reduced demands for maintenance interventions. The use of better quality asphalt cement, aggregates and overall asphalt mixes at Winnipeg International Airport for major runway rehabilitation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Feb 2020 14:58:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1682663</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comportement et étude des graves-émulsion. Coopération public-privé : Caractérisation des liants bitumineux des enrobés à froid</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681754</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dans le cadre d'un groupe de travail RST/USIRF sur la 'Méthodologie d'étude des matériaux à l'émulsion de bitume',une réflexion a été menée sur l'évaluation des procédés d'extraction du liant des enrobés à l'émulsion. Cet article reprend les différents résultats obtenus et identifie les paramètres relatifs aux opérations de préparation, d'extraction et de distillation les plus influents sur les caractéristiques des liants. Les résultats sont proposés en vue d'une adaptation des méthodes d'essais utilisées (qui sont celles dédiées aux enrobés à chaud) à la spécificité des enrobés à froid: nature des constituants (exemple: présence de fluxants volatils ou non) et évolution des propriétés mécaniques (phénomènes encore mal connus relatifs à l'oxydation du liant, aux interactions bitume/émulsifiants/granulats).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 16:18:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681754</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Field performance and laboratory evaluation of warm mix asphalt produced with rubberized bitumen</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681745</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, warm mix asphalt (WMA) is widely used for reducing energy requirements and emissions in comparison to hot mix asphalt (HMA) industry. Besides, the use of rubberized bitumen has been spread out mainly due to environmental aspects, but high mixing and compaction temperatures are necessary due to the higher viscosity of this bitumen. A WMA mixture (using a surfactant technology) with asphalt rubber was evaluated in a field project, together with a control section. WMA mixing and placing temperature was 25ºC lower than HMA, from about 170 to 145ºC. Tensile indirect strength, resilient modulus and moisture resistance tests were conducted with loose mixture collected in the plant to evaluate field performance. Based on these tests in laboratory, the WMA technologies all performed equal to the control mixture. In addition, a simplified estimate of decreasing in fuel consumption was also determined and the results showed that the use of WMA was advantageous.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 16:18:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681745</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Relative Weights of Rutting Parameters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1657689</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluated the relative weights of rutting parameters based on the Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixture’s rutting performance. Seven rutting parameters, each at two levels, were incorporated in an experimental matrix and investigated through a limestone mixture designed by Superpave method. Each mixture’s rutting performance for different combinations of parameters included in the designed matrix was determined in the laboratory using an Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA). The test results were analyzed with the matrix of rutting parameters employing a statistical approach.  The results showed that binder Performance Grade (PG), sample type, test temperature, and moisture are the most significant parameters to affect a HMA mixture’s rutting performance. Wheel load, hose pressure and percentage asphalt content at their chosen levels were shown to be less significant compared to the other parameters. A prediction of average rut depth under the influence of aforementioned significant factors at their defined level was performed. A range or spread in rut data for the predicted rut depth was also determined. The predicted range was verified by additional experiments. This research described a procedure to design an experimental matrix and developed a statistical procedure for analyzing such matrix parameters and test results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Oct 2019 14:54:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1657689</guid>
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