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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Impacts of Ignition Furnace Correction Factor Errors on Quality Assurance of Asphalt Mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2228970</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The accurate determination of asphalt content has long been a key component of assessing the quality and characteristics of an asphalt mixture, with the ignition method (AASHTO T 308) being the most common. Despite previous research work recommending the use of unique correction factors for each mixture and oven, the practice of sharing correction factors is very prevalent. A unique dataset of correction factors and ignition furnace results generated by Maine Department of Transportation (MaineDOT) is analyzed to quantify the potential errors in a production environment induced by the practice of sharing correction factors and apply those errors to different quality assurance systems. The work is based largely on correction factors generated by MaineDOT for the same design in multiple ovens across two laboratories. The difference in mixture type was evident in the correction factor data and the difference in correction factors in the same design ranged from 0.0% to 0.43%, with most differences between 0.07% and 0.15%. Larger differences in correction factors were observed between different laboratories then when they were generated for different furnaces in the same laboratory. Analysis of acceptance data and percent-within-limits simulations showed that sharing of correction factors, even in cases when the differences are small, resulted in significant impacts on quality acceptance and payment. The added variability can result in errors in assessment of quality, errors in payment to the producer, unnecessary corrective action by the producer, and a more variable finished product. Agencies and producers using AASHTO T 308 are encouraged to evaluate the differences in correction factors between their furnaces and laboratories to quantify the impact of errors on their quality assurance programs for asphalt mixtures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Aug 2023 11:53:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2228970</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of Hydrogen Burners and Vacuum Insulated Furnaces for Zero CO2 Emissions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1561042</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The prevention of global warming has been a primary concern of the automotive industry for some time. The Toyota Environmental Challenge 2050 describes six individual initiatives to help build a future in which people and vehicles can coexist in harmony. These initiatives aim to eliminate CO2 emissions in vehicle manufacturing by 2050, as well as reduce CO2 emissions while driving. Heating-related processes were identified as being responsible for around 50% of plant CO2 emissions, the most significant single factor. Consequently, as the first step toward achieving zero plant CO2 emissions, the following two technologies were developed with the aim of reducing CO2 emitted in heating processes: (1) a hydrogen burner that generates CO2-free heat and (2) vacuum-insulated furnace walls that enable energy-saving and smart use of heat. These two items were combined into a heat management system with the aim of reducing CO2 emissions by 80%. One issue of hydrogen burners is reducing the generation of NOx at high flame temperatures. Adopting a new structure with two-stage combustion lowered the flame temperature and reduced NOx to the same level as a city gas burner. In addition, one issue of vacuum-insulated furnaces is achieving a thermal insulation performance that reduces the amount of heat dissipation from the furnace by 80% while ensuring sufficient strength for a service life of at least seven years. This issue was resolved by using a double-piped vacuum-insulated wall with an internal vacuum effective against the three elements of heat dissipation (convection, conduction, and radiation), and adopting a structure capable of absorbing the difference in thermal expansion of the inner and outer walls. The system that combines these two technologies is capable of reducing plant CO2 emissions by around 80%. This paper describes the details of these two technologies.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Dec 2019 14:03:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1561042</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identifying Influences on and Minimizing the Variability of Ignition Furnace Correction Factors



</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1593476</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AASHTO T 308, Determining the Asphalt Binder Content of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by the Ignition Method,¡¨ requires determination of asphalt and aggregate correction factors for asphalt mix designs for each ignition furnace used to test a design. In some cases where there are numerous asphalt mix designs or numerous ignition furnaces testing a particular mix design, correction factors are shared between ignition furnaces, though this practice is not permitted by AASHTO T 308 without supporting evidence.

There is a lack of knowledge of (1) how ignition furnace installation, operation, and maintenance influence correction factors and (2) ways to minimize differences that arise between ignition furnaces. Moreover, there is a lack of a statistically valid verification procedure to identify causes for non-comparing, statistically different, or biased test results from ignition furnaces. A verification procedure will promote consistency in results and assist in dispute resolution. 
The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the variability of asphalt and aggregate correction factors for asphalt mixes containing significant asphalt recycled materials compared to those with virgin binder and aggregate only; (2) further evaluate the effect of reducing the test temperature of AASHTO T 308 method to 800¢XF; and (3) conduct an interlaboratory study with different mixes to establish a new precision statement for the test procedure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Mar 2019 16:11:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1593476</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Variability of Ignition Furnace Correction Factors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1467080</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AASHTO T 308, “Determining the Asphalt Binder Content of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) by the Ignition Method,” requires determination of asphalt and aggregate correction factors for asphalt mix designs for each ignition furnace used to test a design. In some cases, where there are numerous asphalt mix designs or numerous ignition furnaces testing a particular mix design, correction factors may be shared between ignition furnaces, though this practice is not strictly permitted by AASHTO T 308 without supporting evidence. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the significant influences that affect the variability of asphalt and aggregate correction factors for ignition furnaces; (2) develop guidelines for the installation, operation, and maintenance of ignition furnaces to minimize the variability in correction factors between furnaces; and (3) develop and document a statistically valid correction factor verification procedure to identify and troubleshoot causes for non-comparing, statistically different, or biased results of AASHTO T 308. The research was conducted in three parts: (1) a study of the sensitivity of asphalt and aggregate correction factors to variation in experimental factors such as furnace type, test temperature, asphalt content, and sample mass; (2) a round-robin study to identify correction factor outliers and determine the contributory cause(s); and (3) troubleshooting of outliers from the round-robin study. The research found that the primary factors affecting asphalt and aggregate correction factors determined by AASHTO T 308 are furnace type and test temperature. Conducting the test at 800°F appears to substantially reduce the magnitude and standard deviation of the correction factors for asphalt mixtures that do not contain lime. Sharing correction factors among different ignition furnaces appears acceptable for low correction factor aggregates (0.1% or less) but is problematic for aggregates with correction factors of 1.0% or greater. The current precision estimates in AASHTO T 308 appear applicable only to mixtures with low correction factor aggregates. The key product of this research is a Proposed Standard Practice for Installation, Operation, and Maintenance of Ignition Furnaces (Appendix I). Development of a verification procedure to identify causes for non-comparing, statistically different, or biased test results from ignition furnaces was found to be premature and further research is planned.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 May 2017 15:25:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1467080</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bulk Utilization of Flyash in Self Compacting Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1453972</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Manufacturing of Portland cement is a resource exhausting, energy intensive process that releases large amounts of the green house gas CO₂ into the atmosphere. Production of 1 ton of Portland cement requires about 2.8 tons of raw materials, including fuel and other materials. As a result of de-carbonation of lime, manufacturing of 1 ton of cement generates about 1 ton of green house gas. This paper presents the initial efforts for development of self-compacting concrete mixes employing high volume of fly ash additionally admixed with other mineral admixtures such as Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) and Silica Fume. The use of fine material such as fly ash, GGBS or silica fume etc. can ensure the required concrete properties. Here three sets of mixes are prepared and their properties are studied in their fresh state. In the first set of mixes 50% of cement content of designated M40 mix are replaced by fly ash (from Ennore thermal power station, Chennai). The second sets of mixes are prepared by admixing 20% of GGBS and 50% of fly ash as replacement of cement. The third set of mixes are prepared by admixing 50% fly ash, 20% GGBS and 5% of silica fume. The total content of the cementitious materials has been fixed at 600 Kg/m3 in all the mixes. The result of tests for the cube compressive strength, the saturated water absorption and resistance to chloride ion penetration indicate very good performance of all the three SCC mixes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Apr 2017 10:39:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1453972</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on Application of Blast-furnace Slag Cement Concrete to PC Girders Based on Evaluation of Shrinkage and Creep</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427317</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The application of blast-furnace slag cement concrete (BC) to PC girders is one good method to prevent ASR; however, its shrinkage and creep have not been evaluated. This paper summarizes the result of the compression creep tests executed, and shows that the shrinkage and creep of BC can be evaluated through conventional equations, usually used for normal cement concrete (NC). In addition, the analysis results indicate that even if BC is applied, the deflection and prestress loss of PC girder differ only a little from that of NC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Oct 2016 16:59:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427317</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVESTIGATION INTO EFFECT OF CURING TEMPEARTURE AND MINERAL ADMIXTURES ON SHRINKAGE CRACKING RESISTANCE BY ADVANCED SHRINKAGE RESTRAIN TEST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1284297</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors consistently investigate the shrinkage cracking resistance of mortar containing blast furnace slag or fly ash, based on the proposed experimental method：it can intentionally induce a shrinkage crack in the drying area of small mortar specimens under restrained condition. In order to clarify the dominant material properties in shrinkage cracking, the water curing at 20℃ and the extreme condition of water curing at 60℃ were provided for each specimen to have the different pore structures. The shrinkage cracking resistance of mortar with blast furnace slag is likely to be reduced than that of mortar without mineral admixture or with fly ash as indicated in previous studies. The mortar cured in water at 60℃ without mineral admixture has higher shrinkage cracking resistance than the one cured in water at 20℃ has, while it takes a slightly long or not much different time to cause the shrinkage cracks on the mortar cured in water at 60℃ with slag compared to the one cured in water at 20℃. On the other hand, the stress was greatly decreased when the mortar with fly ash were dried after curing under water at 60℃. It is deduced that the dense pore structure of mortar with fly ash due to water curing at 60℃ could cause the shrinkage gradient from surface to internal and lead to micro-crack generation on the surface due to the internal confinement. It is concluded that the micro-crack could decrease the tensile strength and result in the reduction of shrinkage cracking resistance.本研究では、既往の実験手法を改良し、乾燥区間に収縮ひび割れを効果的に発生させる実験手法によって、高炉スラグ微粉末やフライアッシュを混入したモルタルの収縮ひび割れ抵抗性を、養生温度（20、60℃）に着目し比較評価した。その結果、常温養生では、無置換のものに比べ、収縮ひび割れ抵抗性は、フライアッシュ置換した場合は同程度、高炉スラグ微粉末では低下するという既往の研究と同様の傾向が得られた。高温養生を施すと、混和材を置換した供試体の収縮ひび割れ抵抗性は、常温養生に比べさほど違いがない、もしくは内部拘束による表層マイクロクラック発生によって大きく低下する可能性が示唆された。]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Apr 2014 16:07:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1284297</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of the Relation between Hydration Heat and Autogenous Shrinkage of Concrete at Early Ages</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/920350</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an analysis method for histories of hydration heat and autogenous shrinkage at early ages is suggested in this study. The early age properties and the relation between hydration heat and autogenous shrinkage of high-strength concrete were investigated. In the results, most autogenous shrinkage of high-strength concrete occurred in a few days after casting. The shape of autogenous shrinkage history corresponded well to the shape of hydration temperature history at early ages. There was a close relation between hydration heat and autogenous shrinkage at early ages, especially between hydration heating velocity (HHV) and autogenous shrinking velocity (ASV). And it is noted that HHV can affect the ultimate autogenous shrinkage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Jun 2010 15:04:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/920350</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Delaware's HPC Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/870447</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes how the Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT) first discussed the use of high performance concrete (HPC) with the Federal Highway Administration early in 1996. Based on these discussions, DelDOT initiated trial projects with HPC specifications. Although these were formal HPC specifications, DelDOT had been utilizing ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) and other pozzolans in concrete since the late 1980s to take advantage of the improved workability, protection against alkali-silica reactivity, and lower permeability. The first contract incorporating the HPC specifications was for ramp widening at U.S. 202 to I-95 southbound in Wilmington. This structure was bid and constructed in late 1996. To date, DelDOT has constructed five projects with the HPC specifications and two more projects are in the design phase. Constructed bridges include three bridges in Frederica, one bridge in Little Creek, and one bridge in New Castle County. Bridges being designed include one in Milton and Churchman's Road bridge over I-95 in Wilmington.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 10:39:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/870447</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Kiln Dust BF Slag and Corrosion Inhibitors Influence in Concrete Durability</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/849104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is a well know fact that the properties of concrete can be improved by using suitable additives such as natural or artificial pozzolans. The incorporation of industrial by-products such as fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume as additives in cement and concrete is a well established procedure that may effectively improve the resistance of concrete to various chemical attacks and this its long-term durability. Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) has been used in previous studies as filler in cement and concrete. The proportions of CKD and pozzolanic materials employed in these studies did not provide additional protection against corrosion as was initially expected. The scope of this study is to investigate the performance of CKD when used with Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) and corrosion inhibitors to determine the optimum proportions of these additions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2008 08:18:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/849104</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mechanical Characteristics of Self-Consolidating Concretes Exposed to Elevated Temperatures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/814560</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mechanical characteristics of self-consolidating concretes subjected to elevated temperatures up to 700°C were experimentally investigated in this paper. Eight different concretes [four self-consolidating concretes (SCC) and four conventional concretes (CC)] of different strength categories were produced. At the age of 120 days, specimens were placed in an electrical furnace and the heating was applied at a rate of 5°C/min until the desired temperature was reached. A maximum temperature of 100, 300, 500, and 700°C was maintained for 1 hour. Specimens were then allowed to cool in the furnace and tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. Similar tests were also performed at room temperature (20°C) for the reference specimens. Residual strength of both SCC and CC was reduced almost similar up to the maximum temperature tested. Explosive spalling occurred in both SCC and CC of the highest strength category at temperatures greater than 380°C. The residual compressive strength of SCC mixtures was higher than the one of CC mixtures for the same strength class. The tentative spalling behavior of SCC and CC was the same and depended only on the strength category.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Aug 2007 07:56:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/814560</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Properties of Concrete Containing Nonground Ash and Slag as Fine Aggregate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/814608</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors discuss experiments used to study the potential use of granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS), furnace bottom ash (FBA), and combinations of the two as fine aggregates in concrete. Material use did not involve application of grinding, sieving, or any other preprocesses. Using a fixed water-cement ratio, concretes with natural sand replaced by GBFS, FBA, and GBFS plus FBA at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% were examined for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths. Evaluation was made on a weight dependent basis, and percentages represented the GBFS, FBA, and combinations thereof in fine aggregate. Concrete water absorption capacity and microstructure were also researched. Test results indicated that with respect to reference concrete, increasing replacement ratio showed decreasing concrete strength. Additionally, concrete strength decreased more with FBA than with GBFS. When the replacement ratio was beyond 40%, in particular, concrete strength was detrimentally affected. Depending on replacement material (either GBFS or FBA),  different pore structures formed in the concrete, according to microstructure studies. The authors conclude that in new concrete, the formation of a porous concrete structure is the main reason for strength reduction. Moreover, for both replacement materials, the authors observe a water absorption capacity increase trend.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2007 13:00:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/814608</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ninth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813207</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Ninth CANMET/ACI International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica, Fume, Slag and Natural Possolans was held May 20-25, 2007 in Warsaw, Poland. More than one hundred papers were presented at the general sessions. This publication will present thirty-nine papers from the sessions. The main purpose of the conference was to bring together representatives from industry, universities, and government agencies to present the latest information on then materials of discussion and to discuss areas that require research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jul 2007 09:55:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813207</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Alkaline Activation of Synthetic Gehlenite Glasses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813229</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alkaline activation of granulated blast furnace slags by highly concentrated solutions of sodium or potassium ions have been a subject of numerous investigations for many decades. Irrespectively, the type of activator used, the so-called C-S-H phase formed is very compact, of low C/S ratio, rich in sodium, aluminum and magnesium and is a predominant hydration product. Properties of AAS pastes, mortars and concretes strongly depend on the chemical and phase composition of slag. This paper presents the properties of the alkali activated pastes and mortars produced on the base of synthetic alumino-silicate glasses of gehlenite type. Setting time, mechanical properties and heat of hydration of the gehlenite-glass pastes are presented. Detailed studies of phase composition, microstructure and structure of alkali-activated gehlenite glasses are presented in this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Jul 2007 09:55:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813229</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Model to Predict the Amount of Calcium Hydroxide in Concrete Containing Mineral Admixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/767042</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors detail the results of an investigation that examined the degree of reactivity of admixtures and their effect on the levels of calcium hydroxide in cement paste. Such admixtures include fly ash and blast furnace slag, Results indicate that reactivity between calcium hydroxide and mineral admixture is dependent on the amount of calcium hydroxide and the degree of hydration of mineral admixtures. Based on these results, the authors formulated a model that predicted the reaction between calcium hydroxide and mineral admixtures, and its validity was verified by comparing calculated data with the data from the tests with cement mortar specimens. It was found that the calculated values of calcium hydroxide correspond well with the test results, and that the parameters of the prediction model are dependent on the physical and chemical characteristics of mineral admixtures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2005 11:18:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/767042</guid>
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