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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Aircraft Wing Fuel Tank Environmental Simulator Tests for Evaluation of Antimisting Fuels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742158</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The low-temperature performance of antimisting kerosene (AMK) in airframe fuel systems and in certain fuel system components was studied and compared to Jet A fuel. Water vapor ingested into fuel tanks during simulation of repeated descents through clouds and rain had little effect on AMK. AMK retained antimisting properties during exposure to severe environmental flight simulations. Jet-pump and boost-pump operation had no discernible effect on AMK flammability. Jet-pump performance with AMK was adversely affected. Main fuel boost pumps required up to 18% more power with AMK than with Jet A, and suction-feed performance was lower with ambient and -20°C, but better than Jet A and -40°C. Boost-pump performance was not affected by gel formations produced at low temperatures by the vapor removal return flow shearing of AMK. Aerodynamic heating and cooling of AMK in the fuel tank was similar to Jet A. A high-pressure pump and needle valve used to degrade the AMK was inadequate, resulting in filter bypass at low temperatures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Aug 2026 19:34:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742158</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development and Logistics Technical Program Plan: Engines and Fuel Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736763</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the past 20 years, much progress has been made to advance commercial and general aviation in concert with advancements in engine technology. Recent demanding requirements for engines consuming less fuel, producing significantly less noise and pollution, and insuring maximum dependability in airline service have brought about rapid development of advanced turbo-machinery designs to achieve higher thrust and higher efficiency. The introduction of these newer technology propulsion systems into commercial service must be achieved with an equal or better propulsion safety and reliability than existing capability. The definition of these advanced air-breathing engine system configurations and the desired state-of-the-art advancements, requires research and development efforts of components, materials, and structures techniques applicable to these engines, to be modified as needed to adapt to lessons learned and changing needs. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) continues to report that a significant number of general aviation accident types are directly or indirectly related to the propulsion system. However, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) review of the details of these reported incidents indicates that only five percent of the accidents are propulsion oriented, per se. The FAA Technical Center will establish programs designed to understand and reduce the propulsion system related percentage. The FAA Headquarters and Regions will be continually updated on such progress. This Propulsion Safety Engineering and Development Program Plan has been formulated to accomplish these goals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2026 12:15:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2736763</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Indian Patent Landscape on Alternative Fuels with a Focus on Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761883</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an analysis of the Indian patent landscape concerning alternative fuels, with a specific focus on hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2 ICEs). The study aims to provide insights into the innovation trends, key players, white spaces and technological advancements, in this evolving sector within the Indian context. The study is based on the granted patents and disclosures in the said area, and also focuses on the key problems and solutions.Based on a review of patent publications from January 2024 to March 2025, it was observed that a significant number of patent records pertain to the broader domain of hydrogen internal combustion engine disclosures. Specifically, 540 extended families patent publications were screened focusing on hydrogen internal combustion engine as a domain of disclosure. Further analysis revealed that greater 75 % of applicants were from the industry sector, indicating a strong commercial interest in these technologies. Key OEM players in the mobility space, Tier-I and Tier-II technology solution providers are prominent applicants in the said technology, particularly in areas like fuel systems, storage and material compatibilitiesThe study engages key search strategies around the technical domains in area of hydrogen as an alternative fuel with respect to IC engines and fuel cells, which will enable the technical diaspora around the research and disclosures in this area. The technical teams would also get a learned view on the problems and solutions associated with these technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 13:48:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761883</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Material Compatibility Studies of Ethanol Blended Diesel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761772</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Government of India has mandated biofuel blending in automotive fuels to reduce crude oil imports and support the national economy. As part of this initiative, Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) have begun nationwide blending of E20 fuel (20% ethanol in petrol). Ethanol supply is expected to exceed demand by the end of 2025 due to initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana. Alternative applications for ethanol are being explored; one promising approach is its use as a co-blend with diesel fuel (ED blends). However, ethanol’s low cetane number and poor lubricity pose challenges for direct use in diesel engines without modifications. ED blends demonstrated reduced emissions while maintaining performance comparable to conventional diesel. To further address concerns related to materials compatibility of ED blends with fuel system components, particularly plastomers that may impact engine durability, a detailed study was conducted using elastomers such as FVMQ, FKM, HNBR, and NBR in accordance with the SAE J1748. Test specimens were immersed in ED blends and conventional diesel at 55°C for 1008 hours. Key physical and mechanical properties were measured before and after the immersion tests. The results revealed that FVMQ, FKM and HNBR demonstrated comparable durability when exposed to ED blends vis-à-vis diesel, whereas NBR performed better only in conventional diesel. SEM analysis of the specimens showed significate surface degradation in NBR, supporting the mechanical test results. Although ED blends exhibited changes in fuel properties such as flash point and water content, the blends remained stable under ambient storage conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 13:48:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761772</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Simulation Study on Fire Prevention in Aero-Engine Fuel Tube</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761686</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transient gas-liquid two-phase flow in aero-engine fuel pipelines was examined using numerical simulations, focusing on the influence of flow rate on phase change behavior. Under low-flow conditions, phase change occurred repeatedly near the pipe wall, where vapor layers formed and collapsed in an intermittent manner. These processes introduced noticeable unsteadiness in the local mass flow and pressure fields. When the flow rate was increased, vapor generation was largely confined to a narrow region adjacent to the wall, and the overall flow exhibited a more stable character. The results suggest that flow-rate-dependent phase change plays an important role in determining the stability of fuel transport and should be considered in the fire safety assessment of aircraft fuel systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2026 10:54:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2761686</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>User's Manual for AC 20-53A Protection of Airplane Fuel Systems Against Fuel Vapor Ignition Due to Lightning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732469</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This manual provides users of AC 20-53A, "Protection of Aircraft Fuel Systems Against Fuel Vapor Ignition Due to Lightning," with information on the subject of fuel system lightning protection and methods of compliance of aircraft design with the Federal Aviation Regulations 23.954 and 25.954. The manual is the result of a 3-year effort requested by the FAA Technical Center of the SAE-AE4L committee which is comprised of experts in the field of lightning research and protection of aircraft and systems from the adverse effects associated with atmospheric electricity. The committee is comprised of experts from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Department of Defense, Federal Aviation Administration, industry, and independent testing laboratories.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 16:01:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2732469</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fatigue Life Analysis of Diesel Engine Filter Seat under Random Vibration Condition</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742453</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The filter seat of diesel engine fuel filters is a key load-bearing component in                     the engine fuel system. Its structural integrity directly affects the                     reliability and safety of fuel delivery. In actual operation, the filter seat is                     subjected to random vibration loads generated by engine operation and vehicle                     dynamics, which may cause fatigue failure over time, even when static stresses                     are below the yield strength. This study employs finite element modeling (FEM)                     to investigate the structural strength and fatigue life of the diesel engine                     filter seat under random vibration conditions. The CAD model is simplified and                     meshed to reflect the main load paths, and boundary conditions, including bolt                     preload, gravity, and measured vibration PSD spectra are applied. Modal and                     harmonic response analyses are performed using Abaqus, and the Tovo-Benasciutti                     frequency-domain method is used in fe-safe to predict fatigue life. The results                     identify the most fatigue-sensitive areas and reveal that the minimum fatigue                     life is 10^3.067 cycles under realistic conditions, with the most                     critical regions located near the bolt connection. The simulation methodology                     and results provide a reliable basis for structural optimization and life                     prediction of similar components under random vibration environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 15:57:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2742453</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Compatibility Study of Antimisting Kerosene and the DC-10/KC-10 Fuel System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724665</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The compatibility of antimisting kerosene (AMK) with a contemporary fuel system was evaluated. AMK made with the FM-9 additive to the base fuel was used throughout the program. Tests were conducted to determine AMK effects on components and system performance, and component and system effects on the fuel. Some DC-10/KC-10 systems are incompatible with the AMK fuel. Systems and/or procedural revisions to accommodate the AMK do not appear to present technically insurmountable problems. AMK reduces the performance of some systems (e.g., jet pump transfer, gravity transfer, and suction feed) below normally accepted levels. Extensive study and testing will be required to certify the aircraft fuel system for use with the FM-9 AMK.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2026 17:04:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724665</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Weight Estimation of Novel Aircraft Configurations in Early Design Phase</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712162</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Initial weight estimation from Top Level Aircraft Requirements (TLAR) is a critical first step in aircraft design, yet existing empirical methods are inadequate for novel configurations such as those using Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) or Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF). This paper presents a hybrid methodology for top-level weight estimation of such unconventional aircraft. The approach is based on modifying a conventional baseline aircraft, integrating a new statistical model with component-specific weight estimations. A multivariate regression model to estimate the empty weight fraction (We/W0) was developed from a dataset of 44 conventional aircraft, yielding an R-squared value of 0.833. This statistical model was integrated with physics-based models for novel components, including cryogenic fuel tanks and fuel systems. The methodology accounts for iterative changes to fuselage structure and parasitic drag. Four configurations were analyzed: fuel types being Jet A1, SAF, LH2 with aft-fuselage tanks, and LH2 with under-wing podded tanks. The results demonstrate that while LH2 configurations introduce weight penalties for tanks and systems, these are significantly offset by a reduction in fuel weight, resulting in a final Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW) comparable to or lower than the conventional baseline. The modular nature of this methodology makes it a viable tool for exploring the design space in early-stage conceptual design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 10:38:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712162</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NVH Design and Refinement of Dedicated Hybrid Engine on Range-Extended Electric Vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717293</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Simplicity and electrification of the propulsion system are one of the most important trends in vehicle development and integration process. The complexity of NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) design and refinement is the core challenge to this process. Customers’ expectations of an unnoticeable engine during driving make this challenge more critical [1]. Apart from the overall sound pressure level, the sound quality is even more important due to the lack of noise masking effects [2]. Therefore, the development team has reached an internal consensus that NVH attributes are the top priority in engine development.This paper describes the NVH development process of a dedicated hybrid engine for the range extender electric vehicle (REEV) application, beginning with an introduction to REEV system as well as the operating condition data of long-distance road tests. Based on the road test data, the engine technical specification is defined accordingly and broken down into design targets for all individual components. Subsequently the design target is finally achieved through the definition of engine architecture, hardware selection, and individual component simulation and optimization.With regard to the NVH refinement, the NVH issues such as global crankshaft vibration, start impacts, high-pressure fuel system ticking, and acoustic encapsulations studies are discussed. Finally, the appropriate optimization proposals are summarized and the bench test results are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 10:30:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2717293</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling and analysis of A new combined air/electric-driven fuel system for more electric aircraft engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643318</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As operating power of electrical components in more electric engines (MEE) increases, the rise in fuel and oil temperatures presents a significant threat to the capacity, reliability, and lifespan of components, as well as to the overall safety of aircraft. To address the issue of fuel/oil overheating in MEE, this study introduces a novel combined air/electric-driven fuel system designed to maintain low fuel/oil temperatures while enhancing system efficiency. The proposed system integrates an air turbine and an electric motor to drive the fuel pumps and employs a novel bleed power extraction method to minimize power losses and reduce temperature fluctuations caused by redundant flow throttling. A component-level mathematical model of a twin-spool turbofan engine was developed, incorporating aerothermodynamics and rotor dynamics, with a focus on energy and heat transfer during typical flight missions. Simulation results show that the proposed system achieves approximately 60% energy savings compared to conventional systems, keeps heated components within safe limits, and reduces the fuel temperature rise in the tank by around 31%. These results demonstrate the technical superiority and efficiency of the proposed system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2026 13:09:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643318</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exhaust Strategy Optimization of Hydrogen Supply System for Vehicle Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have gained extensive applications in transportation due to their zero-emission and high energy efficiency. However, the accumulation of nitrogen at the anode during operation significantly degrades fuel cell stack performance. Conventional anode exhaust strategies, while addressing nitrogen build up, result in substantial hydrogen waste through the venting process. To address this challenge, this study introduces an enhanced hydrogen supply system incorporating both an ejector and a blower for PEMFCs. A hybrid strategy based on a multistrategy improved sparrow search algorithm (MISSA) was proposed to optimize the emission of the hydrogen supply system of fuel cells while minimizing nitrogen accumulation through mathematical modeling of the system dynamics. The experimental results demonstrate that compared with the traditional exhaust strategy, the proposed strategy can significantly improve the performance of the fuel cell stack and reduce hydrogen consumption.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 16:15:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646146</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cradle-To-Grave Assessment of Austrian Passenger Car Traffic based on Actual Vehicle Movements and Derivation of Future Forecasts for Minimising Greenhouse Gas Emissions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692176</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of the decarbonisation process for passenger car fleet in Austria, battery electric cars in particular have been subsidised in recent years, as these vehicles are considered to be largely emission free during use and are expected to reduce emissions in future. However, in order to sustainably reduce the global greenhouse gas emissions of Austrian passenger car traffic, taking into account all types of fuel systems, it is necessary to apply a cradle-to-grave approach, as is commonly done in comparable analyses in the literature, which evaluates the emissions of the entire vehicle life cycle. The most important phase in the life cycle assessment remains the well-to-wheel phase, which includes emissions from energy supply and vehicle use. Due to the large number of influencing factors, highly simplified models are usually used for this phase in the literature. As part of this work, a methodology was developed that, allows an in-depth analysis of entire vehicle fleets by linking real vehicle movements with emissions data and energy consumption. By using real vehicle movements, environmental conditions (ambient temperature, etc.) and traffic situations (traffic jams, etc.) can be integrated into the emissions assessment. To capture the influencing factors more realistically, the assessment is performed at hourly rather than annual time intervals, unlike most previous studies. This new approach provides therefore a more detailed and realistic cradle-to-grave analysis of the Austrian passenger car fleet, making it possible to test individual measures in future scenarios and to define a coordinated strategy for minimizing the fleet’s future global greenhouse gas emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 15:11:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2692176</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title> Design Optimization of the Vanity Cover for H2 Concentration Management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686125</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The integration of hydrogen (H2) as a fuel source in internal combustion engines (ICE) necessitates stringent design measures to mitigate leakage risks and ensure operational safety. This study focuses on the design optimization of vanity cover for hydrogen engines. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is carried out to assess and control hydrogen leakage through fuel rail connections, injector interfaces and associated high pressure fuel system components. Detailed modelling of hydrogen flow behavior, diffusion characteristics of leaked hydrogen are simulated for worst case scenarios.Design iterations targeted improvement in ventilation pathways, strategic placement of vent holes, and internal flow management to minimize localized hydrogen buildup. The final design achieved hydrogen concentration, which was less than 4%.This paper validates the critical role of CFD driven design methodology in proactively identifying leakage risks and optimizing component geometries for enhanced safety and regulatory compliance without compromising structural integrity or manufacturability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 16:07:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2686125</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Hybrid Approach Integrating Artificial Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm for Minimizing Fuel Consumption and Cost of a Dual-Fuel Vessel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613353</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The EU’s FuelEU Maritime regulation, effective on January 1, 2025, imposes penalties on ships using non-clean fuels. To avoid these fines, LNG dual-fuel vessels are increasingly used. This study introduces a hybrid approach, integrating an artificial neural network (ANN) and a genetic algorithm (GA), to minimize traditional fuel consumption and LNG costs for dual-fuel vessels. The ANN predicts total fuel consumption per voyage segment based on meteorological and navigation data, while the GA optimizes the allocation of traditional fuel and LNG, reducing the FuelEU Penalty by 30% without affecting economic benefits. Results show increased LNG usage and decreased traditional fuel consumption. This approach supports flexible route adjustments, helping companies reduce penalties and promote sustainable, low-carbon maritime operations across EU trade routes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613353</guid>
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