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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>H2-derivatives market demand analysis for Baltic Sea ports : hydrogen derivatives for marine fuels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751946</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report, developed within the Interreg Baltic Sea Region H2Deri@BSP project, presents a comprehensive market analysis of hydrogen derivatives across eight countries bordering the Baltic Sea. It examines current and future demand, production capacities, infrastructure readiness, regulatory conditions, and import and export possibilities, providing a solid foundation for strategic decision-making by port authorities, energy companies, and policymakers. The analysis is based on an extensive literature review and desktop research covering more than 490 scientific and industry reports, 26 EU level policies and regulations, national policy documents, as well as market outlooks. It also builds on stakeholder engagement through two structured surveys with responses from 28 ports and 13 energy companies, 14 semi-structured interviews, and two multi-stakeholder workshops. A mapping and synthesis exercise identified nearly 300 hydrogen-related projects across the Baltic Sea Region, of which roughly 240 are still in the planning or feasibility stage, according to open sources. Together, these efforts provide both a quantitative overview of current developments and a qualitative assessment of stakeholder perspectives on opportunities and barriers in the emerging hydrogen derivatives market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:34:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751946</guid>
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      <title>Social relations influence over choices of alternative marine fuels : an exploration of bounded rational aspects in the decision processes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This prestudy explores how social relations influence the choice of alternative marine fuels among Swedish shipowners. Adopting a cognitive perspective on decision-making, the study challenges rational models and instead highlights the role of networks, symbolic tools, and organizational dynamics. Based on twelve interviews with industry stakeholders, including operative staff from the two contributing companies Terntank and Stena Teknik and two additional Swedish shipowners, three key themes emerge: the role of networks, the temporal structure of decisions, and the symbolic use of decision-support tools]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 08:34:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2751937</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>CoMeBustMe : final report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666512</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the CoMeBust-Me project both industrial development and academic research has been performed. ScandiNAOS has developed a methanol-diesel dual-fuel concept from TRL 4 to TRL 7 while the academic research performed by Chalmers has had a more general objective to develop concepts for maximum replacement of fossil diesel with methanol while maintaining high engine efficiency and low emissions. The technology developed in the project enables the conversion of existing and new diesel engines to methanol operation In the project a Volvo 13L common rail laboratory engine has been used for the research and development of methanol combustion and two Volvo Penta D16 unit injector engines which were installed in a Swedish Pilot boat have been converted to dual-fuel methanol. To make the Pilot boat suitable for methanol fuel a completely new methanol fuel system including a double walled fuel tank, pump, pressure regulators, filters and valves were installed. In addition, auxiliary systems such as ventilation and gas detection were added and fire suppression system updated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:33:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666512</guid>
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      <title>Charting a sustainable course beyond carbon : a critical carbon-water-energy assessment of net-zero shipping scenarios with synthetic fuels and GHG offsetting</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thesis extends the scope of maritime decarbonization studies by incorporating cradle-to-grave assessment of energy and water use versus greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. This framework is employed to question the sustainability of decarbonization strategies centered on synthetic fuels and GHG offsetting techniques. The thesis first introduces a ship energy model to predict ships' fuel consumption from various design options for propulsion and energy generation systems. Validated on real data, the model yields energy predictions with 11% accuracy at 90% confidence. The energy modeling tool is further incorporated into a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) framework, addressing GHG, water, and energy footprints of ships from cradle to grave.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:32:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666497</guid>
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      <title>Navigating within the planetary limits : a prospective life cycle environmental sustainability assessment in support of the energy transition in Swedish aviation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666486</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite its social and economic benefits, aviation is notoriously known for its impacts on the environment, particularly climate change. In 2023, direct emissions from aviation accounted for approximately 2% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and without intervention, they are projected to increase by two to fivefold compared to 2023 levels by mid-century. To advance our knowledge of aviation sustainability and inform energy transition pathways, this thesis assesses the environmental sustainability of future air travel powered by alternative fuels and novel propulsion systems, using Sweden as a representative case. Due to its multi-dimensionality, aviation is conceptualized from a socio-technical system perspective, where the interplay between political, economic, social, technological, and ecological issues is considered. Using prospective life cycle assessment and absolute environmental sustainability assessment, the potential environmental performance of future air travel in Sweden is evaluated both in relative terms and from an absolute perspective. These different approaches seek to determine whether air travel supported by alternative fuels and novel propulsion technologies can offer environmental advantages over fossil kerosene, and if so, whether they can operate within the planetary limits. The results suggest that while alternative fuels and novel propulsion systems can support air travel with a lower climate change impact than that of fossil kerosene, these travel alternatives may have a relatively higher potential to degrade the overall environment, demonstrating significant burden-shifting between environmental problems, across sectors, geographies, and time scales. When assessing future air travel in an absolute sense, the results indicate that the potential environmental impacts associated with Sweden's projected air travel in 2050, even with advanced technologies, could overshoot the climate change and biodiversity loss thresholds by several orders of magnitude.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:32:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666486</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mixing hydrogen and methane as fuel for ship engines : a feasibility assessment of hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas as an alternative fuel for ship engines in short sea shipping</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598638</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project evaluates the feasibility of HCNG as an alternative to conventional maritime fuels in short-sea shipping, focusing on technical and economic aspects. It examines HCNG's potential for CO2 emission reduction to meet emission regulations and the required modifications for logistics and storage of hydrogen and methane in next-generation ferries. The assessment includes various blending ratios of H2/CH4 and suitable locations (on board or at the port) for blending and storage within existing infrastructure. This project uses the current operations of so-called roll-on roll-off passenger vessel on the Gotland route between the Swedish East Coast and Gotland Island, along with the corresponding port infrastructure, as a case study. The technical assessment explores various blending ratios (H2/CH4) and storage opportunities, both in port and on board, addressing their characteristics and challenges. The economic assessment estimates only the costs of the required amount of fuel for different blending ratios (H2/CH4) for the case study vessel and routes. The economic assessment gives an idea of how the fuel cost (based on the fuel choice) can affect the economy of the system. Other technical aspects (hydrogen management and logistics, hydrogen facilities and injection systems, etc. are not included as they were out of the scope of the project. However, the economic assessment based on fuel price will provide a sufficient insight into the economic aspects for the stakeholders. The project also focuses largely on the environmental and climate benefits (performance) of the use of green hydrogen mixed with methane (at different ratios) as a fuel for shipping (using the case study).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598638</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Econometric analyses of private car use and company car taxation using panel microdata</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534247</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Car use and possession is an increasingly debated topic in our society, as it is one of the major contributors to carbon dioxide emissions in the European Union. Therefore, how car use and possession can be impacted is of major policy relevance. This thesis aims to empirically study this question using a large registry database on the entire adult Swedish population and the car fleet from 1999 to 2020.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:15:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534247</guid>
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      <title>Decarbonization roadmap for the domestic fleet of the Republic of Korea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Zero Emission of Domestic Shipping in the Republic of Korea (ZED-PK) project is an ambitious initiative aimed at enhancing energy efficiency and developing a path towards zero emissions for the domestic shipping fleet in the Republic of Korea. ZED-PK encompasses a systematic and transdisciplinary approach involving multiple stakeholders. The project is structured into three phases, each dedicated to progressively advancing the decarbonization efforts within the maritime sector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:15:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534235</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>WMU roundtable on port energy transition and stakeholders engagement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534234</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the future, ports are likely to act as energy hubs, creating, receiving and distributing energy to the world and to the ships themselves. Meeting this need requires developing sustainable energy sources and appropriate financial mechanisms. Maritime decarbonization needs financial instruments, which most importantly need to take into consideration the needs of developing countries to ensure no one is left behind. Therefore, it is crucial that the selection of financial mechanisms to support the transition of the current and future needs of decarbonizing the maritime sector takes developing as well as developed countries into consideration. This report presents the results of four roundtable discussions conducted to address contemporary issues in port energy transition, based on various stakeholder perspectives, with regard to technology, policy, business models, and global cooperation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:15:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534234</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fuels as contaminants in water : chemical content, odour thresholds, ecotoxicological data and evaporation of VOC:s to air</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534182</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Oil spills, the most frequent environmental incidents in Sweden, have decreased in recent years but still pose risks to drinking water and aquatic ecosystems, with about 600 cases registered annually by the Swedish Fire Protection Association. Yet, detailed information about modern fuels and their environmental and human health impacts remains scarce. Hence, this study focuses on enhancing the understanding of the environmental impact of common fuels. This study collected thirty fuel samples of different types: petrol, diesel, fuel oil, and marine gas oil. A selected number of substances in the fuels and the water soluble phase were analysed using GC-MS. A crucial step in the analytical method in this project, since the focus was on the effect on sub-surface aquatic life and drinking water production, was to form a stable water-accommodated fraction (WAF) where non-dissolved fuel elements were separated from the water. Since odour properties were of interest, the mixing was extensive, with limited space allowed for gases, meaning that more volatile organic carbons (VOC:s) would be in solution. The chemical analysis focused on identifying and quantifying 50 substances, including aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethers, and esters, plus 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH:s) for eight of the samples. These substances were chosen for their significance in interpreting results related to odour and to illustrate the proportion of light and heavy substances in the fuels. Twelve of the thirty fuel samples were selected for odour threshold testing, where a dilution series from the WAF was used to evaluate the intensity of odours at different concentrations. Six samples were chosen for ecotoxicological assessments on crustaceans, algae, and bacteria, offering a comprehensive understanding of the ecotoxicity of the fuel-water mixtures. Four samples were used in tailor-made evaporation experiments to study how volatile fuel components evaporate from the water surface under different temperatures and ethanol concentrations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534182</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety of ammonia on board : pre-study of ammonia as a new fuel in shipping, from a safety perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534179</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Safety of Ammonia on board (SAMM) project has been built on current knowledge about ammonia safety and aimed to increase the understanding of barriers for using ammonia as a fuel for shipping. The project has also contributed to identifying future areas where more research is needed. The pre-study was divided into two steps to increase the understanding of safety barriers for using ammonia as a fuel within the shipping sector. First, a background study was carried out to check previous and ongoing experiences with ammonia in shipping and in other sectors. This included literature, interviews and a study visit at the Port of Gothenburg. Second, a physical workshop was performed with competences covering ship operation, port operation, emergency response, insurance, rules and regulations. The workshop was divided into three activities: creation of timeline, prioritization (by voting) of barriers to overcome, and detailing of top voted activities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534179</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Large scale hydrogen filling : challenges when filling large volumes of hydrogen in short time</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491191</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This feasibility study has been initiated and financed by Lighthouse and aims to increase knowledge about the use of hydrogen as a marine fuel, where it has good conditions to be a sustainable and efficient fuel in certain segments. In the transition to fossil-free shipping, hydrogen has potential to be a non-fossil solution for certain segments of shipping. However, the possibility to use hydrogen is limited by the fact that hydrogen has a low volume density, which limits how much hydrogen can be stored on board. In addition, the use of hydrogen is also limited by challenges related to the handling of hydrogen. This report studies one of those the challenges, the filling of hydrogen from storage in the port to on-board the ship. Specifically, the filling of the next generation Gotland ferries is being studied, up to 16 tons of hydrogen must be filled for each round trip between Visby and Nynäshamn. Furthermore, to enable three round trips per day, the ferry needs to be turned around in less than one hour, which is a challenge for the filling, from both a thermodynamic and a regulatory perspective. In this report, the large-scale filling of hydrogen gas is studied, a thermodynamic simulation model and an overview of relevant regulations are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:16:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491191</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aluminium som fartygsbränsle - Inledande utvärdering ur ett livscykelperspektiv</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440093</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Purpose and goal: The overall aim of the project is to study aluminium as ship fuel to assess its relevance as ship fuel from an environmental perspective and the potentials for the use of aluminium as ship fuel. This includes mapping out the lifecycle of aluminium as a ship fuel. In addition, pros and cons and niche markets for aluminium as ship fuel are identified. Expected results and effects: The main result from the project will be knowledge building around aluminium as ship fuel, which is an area where knowledge is lacking today. The knowledge will contribute to the knowledge building around aluminium as ship fuel that has begun in Sweden. In the long run, the knowledge can contribute to the development of a more environmentally friendly industry around aluminium as ship fuel. Approach and implementation: To answer the project´s aim, the project is divided into 4 work packages (in addition to project management) with their own research questions that will be answered: 1. Pros and cons as well as niche markets; 2. Potentials; 3. Lifecycle; 4. Environmental impact. The methods that will be used in the project include, for example, literature studies, interviews/workshops and lifecycle assessment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Oct 2024 14:38:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440093</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ett forum för interaktiv omvärldsbevakning av vätgas för tunga fordon</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of the project is to: (i) increase knowledge about hydrogen-powered heavy duty vehicles and construction machines regarding the entire value chain from raw materials and primary energy to end users, within policy, regulations, economics, technology and other important enablers for a possible future market introduction, and (ii) contribute to good conditions for effective pilot projects with hydrogen-powered Heavy duty vehicles in Sweden. Hydrogen is emphasized as an important ingredient in the energy system of the future. However, it is unclear to what extent the hydrogen will serve as a fuel. The approach to hydrogen is about strategic decisions for many actors. The market is greatly influenced by policy and the development of the energy system in general. The Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation, AFIR, is an example of a potentially decisive factor for the supply of energy to electrified vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Oct 2024 14:37:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Explosions in road tunnels part 3 : Target failure probability and design values</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the introduction of the Eurocodes [1-6], countries are encouraged to take into account explosion loads in the design of their road tunnels. From “Explosions in road tunnels, Part 1: A study into the explosion scenarios” [7] it has been concluded that 1) the loads as mentioned in the Eurocode are not representative for the total spectrum of explosion loads and 2) based on the Eurocode it is not possible to design tunnels satisfactory for explosion loads. To be able to design tunnels for explosions, it is necessary to have an understanding of all the possible explosion scenarios that can take place, the probability of occurrence of these scenarios and their consequences in terms of pressure and impulse. In “Explosions in road tunnels, Part 2: A quantitative risk analysis” [8] a quantitative risk analysis (QRA) has been performed, resulting in an overview of all possible LPG induced scenarios and their respective risk. In this “Part 3: target failure probability and design values”, we present a method to calculate the design values for the peak pressure and impulse, based on an economic analysis [9,10]. Given the Quantitative Risk Analysis [8] as basis, the following steps are taken: 1. Determining the explosion characteristics for the various scenarios in terms of peak pressures and impulses. This was done on the basis of existing reports and, where necessary, on estimates; 2. Determining the desired target failure probability. The target failure probability has been determined based on a simple economic consideration. No complex calculations have been done and available literature has been used instead, including the JCSS Probabilistic Model Code; 3. Determining the design values for the loads, depending on some relevant parameters (importance, type of traffic, length) and the conditions to which this applies. This has been done based on a relatively simple analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jun 2024 15:25:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397929</guid>
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