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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>ATOMIZATION OF COAL WATER MIXTURES: EVALUATION OF FUEL NOZZLES AND A CELLULOSE GUM SIMULANT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/392344</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An experimental evaluation of four air-assist fuel nozzles has been conducted to determine atomization levels of coal-water mixture (CWM) fuels at operating conditions simulating a high pressure combustor. Two of the nozzles were commercial units marketed for use in atmospheric burners, while two nozzles were specially designed for CWM operation in a high pressure combustor. Sprays from all four injectors were characterized in tests performed over a range of liquid and air flowrates. Most of the tests were performed using a cellulose-gum water solution prepared to match the viscosity and drip characteristics of an available CWM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/392344</guid>
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      <title>EFFICIENT OPERATION OF COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT IN MARINE BOILERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/163291</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, written principally for users of ships' main or auxiliary water-tube boilers with multiple register oil-burners, the Author (of Hamworthy Engineering Ltd) explains the requirements that the air-register/oil-atomiser combination has to meet if the boiler is to operate efficiently.  The manufacturer establishes the correct matching of atomiser and register geometry, but input conditions for the air and oil are often much below the optimum and result in poor and uneconomical flames. Improved air-flow distribution between and around the air register can give significant operational advantages, and installation of new or modified combustion equipment can often repay the investment within a year.  The paper, which is particularly concerned with fuel economy, includes two case studies on air flow to and through the register and discusses the operation and maintenance of steam-assisted atomisers (external mix type) and steam atomisers (internal mix type).  The paper also includes a discussion on the use of flue gas for inert-gas systems, including the combustion-control arrangements.  Possible measures for overcoming combustion difficulties with oil fuels that may be bunkered during the next few years are also examined; it is thought that modifications to existing equipment, rather than replacing the equipment, would be adequate.  Order from BSRA as No. 54,765.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/163291</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>XRG FUEL TREATMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165456</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The XRG fuel treatment, in utilizing catalyst technology, reduces fuel consumption, smoke, particulate emissions, and carbon formation in boilers and engines operating on liquid hydrocarbon fuels.  The product has achieved significant results in internal combustion engines (both diesel and gasoline powered), as well as in a wide variety of open-flame burner applications which include marine steam-generating plants.  The product's function can perhaps best be seen in the following somewhat basic terms: an actual (i.e., literal) chemical change occurs within the combustion gases, wherein virtually all of the lower or heavier ends of the hydrocarbon fuels are burned.  Thus, more of the useable content of the fuel's inherent B.T.U. value is extracted and burned.  Rapid and thorough ignition occurs, causing greatly improved combustion.  It should be noted that the product, when introduced to the less expensive (i.e., higher viscosity) grades of fuel oil, provides a positive assist to the atomization procedure, thereby further utilizing the fuel's inherent B.T.U. value.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/165456</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHEMICAL ADDITIVES TO COMBAT POOR QUALITY FUELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/160038</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One practical approach to enhancing the acceptability of the poorer quality bunker fuels is the use of chemical additives.  The acceptance of this technology, however, is now becoming a necessity in some operating circumstances. The authors purpose is to reduce the problems of the marine industry caused by the worldwide petroleum crisis into understandable terms while at the same time to demonstrate how the intelligent use and selection of chemical additives can enhance the efficient utilization of current and future bunkers.  When additives are used properly, they will provide relative improvements that can prove cost effective to the operator when they are used in conjunction with good mechanical treatment.  Critical to the additives success are: 1) correct identification of the problem, 2) selection of the proper additive, 3) correct dosing and control, 4) close follow-up of the programme at the shipboard level. The article reviews the physical and Chemical properties of fuels, fuel handling and conditioning, combustion problems with boilers and diesels, and the role of chemical addtitives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/160038</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>IMPROVED ATOMIZATION OF RESIDUAL FUELS FOR MARINE BOILERS. VOLUME I: DEVELOPMENT OF FULL-SCALE ATOMIZATION MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/82718</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report includes a state-of-the-art literature survey of twin fluid atomizer design and the effect of fuel properties on atomizer performance; the identification, design, and purchase of equipment required to perform droplet size and ballistics measurements using laser diffraction and double spark photographic measurement techniques; and the modification of an existing C-E full scale combustion test facility to accept the installation of a typical Marine Burner Assembly. (Portions of this document are not fully legible)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 May 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/82718</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF THE BORE-COOLED FUEL NOZZLE FOR IHI-SULZER LARGE-SIZE MARINE DIESEL ENGINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/67383</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the increased power of engines and the use of low-grade fuel oils due to energy-saving requirements, the fuel valves of marine diesel engines are put under very severe working conditions.  This often causes corrosion of the cooling jacket, gas leakage and early impairment of fuel atomization, which considerably shorten the service life of the fuel valves.  In order that such troubles may be prevented, especially in terms of maintenance, a bore-cooled type fuel nozzle that extends the overhaul intervals by being able to withstand very severe working conditions without deterioration of its performance has been developed. By introducing the bore cooling design, the use of the shrunk-on jacket can be eliminated and gas leaking from the shrink tip part completely prevented.  The cooling of the nozzle is ensured with the nozzle surface.  The improvement of the needle tip angle and material not only contributes to the prevention of early impairement of fuel atomization but also prolongs the service life of the valves to one year from dock to dock, without overhauling.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/67383</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CAN WATER HELP FUEL BURN?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/24791</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emulsions of water and liquid fuels can burn better and cleaner than the fuels alone.  This article rounds up that idea's full-scale applications to date, and reports on the widespread R&D still taking place.  More information on emulsion fundamentals is needed.  At least one major project has now been launched to fill the gap, a $120,000 National Science Foundation (NSF) research grant to Princeton University (Princeton, N.J.) scientists Irvin Glassman, Frederick L. Dryer and David W. Naegeli.  One of the main aims is to characterize a "good" emulsion.  Effects of particle size, water concentration, and total system pressure are just some of the unknowns.  After two years or so on the fundamentals the team plans to focus on the diesel engine.  At Adelphi University (Garden City, N.Y.), physics professor John Dooher plans to make photomicrographs of water/oil droplets actually shattering and to measure radiative heat transfer from the emulsion flame.  Last summer, Dooher coordinated a session on emulsified fuels for a combustion workshop sponsored by the American Physical Soc., NSF, Federal Energy Administration and Electric Power Research Institute at the Princeton campus.  About the only major effort to date in the U.S. has been a series of studies by Battelle Memorial Institute (Columbus, Ohio) during 1968-70, under contract to the National Air Pollution Control Administration (a predecessor of the Environmental Protection Agency).  Battelle mainly looked into various techniques for preparing and characterizing emulsions of both No. 2 fuel oil with water and residual oil with water.  Some limited combustion trials of the emulsions were also conducted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Nov 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/24791</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ATOMIZER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5471</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A description is given of an atomizer for gas turbines. It is a modification of existing liquid fuel atomizers incorporating a plug with tangential swirl grooves.  To retain the quality of the spray under various loads the grooved plug is made of an elastic material.  The plug compresses under an increased fuel pressure and forms an opening through which fuel also passes to the nozzle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 27 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/5471</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FUEL-AIR BURNER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5482</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The fuel-air burner for a combustion chamber of gas turbine engine, consisting of a centrifugal atomizer and a swirler located between it and the housing is different in that to broaden the range of stable operation and to reduce the length and brightness of the flame a second swirler with a perforated nozzle, for example, converging nozzle with a perforation on the outlet part, is placed in the cup beyond the first swirler.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 27 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/5482</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A STUDY OF DT-1 FUEL ATOMIZATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/945</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A description is given of research on the process of operation of the 4 Ch 17.5/24 auxiliary marine engine that uses heavy motor fuel and has a rated power of 100 HP at 750 rpm. Use is made of DT-1 fuel with a specific weight of 0.9 gram/cc, rated Engler viscosity 2.1, and physical impurities 0.1 percent, water 0.66 percent, and sulfur 2.5 percent. The diagram of an experimental engineless installation is given, as well as a graph of DT-1 fuel viscosity as a function of temperature. A table gives the characteristics of the fineness of atomization of DT-1 by a jet with a nozzle diameter of 0.25 mm at pressure P = 300 kg/sq. cm and heating temperature of 65 C. It is noted that at a heating temperature below 40 C, the dispersive composition of the atomized fuel deteriorates considerably. Best results are obtained when the fuel is heated from 55--65 C. The dependence of droplets on heating temperature and injection pressure is graphically shown. An equation is presented which gives fuel viscosity as a function of injection pressure, which in the experiment was 265,300, and 320 kg/sq. cm, while fuel viscosity was respectively 1.93, 1.97, and 2.19 in conventional Engler units.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 May 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/945</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE INJECTION OF AIR MOTION FUEL SPRAY AND COMBUSTION IN THE DIESEL COMBUSTION PROCESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/4845</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is pertinent mainly to combustion in open-chamber diesel engines employing air swirl.  It is shown how an increase in air swirl rate can cause a marked loss of combustion efficiency unless fuel spray penetration is increased.  High swirl reduces radial fuel spray penetration with central injection and the resulting excess fuel in the central area may be trapped by buoyancy forces following ignition, becoming isolated for as much as a tenth of a second in a chamber of four in. diameter.  A brief explanation of fuel injection in terms of the mechanics of fluid jets is given and circumstances described in which buoyancy forces assist fuel-air mixing following ignition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 21 Apr 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/4845</guid>
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