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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>The Accident Externality of Driving: Evidence from Observance of the Jewish Sabbath in Israel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1439790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors document and measure an externality of driving, whereby a driver’s decision to take to the road affects fellow drivers risk of accident. Because religious Jews refrain from driving during the Sabbath, traffic on Israeli roads decreases sharply when the Sabbath begins each Friday, at a precisely defined time before sundown, and increases after the Sabbath ends on Saturday evening, at a precisely defined time after sunset. Using plausibly exogenous variation in traffic volume associated with the Sabbath, the authors estimate the effect of traffic volume on the risk of fatal or injurious accident. The authors find that a positive accident externality emerges only at the Sabbath exit, when traffic volumes are greater. Remarkably similar results arise when the analysis is confined to non-Jewish drivers, whose travel choices are not bound by the precise timing of the Sabbath, supporting the interpretation that the authors findings reflect an externality. Finally, the effect emerges mainly on a class of road sections that is considered highly perilous, suggesting that the interaction of traffic volume and road perilousness is important for understanding this issue and shaping implicated policy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 2016 11:31:16 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Friday Exception Scheduling in Transit Systems: An Exploratory Analysis When Data Are Limited</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1358498</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most transit agencies operate the same schedule Monday through Friday, except on holidays. Recent work suggests that agencies potentially could save money by operating different schedules on Friday. This research paper aims to identify factors associated with different ridership patterns on Friday, especially when limited data are available. Ridership data for seven bus routes serving Newark, New Jersey, were analyzed, along with characteristics of the routes and areas they serve. These data were limited in that they were provided as a PDF file and were for one month only. Land uses associated with commuting, specifically those with a mix of high residential density and employment density, were found to have different ridership patterns on Friday. A three-part screening process is outlined, looking at the base level of weekday ridership, service frequency, and the residential and employment land uses served. Based on this, two routes serving Newark were identified for which an alternative schedule potentially could be implemented on Friday. This screening process will be useful for transit agencies with limited data resources and that may benefit from Friday exception scheduling, when it is feasible to implement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2015 15:51:58 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>CHICAGO AREA EXPRESSWAY ACCIDENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/108872</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A MAP IS PRESENTED SHOWING THE NUMBER AND LOCATION OF ACCIDENTS BY MILE SECTION OF THE EXPRESSWAY IN COOK COUNTY IN 1964. THE REPORT SHOWS THAT FRIDAY, WHICH IS USUALLY THE HIGHEST TRAFFIC VOLUME DAY, WAS ALSO THE WORST DAY FOR ACCIDENTS--19 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL. THERE WERE 21,740 VEHICLES INVOLVED IN EXPRESSWAY ACCIDENTS IN 1964. ALMOST 90 PERCENT OF THESE WERE PASSENGER CARS WHILE 69 PERCENT OF THE ACCIDENTS RESULTED FROM A PASSENGER CAR STRIKING ANOTHER CAR . 87 PERCENT OF THE ACCIDENTS OCCURRED ON THE OPEN HIGHWAY AND 11 PERCENT ON THE EXPRESSWAY RAMPS WITH THE REMAINDER ON SHOULDERS, BRIDGES, AND ETC.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 24 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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