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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Development of edition 4.0 of the Guide to Road Design Part 6: Roadside Design, Safety and Barriers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987577</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research report documents changes to Edition 3.2 of the Austroads Guide to Road Design Part 6: Roadside Design, Safety and Barriers, and in particular, Sections 4, 5 and 6. This research report also provides background information to the guidance and commentary which informs the reader on aspects of the Guide. The topics covered include the flexibility of barriers, working width, a barrier’s points of redirection, the offset of barriers from kerbs, the length of need, the classification of MASH soils to support safety barrier installations, the orientation of barriers on superelevated roads, barrier selection guidance, aesthetic road safety barriers and the performance of frangible poles and masts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2022 12:04:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1987577</guid>
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      <title>Användning av eftergivliga belysningsstolpar: litteraturstudie och olycksstudie</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506344</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to enhance knowledge of impact-friendly, resilient or yielding lighting columns. The project incorporates an international literature review, followed by an enhanced view of utility for Swedish society by the selection and use of resilient lighting columns. Finally, an accident study of lighting columns is included. Results from the literature study show an earlier and more frequent use of resilient lighting columns in the Nordic countries and the USA than for example Great Britain. Passively safe and resilient columns should be used in order to reduce injury risk. It is a main recommendation to primarily remove objects of obvious danger from the roadside environment, and when impossible use some type of passively safe resilient or yielding road equipment instead. Cost benefit analyses in several countries have shown a positive traffic safety result for passively safe columns, except for roads with very low traffic volume or low speed. The accident study, based on 6 000 injured persons, shows that on the rural state road network, most of the column collisions occur on roads with speed limit 70 kilometer per hour (35%), followed by 50 kilometer per hour (25%). On urban municipality roads, most accidents occur at speed limit 50 kilometer per hour (58%), followed by 70 kilometer per hour (13%).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Mar 2018 09:54:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1506344</guid>
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      <title>Improving roadside safety: stage 4: interim report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1302392</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Roadside hazards pose a major risk to the occupants of vehicles which run off the road. This report presents the final stage of an Austroads project which involved investigations into the effectiveness of safety barrier placement, providing more forgiving roadside structures (such as frangible poles) or protecting errant vehicles against impacts with them (clear zones). It also investigated retrofitting of safety barriers to improve motorcyclist safety. The report presents road safety engineering practitioners in Australia and New Zealand with updated advice on hazard management, treatment selection and barrier placement to assist in making progressive steps towards safe roadsides.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Mar 2014 12:10:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1302392</guid>
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      <title>Improving roadside safety: summary report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1302391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report presents road safety engineering practitioners in Australia and New Zealand with updated advice on hazard management, treatment selection and barrier placement in Safe System context.  Roadside hazards pose a major risk to the occupants of vehicles which run off the road.  This project investigated the effectiveness of safety barrier selection and placement, providing more forgiving roadside structures (such as frangible poles) or protecting errant vehicles against impacts with them (clear zones).  It also investigated the retrofitting of safety barriers to improve motorcyclist safety. The key outcome of the project is a proposed roadside safety management framework focussing on minimising fatal and serious injuries arising from run-off-road crashes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Mar 2014 12:10:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1302391</guid>
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      <title>Improving roadside safety: stage 3: interim report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1224165</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this project is to improve the safety performance of roadsides by investigating the effectiveness of: 1. substituting roadside hazards with more forgiving options, such as frangible poles; 2. safety barrier selection and placement including retrofitting of safety barriers for improved motorcycle safety; 3. protecting against impacts with roadside hazards through clear zone selection.  The project will provide input into future revisions of road and roadside design guidelines.  The Stage 3 interim report presents the project findings achieved during the 2010-11 financial year.  Stage 3 aimed to build on findings and recommendations of the previous two stages by undertaking more detailed investigations of the three areas.  In addition, Stage 3 sought to review road agency practices/processes for balancing environmental impacts of roadside safety management.  An investigation of crash severity indices for common roadside hazards in different speed environments was undertaken, including a preliminary investigation of frangible and rigid poles.  A review of in-service performance of rigid, semi-rigid and flexible barriers was carried out leading to improved information on barrier selection and placement.  A review of literature on median barrier performance was undertaken.  A review of end treatments and transitions, as well as point hazard barriers/attenuators was continued.  A review of motorcyclist barrier solutions was undertaken. A review of heavy vehicle barriers was also undertaken, as well as an analysis of in-service performance of rigid, semi-rigid and flexible barriers in heavy vehicle crashes.  A review of guidance for clear zone selection on freeways was commenced.  The report also documents the input of Austroads stakeholders into the research directions and methods for Stage 3.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2012 14:45:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1224165</guid>
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      <title>Development of breakaway utility poles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1207006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes an investigation of alternative schemes for in situ modification of existing conductor carrying and luminaire timber poles, with the objective of reducing the severity of vehicular impact while maintaining the integrity of the conductor cables.  The feasibility of modifying Australian timber utility poles was investigated initially by a simplified mathematical model.  The model results showed that significant reductions in collision severity could be achieved through pole modification.  A 1:7.38 Scale model test facility was built to further investigate the breakaway utility pole concept.  In all, 95 impact tests were conducted on a variety of pole modification schemes, configurations and timbers under a range of impact conditions.  The test results confirmed the mathematical model predictions, and a simple pole modification scheme was developed that significantly reduced collision severity over the range of test conditions.  Conductor cable tensions resulting from impact and pole breakaway remained well within the cable ultimate strength for both the single and two crossarm pole tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 22:04:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1207006</guid>
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      <title>Recent developments in the use of the breakaway cable terminal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1206936</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of a breakaway cable terminal (BCT) for steel W beam guardrails has gained acceptance in most states of America.  Bcts are designed to establish sufficient tensile stresses in the guardrail to enable it to redirect errant vehicles satisfactorily and to 'breakaway' to decrease the possibility of the guardrail impaling an errant vehicle which collides head on with the terminal. Steel posts which use a slip base mechanism or wooden posts which have shear weakened plane have been incorporated into American designs.  BCTs using both steel and wooden posts systems have been used extensively in America although minor design changes have been recommended by the originators.  This report discusses these recent design modifications, the American usage, costs of construction and accident experience of BCTs.  They are seen to have performed satisfactorily in all types of standard impacts.  Vehicle decelerations in these tests were acceptable and less than with standard terminals.  Possible queries associated with the use of BCTs are discussed and warrants for their use in Australia are given (a).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 22:02:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1206936</guid>
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      <title>Roadside hazards: a submission to the Victorian Parliamentary Road Safety Committee enquiry into collisions with utility poles and roadside fixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1206235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 21:32:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1206235</guid>
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      <title>Frangible lighting poles: design, testing and use in Victoria</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1197535</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the development and use of frangible lighting poles in Victoria.  It includes a review of recent full scale crash testing of an impact absorbent type frangible pole along with other non frangible types, carried out by the traffic accident research unit in New South Wales. Details of current guidelines developed in Victoria for the selection and placing of lighting poles and a brief description of some of the legal and statutory implications associated with the use of frangible poles is provided (a).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 15:35:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1197535</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Safety barriers: considerations for the provision of safety barriers on rural roads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1196755</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This publication sets out some of the factors which may need to be addressed when investigating the provision of safety barriers on rural roads. Several types of safety barriers are identified and their characteristics described. Diagrams give typical details and dimensions. Specifically the document refers to the use of barriers on 'earth' foundations - in particular - guardfence (the considerations are not necessarily applicable to guardrails on bridges and large culverts).  The book is concerned primarily with the selection and installation of new safety barriers, but may also be used to review existing installations. Application of the considerations in this publication will facilitate the provision of appropriate safety barriers to ensure roadsides incorporate a consistent and economic degree of safety (a).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 15:07:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1196755</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Roadside environment: an overview</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1196349</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A review of studies overseas indicates that while road user factors predominate as a cause of road accident losses, the environmental factor contributes to the order of 30 per cent of accidents investigated.  This report focuses on the recommendation of the social development committee of the Victorian parliament that a high priority countermeasure in the area of road hazards is: increased programmes and funding regarding accident black spot identification and cost beneficial treatment; and designation by the premier of a single authority to be given the overriding responsibility and power to identify and treat roadside hazards effectively.  It reviews the actions taken in response to the recommendation and in particular the selection of the road traffic authority to exercise overriding responsibility for the effective treatment of roadside hazards with other authorities. Concern is expressed that measures which have been adopted to minimise the incidence and severity outcomes of run off the road accidents have not resulted in significant improvements.  There is evidence that institutional constraints, lack of cooperation and coordination have exacerbated this situation.  The report concludes that the establishment of the roadside hazard working group by the road traffic authority to increase awareness of other authorities to roadside hazards is a positive development and it should be promoted as the advisor to them on the roadside hazard potential of proposed work and installations.  The cost of roadside hazards to the community of $170 million per annum justifies a much higher priority for and allocation of resources for their treatment than the $1.02 Million for 1986/87 in the road traffic authority budget would indicate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 14:52:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1196349</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synopsis of proceedings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1194987</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The publication contains synopses of the following papers: the road safety perspective (hazel=b); the energy authority perspective (overy=m); mechanics of frangible poles (davis=c); submissions from pole manufacturers (khoo=p, shaw=r and smith=w); electrical supply safety criteria (walker=f); practices in other states (rigby=k); the South Australian experience (modra=j); legal implications of frangible poles (epstein=j); dangerous pole locations (joubert=p).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 14:09:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1194987</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The legal implications of frangible poles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1192719</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The legal implications of the use of frangible or breakaway poles is investigated.  It is concluded that road authorities who use frangible poles will not normally be held liable to persons injured by them. Authorities who use rigid poles instead of safer equipment may be held liable in negligence in some circumstances.  Potential defendants are identified (a).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 12:54:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1192719</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Slip base columns in the ACT: a summary of the 1981 experience</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1191665</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Slip base columns have recently become standard equipment for streetlighting installations in the act.  All column accident sites are inspected.  A summary of the first 11 months' experience is presented together with a number of observations.  Safety equipment chosen is discussed and the methods of implementing the policy between two authorities in the act are explained. Benefits and costs are considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 12:10:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1191665</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The BCT - a forgiving guardrail terminal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1188805</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article summarises information on the Michie and Bronstad breakaway cable terminal (BCT) including trial installations by the Department of Main Roads in New South Wales.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 08:21:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1188805</guid>
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