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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>A new method for anti-floating of underground structures: experimental study on active–passive combined anti-floating</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670261</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With underground engineering “marching deep into the earth”, where hydrogeological conditions are highly complex, it is necessary to design effective anti-floating measures when constructing underground structures. First, an active–passive combined anti-floating test system for underground structures is independently designed and developed. Then, active–passive combined anti-floating tests are conducted under different basal water pressures and pressure-limiting heads by effectively combining active anti-floating through pressure-limiting drainage with passive anti-floating based on dead weight. Next, the drainage-to-shear strength ratio and the load-sharing ratio in active–passive anti-floating are determined. Finally, the test model is programmed using COMSOL Multiphysics, corroborating its rationality, and the effects of anti-floating measures for underground structures on pore pressure and flow rate in foundation clay are analyzed. Based on the results of this study, active pressure-limiting drainage in the developed test system effectively reduces the water pressure at the bottom of underground structures. When an underground structure is subjected to the same water buoyancy, the smaller the pressure-limiting head, the greater the ratio of water buoyancy borne by active anti-floating measures, and the greater the drainage-to-shear strength ratio and active/passive force ratio of the structure. When the total buoyancy borne by the underground structure increases, the drainage-to-shear strength ratio and active/passive force ratio of the model barrel increase gradually. Furthermore, the simulation results reveal the distribution characteristics of soil pore pressure and flow rate for the active–passive combined anti-floating measures, and provide a reference for the anti-floating design of underground engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 May 2026 09:33:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2670261</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>New Righting Test Method for Lifejackets Using Buoyancy Material Considering Clothing Influence</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2016, an accident in the United Kingdom in which people wearing lifejackets were found in face-down positions in water led to an investigation into the influence of clothing on the righting performance of lifejackets on board ships. The results showed that the righting performance is reduced when lifejackets are worn over clothing. In addition, the reproducibility of the righting test was poor when the subject was wearing clothing. Therefore, developing a highly reproducible righting test method for lifejackets considering the influence of clothing is required. In this study, the authors present a reproducible righting test method for lifejackets using almost impermeable buoyancy material instead of clothing. The purpose of using buoyancy material is to simulate the observed effect where clothing diminishes the righting performance of the lifejacket. The size and arrangement of the buoyancy material in this study were determined using a numerical evaluation method for the righting performance of the lifejacket, considering the influence of clothing, as proposed by the authors. The accuracy and reproducibility of the proposed righting test method were confirmed by comparing the results of the lifejacket righting tests performed by human test subjects wearing clothing and buoyancy materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 Apr 2025 09:07:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2528377</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Calculation of ship floating state by quasi-Newton iteration method for onboard loading computer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488199</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Calculating the floating state of a ship is the basic function of onboard loading computer, which is crucial for ship safety. Aiming at the deficiencies in the existing algorithms, the authors used the quasi-Newton iteration method to calculate the floating state of a ship. Firstly, the section model database of ship's hull was established by cutting the stereolithographic (STL) 3D model which is created by ship design software. Then, Sutherland–Hodgma polygon clipping algorithm and Shoelace Formula were used to calculate the Jacobian matrix. Finally, the authors selected a 108,000 DWT bulk carrier, ADMIRAL SCHMIDT, as an example to verify the correctness of the algorithm. The authors performed 100,000 random loading numerical tests, the average number of iterations was 2–3, and the number of convergence failures was zero. The authors calculated 24 typical standard loading conditions. The authors found the maximum average absolute error of the draught and trim were 0.0081 and −0.0283 m, respectively. The calculation error was far less than the requirements of the classification society. The results showed that the Quasi-Newton iteration method is simple to implement and easy to program, and has high robustness and accuracy and appropriate convergence. The method is suitable for the real-time calculation of a ship's floating state and has considerable engineering application value.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jan 2025 08:49:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2488199</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Valorization of pyrolysis oils recycled from waste car tires as potential collector in coal flotation: Production, characterization, and collecting mechanism</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2365625</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present research study investigates the performance of pyrolysis oils recycled from waste tires as a collector in coal flotation. Three different types of pyrolysis oils (namely, POT₁, POT₂, and POT₃) were produced through a two-step pressure pyrolysis method followed by an oil rolling process. The characteristics of POTs were adjusted using various oil-modifying additives such as mineral salts and organic solvents. The chemical structure of POTs was explored by employing necessary instrumental analysis techniques, including microwave-assisted acid digestion (MAD), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The collecting performance of POTs in coal flotation was evaluated using an experimental design based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM), considering the ash content and yield of the final concentrate. The effect of the type and dosage of POTs was evaluated in conjunction with other important operating variables, including the dosage of frother, dosage of depressant, and the type of coal. Results of POTs characterization revealed that the pyrolysis oils were a complex composition of light and heavy hydrocarbon molecules, including naphthalene, biphenyl, acenaphthylene, fluorene, and pyrene. Statistical analysis of experimental results showed that among different POTs, POT₁ exhibited remarkable superiority, achieving not only a 15% higher coal recovery but also a 12% lower ash content. The outstanding performance of POT₁ was attributed to its unique composition, which includes a concentrated presence of carbon chains within the optimal range for efficient flotation. Additionally, the FT-IR spectra of POT₁ reveal specific functional groups, including aromatic and aliphatic compounds, greatly enhancing its interaction with coal surfaces, as confirmed by contact angle measurement. This research provides valuable insights into the specific carbon chains and functional groups that contribute to the effectiveness of POT as a collector, facilitating the optimization of coal flotation processes and underscoring the environmental advantages of employing pyrolysis oils as sustainable alternatives in the mining industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 10 May 2024 16:50:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2365625</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Floating-state calculation method based on tetrahedral meshing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2350375</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flotation and stability calculations are key components of vessel design and construction. The field of floating-state calculations has a long research history. However, certain difficulties remain in practice, particularly for multihull vessels. In this study, the authors devised a new method called the tetrahedral mesh method (TMM) for evaluating the flotation and stability of multihull vessels, which is more convenient than the 3D surface method. The TMM is implemented in three steps. First, the 3D floating body is discretized into a number of tetrahedral elements. Second, the hydrostatic properties of each tetrahedral element are calculated. Finally, the hydrostatic properties of the entire vessel are evaluated by summing the properties obtained in the second step. By comparing numerical and physical experiments under various working conditions, the authors' algorithm achieved an average deviation of only 3.9%. Furthermore, the restoration curves of the platform at different azimuth angles were also determined using the TMM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Mar 2024 17:04:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2350375</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical method for evaluating the righting performance of a lifejacket influenced by clothing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1929719</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2017, the Marine Accident Investigation Branch of the United Kingdom reported an accident involving a fishing vessel that resulted in the fatalities of three seafarers, who were found face-down in the water despite wearing lifejackets certified in accordance with international regulations. Following this marine accident, research has been conducted on the righting performance of lifejackets, and it has been noted that the righting performance is reduced when lifejackets are worn over clothing. According to the current international regulation, the righting performance of lifejackets is evaluated through righting tests using human test subjects wearing only swimming costumes. The influence of clothing is ignored in the righting tests of lifejackets to improve the reproducibility of the tests. To improve the righting performance of lifejackets, it is necessary to develop a method for evaluating the righting performance considering the influence of clothing.In this study, a numerical method for evaluating the righting performance of lifejackets considering the effects of clothing is proposed. Righting tests using a model test subject and a human test subject were performed to validate the numerical evaluation method. The proposed method is based on the ship stability theory and calculates the longitudinal equilibrium posture and transverse GM value as indices of the righting performance. The effectiveness of this numerical evaluation method was confirmed by comparing the calculation results to those of righting tests using a model test subject.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Mar 2022 12:08:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1929719</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study into the Development of a Light Weight Smart Life Buoy Prototype (LWSLB)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1901982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Life Buoy, also known as a life preserver, is a crucial safety tool on board any marine ships. The most common and conventional lifesaver is operated manually to save people from drowning, yet this method poses a risk for both the victim and rescuer. Hence, with the help of current technology, a smart lifebuoy has been developed, whereby the rescuer just operates the lifebuoy using remote control. Yet, the existing smart life buoy system has been found heavy and hard to be operated, especially for women, children, and other people with disabilities.This paper focuses on the development of a lightweight smart life buoy system and its characteristics.  Arduino Uno R3, Arduino Nano, DC motor 775, Transmitter and Receiver kit were the main components used in the development of the lightweight smart life buoy system (LWSLB). The developed LWSLB system was tested at the National Defence University of Malaysia’ swimming pool due to Covid-19 lockdown, and data such as speed, range of remote connection and battery endurance were obtained. It has been found out that the developed LWSLB weighs just 3.5kg overall compared to Brand S which weighs 13.75kg. However, in terms of speed, Brand S proves to be faster at 4.17m/s compared to LWSLB which exhibits a speed of 1.25m/s.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jan 2022 09:50:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1901982</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Life Quality Index–based cost–benefit analysis of equipping life preservers aboard airplanes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1895185</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The life preservers aboard airplanes play a critical role in ensuring occupant safety in water-related accidents. However, several airlines off-load life preservers to save fuel and costs. In this study, a cost–benefit analysis was performed considering the Life Quality Index to examine the necessity of life preservers aboard aircraft. It was noted that the placement of life preservers aboard airplanes was reasonable and beneficial in the recent 15 years. Although life preservers are primarily required for extended overwater (EOW) operations, the distance from the shoreline for most of the water-related accidents was considerably smaller than that of an EOW operation, and most water-related accidents occurred close to an airport. In other words, air passengers were at risk of water-related accidents, regardless of whether the flight was classified as an EOW flight. Thus, life preservers must be made available for all the occupants on all passenger flights, regardless of the flight path.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jan 2022 17:27:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1895185</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biological Degradation of Spent De-Icing Fluids in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant – Experiences and Challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1813461</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Oslo Airport Gardermoen (OSL) is situated over a ground water reservoir, and collection and handling of spent de-icing fluids is therefore of major importance. OSL have chosen to handle low- and medium strength spent fluids in cooperation with a nearby municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Medium strength fluid is used as a carbon source for nitrogen removal, and thus used as a resource. Low strength fluid is pre-treated in an aerobic biofilm reactor before it is routed to the plant inlet.         Prior to the choice of solution for disposal of the fluids, investigations were performed in laboratory and pilot scale. The efficiency of the fluid as a carbon source for denitrification was studied in parallel with ethanol and methanol as well documented carbon sources. The achieved denitrification rates were comparable with those achieved with methanol, while the necessary addition of carbon source was slightly higher for spent de-icing fluid than for methanol. The treatment plant has been operating for almost 9 years, with operational results confirming the spent de-icing fluid to be appropriate as a carbon source.         The possible toxicity and low degradability of some of the additives were particular concerns, and was studied for both aerobic and anaerobic biological processes. While the rather toxic fatty alcohol ethoxylate was easily biodegradable when sufficiently diluted, the additives benzotriazole and sodium petroleum sulphonate were hardly or not biodegradable. The latter two additives were therefore substituted. The laboratory scale results were confirmed in full scale prior to this substitution.         The pre-treatment of the low strength spent deicing fluid in an aerobic biofilm reactor followed by coagulation and dissolved air flotation was tested in laboratory and pilot scale. The pre-treatment produces water suitable for discharge to the biological stage at the municipal WWTP. This technical solution is implemented, with operational results confirming that this integrated treatment of spent de-icing fluids in a WWTP is a good solution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:33:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1813461</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Hypothetical Tyre Size to improve Tyre Flotation on Sandy Soil Using Artificial Neural Networks Technique</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1813371</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The main aim of this paper is to optimize pneumatic tyre parameters related that improve tyre flotation and performance on sandy soils. Tyre flotation pressure is the pressure of inflation that makes tyre flotation maximum such that it deforms more than it sinks in the soil. A second aim is to predict the tyre flotation pressure on dry sandy soil by using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Technique. A third aim is to predict a new tyre size that improves flotation on dry sand by using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Technique.         Experimental investigation has been carried out on three tubeless tyre of sizes (225/75R15, 235/70R15 and 255/60R15) inflated each with four inflation pressures (50, 100, 150 and 200 kPa) on three dry sand with three densities (Loose, Medium, and High). The investigation aimed at determines the tyre deflection-load, sinkage-load relationships were measured and the tyre flotation pressure.         The artificial neural network (in MATLAB program) simulating the tyre deflection and sinkage on dry sand was used for all tyre and soil parameters. The artificial neural network demonstrated good generalization of the tyre deflection and sinkage when presented with data not used in network training. It also successfully proved to be a tool for finding out hypothetical tyre sizes that are suitable for locomotion on specific soils.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:32:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1813371</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An In-Field Transport System for High-Value Crops</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1785391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A prototype in-field transport system for high-value crops was designed and built. This system carries a semi-trailer upon two rubber-tracked undercarriages. A mechanism was designed for timely assembly and disassembly of the system. A set of field experiments was conducted to compare the sinkage, motion resistance, and drawbar forces of the rubber-track versus the current pneumatic-tire system. Increased flotation was observed with the prototype system. The motion resistance of the track system was less than or greater than that of the pneumatic-tire system depending on the soil condition. The prototype met performance objectives during assembly, operation, and disassembly of the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Dec 2021 10:17:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1785391</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inflatable Emergency Equipment I: Evaluation of Individual Inflatable Aviation Life Preserver Donning Tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1874665</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The emergency landing of US Airways Flight 1549 in the Hudson River in January 2009 brought significant attention to the usability of aviation inflatable life preservers. In its accident investigation report (NTSB/AAR-10/03), the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) noted that of those passengers who retrieved aviation life preservers following the emergency landing, the majority indicated that they had difficulty donning them. They also found that the preflight safety briefing had not included life preserver donning information or a donning demonstration because the flight was not an extended overwater operation. Additionally, only 8% of passengers reported reading the safety briefing card (which included donning instructions) before or during the [approximately 6-minute] flight. The NTSB subsequently recommended that the Federal Aviation Administration “Revise the life vest performance standards contained in [Technical Standard Order; TSO] C13f to ensure that they result in a life vest that passengers can quickly and correctly don.” This study examined life preserver donning performance relative to different levels of instructional information provided to test participants. Five levels of instruction ranged from none at all up to a typical air carrier preflight briefing and donning demonstration. Life preserver exemplars included those currently installed on transport airplanes (including the models carried on board US Airways Flight 1549) and older models approved under earlier versions of TSO-C13, as well as a prototype vest developed at the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute. The test procedure generally followed the donning test requirements of TSO-C13f. Results showed that none of the life preservers included in the study met the donning requirements using the TSO-C13f donning test, regardless of the type and amount of instructions provided to naïve test participants. Even when times for package opening and reading instructional markings were removed, the TSO time and percentage requirements were not achieved. Recommendations for modification of the donning test procedure are included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Sep 2021 16:58:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1874665</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inflatable Emergency Equipment II: Evaluation of Individual Inflatable Aviation Life Preserver Retention Characteristics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1862897</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study was conducted to measure the retention of aviation inflatable life preservers on wearers jumping into water, as specified by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Technical Standard Order (TSO) C13f, Life Preservers, and SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 1354A, Individual Inflatable Life Preservers. Both of these resources establish minimum performance standards and test methods for the development and use of life preservers during transport aircraft emergencies such as ditching. The objective of the study was to provide the Aircraft Certification Service, Systems, and Equipment Standards Branch (AIR-6B0) and the SAE S-9, Cabin Safety Provisions Committee, with recommended revisions to test protocols presented in ARP 1354A and TSO-C13f. This study evaluated seven different models of inflatable life preservers, using wearers who jumped into the water from a height of 5 feet above the surface. Factors studied included the number of inflatable chambers, waist strap adjustment, and arm position while jumping into the water. The study found a significant difference in life preserver retention in regards to inflation chamber type and waist strap adjustment. Arm position did not yield a significant difference in life preserver retention.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Aug 2021 13:17:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1862897</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of the Lifejackets for Lobstermen program: A social marketing initiative to increase lifejacket use in the Northeast lobster fishing industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1858472</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fatality data from the U.S. commercial fishing industry indicates workers in this industry suffer from comparatively high rates of work-related death, in relation to other U.S. industries. Falls overboard are the most frequent cause of death among Northeast lobster fishermen, who make up a large proportion of the commercial fishing industry in this region. PFDs can be an effective solution for preventing fatalities due to falls overboard and vessel sinkings. This study describes the implementation and impact of an intervention focused on increasing PFD use among lobster fishermen in MA and ME. The intervention, entitled “Lifejackets for Lobstermen”, utilized social marketing principles to make PFDs an appealing and accessible option for lobster fishermen. This included offering a variety of fishermen-approved PFDs, as well as making access to these PFDs easy and affordable by bringing them to ports and offering 50% discounts. The program was also promoted widely using slogans and pictures that connected PFD use to fishermens’ values and interests. Intervention impact was measured using pre and post intervention surveys measuring changes in fishermens’ readiness to wear PFDs and through intervention PFD sales. Survey data indicate a significant shift in readiness to wear PFDs in the ME and MA lobster fishing industry in both the treatment and control regions of the study. The largest shifts occurred among fishermen who had not considered wearing PFDs previously. However, during the study assessment period, 88% of intervention PFD sales came from fishermen in the treatment region. The application of social marketing principles to increase the use of PFDs among lobster fishermen in MA and ME successfully increased fishermen’s willingness to consider and purchase PFDs on fishing vessels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jul 2021 13:43:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1858472</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Preliminary Experimental Research on Righting Performance of Lifejackets with Clothing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1840470</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In July 2017, the Marine Accident Investigation Branch of the United Kingdom reported an accident of a fishing vessel resulting in the fatalities of three seafarers. These seafarers were found in a face-down position, while they were wearing lifejackets certified in accordance with the International Conventions for the Safety of Life at Sea and the International Life-saving Appliance (LSA) Code, so-called “SOLAS lifejackets”. Following the research initiated by this accident, the European Commission submitted two documents, emphasizing the necessity of a new righting test method for lifejackets with clothing. The Maritime Safety Committee, at its 101st session, considered these documents and agreed to review the LSA Code and the Revised Recommendation on testing of life-saving appliances, in respect to the in-water performance of SOLAS lifejackets, taking into account that the current righting test of a SOLAS lifejacket is conducted only with a swimming costume.In order to develop robust testing methods for the righting of lifejackets with clothing, the righting phenomenon of lifejackets with clothing should be examined. The purposes of the authors preliminary research are to evaluate the repeatability of righting tests with clothing and to obtain fundamental information on such tests. For these purposes, the authors conducted righting tests with clothing using three human test subjects under various conditions and compared the results of tests conducted just after entering the test basin with dry clothing in order to evaluate the repeatability of the tests. In addition, the authors repeated the righting tests using the same clothing without getting out of the test basin in order to obtain further information for reference. The authors further measured the forces required to dive into the water with and without clothing in order to roughly specify the buoyancy of clothing under lifejackets. The test results indicated that righting tests with clothing were sensitive to slight differences in clothing conditions, human actions and time elapsed. The authors study showed that the righting test with clothing had poor repeatability and standardization of clothing could not solve the poor repeatability of the righting test with clothing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Apr 2021 17:48:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1840470</guid>
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