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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Magnitude and Frequency of Iowa Floods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1579142</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flood records for regular and partial-record gaging stations are contained in this report. Each listing contains the station number and name, descriptive paragraphs pertaining to the station, and a listing of the flood peaks available through the 1965 water year (October 1, 1964 to September 30, 1965). Peaks above a base as well as annual peaks are listed. These provide the data for a partial-duration flood-frequency curve.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Feb 2019 09:43:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1579142</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrologic Analyses of the July 17-18, 1996, Flood in Chicago and the Role of Urbanization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1243133</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On July 17–18, 1996, two mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) passed through northeastern Illinois, causing a record 440-mm total storm rainfall within a 24-h period at Aurora, Illinois, with values exceeding 200 mm throughout a broad area of the region. The storm caused flooding with a return period larger than 100 years at different USGS regional stream gauging locations. The Davenport, Iowa, Weather Surveillance Radar–1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) radar coverage allows high-quality characterization of the storm at fine spatial and temporal scales. Of particular interest is the inter- and intravariability in watershed response to the two pulses of intense rainfall. Spatial distribution of rainfall and the degree of urbanization of the individual basins are the dominant factors determining the magnitude of runoff response. These properties are highly dependent on the extent and history of urbanization. Examination of the annual maximum instantaneous peak discharge and the peaks-over-threshold (POT) time series at three stream gauging stations in Illinois (Blackberry Creek, DuPage River, and Sawmill Creek) over the past 50 years points to the large effect of urbanization on the flood peak distribution in the greater Chicago metropolitan area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Feb 2013 08:53:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1243133</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Streamflow Statistics (StreamStats) Web Application for Ohio</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/807187</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A StreamStats Web application was developed for Ohio that implements equations for estimating a variety of streamflow statistics including the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-year peak streamflows, mean annual streamflow, mean monthly streamflows, harmonic mean streamflow, and 25th-, 50th-, and 75th-percentile streamflows. StreamStats is a Web-based geographic information system application designed to facilitate the estimation of streamflow statistics at ungaged locations on streams. StreamStats can also serve precomputed streamflow statistics determined from streamflow-gaging station data. The basic structure, use, and limitations of StreamStats are described in this report. To facilitate the level of automation required for Ohio’s StreamStats application, the technique used by Koltun (2003) for computing main-channel slope was replaced with a new computationally robust technique. The new channel-slope characteristic, referred to as SL sub 10-85, differed from the National Hydrography Data based channel slope values (SL) reported by Koltun (2003) by an average of -28.3%, with the median change being -13.2%. In spite of the differences, the two slope measures are strongly correlated. The change in channel slope values necessitated revision of the full-model equations for flood-peak discharges presented by Koltun (2003). Average standard errors of prediction for the revised full-model equations presented in this report increased by a small amount over those reported by Koltun (2003), with increases ranging from 0.7 to 0.9%. Mean percentage changes in the revised regression and weighted flood-frequency estimates relative to regression and weighted estimates reported by Koltun (2003) were small, ranging from -0.72 to -0.25% and -0.22 to 0.07%, respectively.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 May 2007 12:32:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/807187</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Downstream Effects of Culvert and Bridge Replacement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/786595</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The replacement of a culvert or bridge with a larger structure yields two benefits in all cases.  The first benefit is less frequent flooding of the roadway and/or upstream structures due to lower headwater levels.  The second benefit is a lesser potential for scour through the bridge opening or at the culvert outlet due to lower velocities through the larger opening.  Downstream impacts, if any, are project-specific.  This report presents a framework for evaluation of likely impacts on downstream flooding and channel erosion.  Two methods for predicting changes in flood peaks are presented and demonstrated in examples.  The first method, which requires flood hydrograph simulation and reservoir routing, is applicable to all cases.  The second method, which does not require hydrograph simulation or routing, is applicable to culverts that operate under inlet control with no roadway overtopping.  The effect of detection storage on downstream sediment transport is investigated computationally.  The analysis shows that a reduction in detention storage results in an increase in the volume of sediment that the flood can transport.  This increase in sediment transport capacity may lead to an increase in channel erosion downstream of the structure.  However, reliable quantitative predictions of erosional impacts are not possible.  If peak flows through an existing structure are unaffected by detention storage or split flow, enlargement of the structure will not increase erosion downstream.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Jul 2006 16:41:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/786595</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RUNOFF ESTIMATES FOR SMALL RURAL WATERSHEDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/95680</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS IS A FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SOUND METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE RUNOFF RATES OF ANY FREQUENCY UP TO A 50 YEAR RECURRENCE INTERVAL FOR ANY UNGAGED SMALL RURAL WATERSHEDS OF 20 SQUARE MILES OR LESS IN THE UNITED STATES.  ABOUT 50 WATERSHEDS OF LESS THAN 25 SQUARE MILES IN PENNSYLVANIA AND OHIO WERE STUDIED WITH RESPECT OF THEIR FLOOD RESPONSE.  A SIMPLE SINGLE-EVENT MODEL FOR FLOOD FREQUENCY ESTIMATES IS NOT FOUND TO BE FEASIBLE.  SIX CURRENTLY AVAILABLE METHODS FOR MAKING RAPID ASSESSMENTS OF FLOOD PEAKS FROM VERY SMALL WATERSHEDS ARE DISCUSSED.  THEIR RELATIVE PERFORMANCE IS EVALUATED IN COMPARISON TO FREQUENCY ANALYSES MADE ON OBSERVED ANNUAL FLOOD SERIES.  A MODIFIED REGIONAL FLOOD FREQUENCY METHOD APPEARS TO BE SUPERIOR.  IMPROVED WAYS OF BLENDING MAXIMUM SUPPORTING INFORMATION INTO SUCH A METHOD ARE DISCUSSED, WITH EXAMPLES FROM EASTERN UNITED STATES AND HIGH-ELEVATION ARIZONA FORESTED WATERSHEDS.  THE IDEA OF A CHARACTERISTIC TEN SQUARE MILE FLOOD IS INTRODUCED AS AN AID TO DEMARCATING HYDROLOGIC REGIONS.  /FHWA/ INTRODUCED AS AN AID TO DEMARCATING HYDROLOGIC REGIONS. /FHWA/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jul 2004 17:32:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/95680</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ESTIMATION OF FREQUENCY BASED FLOOD PEAKS FOR AN UNGAUGED WATERSHED USING FIELD CALIBRATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/497233</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study has been conducted to evaluate eight flood prediction models for an ungauged small watershed.  These models are either frequently used by or were developed by Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LADOTD).  The eight models were applied to calculate flood frequency for the watershed on Ward Creek at Government Street in Baton Rouge.  By comparing the results of the models with the flood peaks derived using the systematic flood records observed at the Ward Creek gauge station and by following the U.S. Water Resources Council (WRC) procedure, it was found that four of the eight models have better accuracy than the others.  These four models are the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) seven-parameter model, the USGS three-parameter model, the Lowe model and the Neely model.  The U.S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model is widely used for flood prediction for small urban watersheds, but the accuracy of the model for the Ward Creek watershed is relatively low.  This study shows that the accuracy of the SCS model can be significantly improved with the parameters calibrated using short-term field data.  A procedure of parameter calibration using one- to two-year field data was developed in this study. The procedure may be used for more accurate flood prediction for watersheds with short-term stream gauging data or watersheds with long-term stream gauging data that have undergone significant hydrological changes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 May 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/497233</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROGRESS REPORT ON HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS OF SMALL DRAINAGE AREAS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE - PRELIMINARY RELATIONS FOR ESTIMATING PEAK DISCHARGES ON RURAL, UNREGULATED STREAMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/77703</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The magnitude and frequency of floods on rural, unregulated streams in New Hampshire with drainage areas between 0.27 and 622 square miles may be estimated from drainage area, main-channel slope, and a precipitation intensity index. Based on multiple-regression analyses of data from 59 gaged sites in New Hampshire and adjacent areas of bordering states, peak discharges for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years can be estimated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 29 Dec 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/77703</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DETERMINATION OF SNOW MELT FLOOD PEAKS FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN. FINAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/454596</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Highway designers are often faced with the need to estimate small watershed runoff during the spring breakup season.  During this time, culverts and small bridges are often clogged with ice and snow.  In order to provide adequate drainage capacity, designers need an accurate estimate of spring runoff flow.  An initial study focused on several alternative ways to estimate spring runoff flows for small basins.  The estimation methods were tested on ten drainage basins in Interior Alaska.  Two flow characterizations appear to be useful and worthy of further consideration.  The first method tabulates the peak of the first significant rise in the stream hydrograph during the spring season.  The second method selects the peak flow that occurs anytime during the spring quarter months of April, May or June. The selection process was carried out with the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet program and used the streamflow data base from a CD-ROM.  Once the peak flow record was tabulated, the rank order was created and the return period estimated for each flow series value.  The results are presented as plots of the four combinations of flow and log-flow vs. return period and log-return period.  The results were compared to the standard annual flood series.  For most of the test basins the spring quarter peak flow values are very close to the annual flood series.  The first seasonal peak series is usually 1/2 to 1/3 of the other two series.  However, several watersheds indicated first seasonal peak values very close to those of the annual and spring quarter values.  The log-flow vs. log-return period plot seemed to reveal the most linear relationship, which suggests that the series may be best explained by the log-normal frequency distribution.  Further efforts should extend this trial study to other regions of Alaska, fit the data series to standard frequency distributions and develop a regression estimation relationship with the watershed characteristics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/454596</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CALIBRATION PROCEDURES FOR RATIONAL AND USSCS DESIGN FLOOD METHODS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/414727</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper highlights two widely used flood estimation models--the rational method and the United States Soil Conservation Service method--and describes derivation of parameter values for each model.  Flood and rainfall data from 105 small agricultural catchments in southeast Queensland, Australia, provide design values.  These values are obtained by reversing the way the models are used in design flood estimation, employing frequency analyses of rainfall and flood data.  Derived values are significantly different than traditional handbook values--the latter gave inaccurate estimates of design runoff and flood peaks.  Observed data are only weakly correlated to catchment characteristics, such as land use and soil type, but are regionally consistent.  Average recurrence interval and the method of estimating design rainfall duration impact the derived values to a greater degree.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/414727</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COOPERATIVE PLANNING IN USE OF FLOOD PLAINS - CORPS OF ENGINEERS REPORT ON ROUGE RIVER AT FARMINGTON, MICHIGAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/103820</link>
      <description><![CDATA[EXTENSIVE EXPRESSWAY CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY IN THE DETROIT METROPOLITAN AREA HAS INTENSIFIED THE NEED FOR SPOIL DISPOSAL AREAS. THIS, TOGETHER WITH THE NORMAL NEED FOR REFUSE DISPOSAL AREAS, HAS RESULTED IN INDISCRIMINATE USE OF FLOOD PLAINS AND HAS STIMULATED INTEREST IN DEVELOPMENT OF FLOOD PLAIN USE REGULATIONS. THE PROBLEM IS AGGRAVATED BY CONTINUED URBANIZATION OF THE OUTLYING AREAS. FARMINGTON, MICH., LOCATED ON THE UPPER ROUGE RIVER NEAR DETROIT, HAS BEEN UNABLE TO CONTROL A VARIETY OF MISUSES OF THE FLOOD PLAIN WITHIN ITS BORDERS. TO OBTAIN A SOLID BASIS FOR EFFECTIVE USE REGULATIONS, FARMINGTON APPLIED FOR A FLOOD PLAIN INFORMATION STUDY BY THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS. HYDROLOGIC STUDIES WERE MADE TO DETERMINE RAINFALL-RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS, A SEARCH WAS MADE FOR HIGH-WATER MARKS FROM RECENT FLOODS, AND HYDRAULIC STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE PROFILES FOR FLOODS OF VARIOUS MAGNITUDES UNDER CURRENT RIVER CONDITIONS. MAPS WERE PREPARED TO DELINEATE VALLEY AREAS INUNDATED BY FLOOD FLOWS OF VARYING MAGNITUDES. THE RESULTS OF THE STUDIES WERE FURNISHED TO THE CITY IN A REPORT DESIGNED FOR BOTH THE LAYMAN AND THE ENGINEER, WITH THE HOPE THAT IT WOULD STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT OF FLOOD PLAIN USE REGULATIONS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/103820</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>JOINT PROBABILITIES IN THE RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/103889</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A PROBLEM IN SURFACE DRAINAGE OF HIGHWAY IS THE ASSIGNING OF PROBABILITIES TO PEAK RATES AND TOTAL VOLUMES OF RUNOFF, PREDICTED FROM RAINFALL WITH KNOWN PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE. AN ATTEMPT TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM WAS MADE THROUGH CONSIDERING THE RAINFALL ON A CATCHMENT AND THE MOISTURE STATUS OF THE CATCHMENT AS STOCHASTIC VARIABLES. PROBILITY DISTRIBUTIONS WERE DERIVED FOR THESE STOCHASTIC VARIABLES. BY A RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUE USING THE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS, IT WAS POSSIBLE TO DEFINE INPUT AND INITIAL CONDITIONS FOR A PROBABLE FLOOD EVENT. A DETERMINISTIC WATER BUDGET APPROACH MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO TRANSLATE THE RAINFALL INPUT INTO A RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH. IN THIS WAY, SERIES OF PROBABLE FLOODS CAN BE GENERATED. ANALYSIS OF THESE SERIES OF GENERATED FLOODS PERMITS ASSIGNING PROBABILITIES TO THE MOST PROBABLE CORRESPONDING FLOODS. IT WAS POSSIBLE TO DESCRIBE THE TIME PATTERN OF RAINFALL INTENSITY BY MEANS OF THE INCOMPLETE BETA-FUNCTION. THE TWO-PARAMETER LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION WAS A SUITABLE DESCRIPTOR FOR ALL THE NECESSARY PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS. THE RESULTS OF THIS EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION WERE TESTED AGAINST ANNUAL SERIES OF OBSERVED FLOOD PEAKS ON TWO VERY SMALL RURAL CATCHMENTS. RESULTS ARE POSITIVE AND PROMISING. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Aug 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/103889</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STUDY OF FOOD HYDROGRAPHS FOR SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS IN WYOMING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/98909</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AN ASSESSMENT IS PRESENTED OF THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE RESULTS TO DATA ARE LEADING TO SUCCESS IN MEETING THE STUDY OBJECTIVES OF DEFINING FLOOD PEAKS FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS, DEFINING THE CHARACTERISTICS SHAPE OF FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS IN RELATION TO PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BASIN, AND OF DEVELOPING THE EFFECT OF HYDROGRAPH SHAPE UPON THE DEGREE OF REDUCTION OF CULVERT CAPACITY TO BE MADE FEASIBLE BY STORAGE OF WATER IN THE POND UPSTREAM FROM THE HIGHWAY EMBANKMENT. THE DIMENSIONLESS HYDROGRAPHS DEVELOPED TO DATE REQUIRED USE OF ALL THE AVAILABLE DATA. THEREFORE CONFIRMATION MUST BE MADE WITH FUTURE FLOOD DATA AND NO CONCLUSIONS ARE STATED IN THE REPORT. AT PRESENT, WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS HAVE NOT BEEN EVALUATED AS PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE SHAPE OF THE HYDROGRAPH. /BPR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 18 Jun 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/98909</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF RUNOFF COEFFICIENTS FROM SMALL NATURAL DRAINAGE AREAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/99046</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS, AS DO MOST OTHER AGENCIES WHICH BUILD SMALL DRAINAGE STRUCTURES, ESTIMATES FLOOD PEAKS AS A FUNCTION OF RUNOFF COEFFICIENT, RAINFALL INTENSITY, AND DRAINAGE AREA. AVAILABLE PROCEDURES WERE APPLIED TO 39 GAGED WATERSHEDS IN AND NEAR KENTUCKY AND COMPARED WITH THE RESULTS OF FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL STREAM GAGE RECORDS. THE METHODS CONSISTENTLY UNDERESTIMATED THE FLOOD PEAK. THEREFORE, A MORE INTENSIVE STUDY (USING THE STANFORD WATERSHED MODEL) OF THE RUNOFF COEFFICIENT WAS UNDERTAKEN BY DIVIDING IT INTO OVERLAND FLOW AND STREAMFLOW COMPONENTS. A SET OF CURVES WAS DEVELOPED BASED ON THE 50-YEAR EVENT AT LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY, TO ESTIMATE THE PEAK RATE OF OVERLAND FLOW AS A FRACTION OF RAINFALL INTENSITY FROM FIVE MEASURABLE WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS (SIL DEPTH, PERMEABILITY, OVERLAND SLOPE, IMPERVIOUS AREA, AND SOIL SURFACE EXPOSURE). THE STREAMFLOW COMPONENT WAS NOT STUDIED. A STUDY WAS MADE OF THE VARIATION OF THE RUNOFF COEFFICIENT WITH MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL, RAINFALL INTENSITY, AND FREQUENCY. THE INVESTIGATION WAS BASED ON APPLYING THE STANFORD WATERSHED MODEL TO SIX HOURLY-RAINFALL RECORDS. THE RESULT WAS A SET OF CORRECTION FACTORS TO APPLY TO THE OVERLAND FLOW VALUES ESTIMATED FROM WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/99046</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PEAK FLOOD DISCHARGE CONFIDENCE LIMITS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/103882</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CONFIDENCE LIMITS ALONG WITH A LOWER BOUND FOR THE CORRESPONDING LEVEL OF CONFIDENCE ARE DEVELOPED FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF THE SAMPLING ERROR ON FLOOD RISK EVALUATION FROM BASE-FLOW FLOOD DATA. IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE NUMBER OF FLOOD PEAK OCCURRENCES IS POISSON-DISTRIBUTED WITH EXPONENTIALLY DISTRIBUTED MAGNITUDES. A CONFIDENCE REGION IS OBTAINED FOR THE POISSON AND EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS FROM THE ASYMPTOTIC JOINT DISTRIBUTION OF THEIR MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATORS. IT IS SHOWN HOW THIS REGION CAN BE USED TO OBTAIN CONFIDENCE LIMITS FOR MEASURES OF RISK WHICH ARE CALCULATED USING THE ESTIMATES. LIMITS ARE EASY TO CALCULATE AND, IF DESIRED, A GRAPHICAL TECHNIQUE CAN BE USED. THE TECHNIQUE IS RESTRICTED, HOWEVER, TO SITUATIONS WHERE THE BASE-FLOW RECORD IS SUFFICIENTLY LONG SO THAT THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION FOR THE ESTIMATORS CAN BE APPROXIMATED BY A LIMITING NORMAL DISTRIBUTION. /ASCE/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/103882</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FLOOD MAPPING PROGRAM OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/103825</link>
      <description><![CDATA[FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE THAT THE NATURAL FUNCTION OF FLOOD PLAINS IS TO CARRY AWAY EXCESS WATER IN TIME OF FLOODS HAS LED TO RAPID AND HAPHAZARD DEVELOPMENT, WITH A CONSEQUENT INCREASE IN FLOOD DESTRUCTION. FUNDAMENTAL TO SOUND DEVELOPMENT OF FLOOD PLAINS IS THE RECOGNITION OF, AND BECOMING INFORMED ON, THE FLOOD POTENTIAL OF THE STREAMS AND THE HAZARDS INVOLVED IN FLOOD-PLAIN OCCUPATION. BASIC DATA ON THE REGIMEN OF STREAMS, PARTICULARLY THE MAGNITUDE OF FLOODS TO BE EXPECTED, THE FREQUENCY OF THEIR OCCURRENCE, AND THE AREA THEY WILL OVERFLOW, ARE ESSENTIAL TO BEING SO INFORMED. THE INFORMATION TO BE COLLECTED AND DEVELOPED FALLS INTO TWO CATEGORIES' FIRST, A TOPOGRAPHIC MAP; AND SECOND, HYDROLOGIC AND HYDROLOGIC AND HYDRAULIC DATA, CONSISTING OF MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS, FLOOD PROFILES, AND OUTLINES OF OVERFLOW AREAS. MUCH OF THE INFORMATION CAN BE PRESENTED DIRECTLY ON MAPS FOR READY APPRAISAL. THE PREPARATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND THE OBTAINING OF HYDROLOGIC AND HYDRAULIC DATA HAVE LONG BEEN FUNCTIONS OF THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. IT WAS NATURAL THAT THE SURVEY, IN RESPONSE TO THE GROWING INTEREST, WOULD INCLUDE FLOOD MAPPING ACTIVITIES IN ITS PROGRAMS. TO DATE, 13 STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES AND THE COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO HAVE CONTRIBUTED FUNDS FOR COOPERATIVE PROJECTS. FIFTY REPORTS HAVE BEEN PREPARED, 40 AS HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS ATLASES AND 10 AS OPEN-FILE REPORTS. IN SEVEN STATES ACTIVE PROJECTS ARE CONDUCTED; HYDROLOGIC DATA ARE BEING OBTAINED SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR AN ACCURATE APPRAISAL OF THE FLOOD POTENTIAL. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 01 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/103825</guid>
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