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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>An experimental study on the hydrodynamic performance of a stepped floating breakwater</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660606</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study experimentally investigates the hydrodynamic performance of a three-tier stepped floating breakwater, with a specific focus on optimizing its wave energy dissipation mechanisms. The stepped geometry functions as an effective dissipative structure. Through systematic physical model tests, the effects of relative draft, incident wave height, and mooring configurations on wave attenuation, motion response, and mooring force were examined. Results indicate that optimal wave energy dissipation performance, characterized by a maximum dissipation coefficient and a minimum transmission coefficient, is achieved at a relative draft (Dr/h) of 0.20 when subjected to shorter waves (B/L > 0.376). Conversely, when subjected to long-period waves, a deeper draft of Dr/h = 0.40 is required to maintain moderate attenuation (Ct < 0.7). Incident wave height was found to have a relatively minor influence, primarily affecting the pitch response amplitude operator (RAO) and normalized mooring forces. Furthermore, mooring configurations significantly impact the hydrodynamic performance of the stepped floating breakwater. While the taut mooring configuration suppresses motion response and achieves superior wave attenuation (Ct < 0.5) across the tested wave conditions, this comes at the cost of substantially higher mooring forces, presenting a critical trade-off for engineering design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Apr 2026 14:30:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2660606</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical investigation of structural dimension effects on the extreme wave attenuation characteristics of floating breakwaters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2656449</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study systematically explores the impact of structural dimensions on the extreme wave dissipation performance of rectangular semi-submerged floating breakwaters based on a weakly compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model. Model accuracy is first verified against laboratory data for submerged horizontal plates test case. Wave height comparison between calculated results and experimental data shows a good agreement. Reflection, transmission, dissipation and overtopping coefficients under solitary waves are then analyzed. The results indicate that as the relative length increases, the reflection coefficient and dissipation coefficient increase monotonically with a gradually slowing growth rate, and eventually approaches 0.5 and 0.7, while the transmission coefficient exhibits a monotonic decrease toward 0.2. Short structures are dominated by wave transmission, whereas long structures are dominated by wave reflection and dissipation. It is recommended to take a relative length of 5–10 for a floating breakwater to achieve a balance between wave attenuation capacity and economic. Meanwhile, fitting formulas for the three coefficients, that apply to solitary waves, T = 0.6 m, and L/T = 0.1–50. were proposed. The determination coefficient R² for all fitted formulas exceeds 0.92. This study provides a support for the structural optimization of similar deep-water floating breakwaters and the design of extreme wave protection.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2026 09:40:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2656449</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Short-term prediction of mooring tension for floating breakwater based on the LSTM-ASSA-Transformer method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2638182</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The safety of mooring systems is critical for the reliable operation of floating breakwaters, where accurate tension prediction is essential for design. This study proposes a hybrid deep learning framework that integrates Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Transformer networks, and Adaptive Sparse Self-Attention (ASSA) for short-term prediction of mooring tension. The floating breakwater system is first analyzed using a fully coupled dynamic model and validated with experimental data. In the proposed LSTM-ASSA-Transformer, LSTM captures temporal dependencies, the Transformer facilitates global feature representation, and ASSA improves efficiency by enforcing sparse attention mechanisms. Model performance was systematically evaluated under different optimizers, learning rates, and LSTM layer configurations, with optimal hyperparameters identified using multiple error metrics (MAE, MSE, MAPE, and R2). After optimization, the hybrid model outperformed its constituent sub-models, achieving mean absolute percentage errors below 6 % and R2 values above 0.96 across all scenarios. These results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach as a precise and robust tool for predicting mooring tensions in floating breakwaters.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2026 17:02:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2638182</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hydrodynamic performance of a hybrid floating breakwater-wave energy conversion system</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583020</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The study presents the hydrodynamic performance and wave energy conversion of a hybrid floating breakwater under the framework of small amplitude linear wave theory. The hybrid floating breakwater is composed of a partially liquid-filled rectangular-box type tank with built-in buoys connected to a Power Take-Off (PTO) (linear inductance generator) and is excited under regular wave conditions for (a) constrained roll motion, and (b) constrained surge, heave, and roll motion. The Boundary Element Method (BEM) is employed with the assumption of modest sloshing in the tank of the hybrid floating breakwater to estimate the hydrodynamic efficiency of the hybrid floating breakwater. Further, the experimental investigation on the Wave Energy Converter (WEC) capabilities and the hydrodynamic coefficients (wave reflection and transmission coefficients) are estimated for the excitation frequencies corresponding to nondimensional wavenumber. The present study reveals that the hybrid concept improves wave attenuation performance by 20%–35% compared to conventional floating breakwaters by increasing wave attenuation, damping and stabilizing the wave transmission coefficient KT within 0.2<KT<0.6. The experimental investigation shows that hybrid floating breakwater attaints its floating stability for the depth 15 – 25% of partially filled fluid for which the proposed design as floating breakwater as well as WEC system is achieved for a wide range of excitation frequencies. Furthermore, the hybrid floating breakwater functions as a barrier which is noted to be capable of significantly attenuating incoming progressive waves below the predetermined threshold values of wave attenuation characteristics, in addition to converting wave energy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 16:50:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2583020</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental study on effects of floating breakwater filled with ballast water on wave attenuation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599146</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A moored floating breakwater is proposed to attenuate wave energy and protect offshore photovoltaic fields in deep-water regions. In this study, a floating breakwater filled with ballast water is experimentally investigated to examine its wave attenuation mechanisms under various wave conditions. Wave flume experiments are conducted with incident wave heights ranging from 0.08 m to 0.30 m and wave periods from 1.0 s to 2.0 s. The reliability of the experimental results is verified through repeated trials. Key parameters, including the transmission coefficient, pitch motion, mooring tension, dynamic pressure distribution, and energy dissipation characteristics, are systematically analyzed. Particular attention is given to the breakwater's performance under extreme conditions with an incident wave height of 0.30 m and long wave periods. The results show that the moored floating breakwater filled with ballast water effectively reduces wave energy under higher wave conditions (H ≥ 0.15 m) and long wave period waves (T ≥ 1.8 s). The observed increase in wave dissipation, with a maximum improvement of 21.1 %, is mainly caused by nonlinear damping and phase resonance effects resulting from significant liquid sloshing within the floating breakwater.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2599146</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mitigation of focused wave effects on the box girder coastal bridge using floating breakwaters and frictional rubber bearings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594615</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Floating breakwaters offer advantages in deep-water and high-tide environments, yet research on their interaction with coastal bridge superstructures under extreme wave conditions remains limited. This study employed OpenFOAM to develop a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model for a box girder superstructure and a floating breakwater. The floating breakwater was constrained in an elastic manner by a catenary mooring system, enabling it to undergo horizontal, vertical, and torsional motions under hydrodynamic forces. The accuracy of the dynamic response of the floating breakwater was confirmed through a comparison with current experimental and simulation data on FSI. This research explores how various factors affect the wave loads impacting the superstructure of coastal bridges during severe wave conditions. The study further explores the disaster mitigation mechanisms of these factors on the superstructure, with consideration given to friction contact type elastic damping rubber bearings. The results demonstrate that the floating breakwater with two inclined and two vertical tensioned moorings demonstrates the most substantial wave dissipation effect, with wave force attenuation rates of 35.72 % in the horizontal direction and 40.23 % in the vertical direction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2025 15:31:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594615</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance analysis of the combination of a pitching wave surge energy converter and floating breakwaters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470662</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wave Energy Converters (WEC) captured the wave energy while Floating Breakwaters (FB) attenuated the wave energy to make a calm area for harbour activities. This study investigates the combination of a pitching Wave Energy Converter (WEC) and Floating Breakwater (FB) for simultaneous wave energy capture and wave attenuation in harbour areas. Three different configurations were analyzed in nine different hydrodynamic conditions to optimise the performance of both FB and WEC. The results show that the optimised combined device with rectangular draft has the most promising performance, with an average wave transmission operation of 38.8% and a captured power of 533.2 kW across all conditions. Longer arms of the device also lead to better performance. Additionally, wave steepness was found to be a significant factor in the performance of the combined device.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Jan 2025 14:35:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470662</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficient measurement of floating breakwater vibration and controlled vibration parameters using compressive sensing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2375613</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the authors examine the possible usage of compressive sampling (CS) for the efficient measurement and analysis of floating breakwaters dynamics. The authors model the dynamics of a box-type floating breakwater in a random sea environment with the Bretschneider-Mitsuyasu spectrum. The spectral method involving FFT and IFFT routines is used for the simulation and CS reconstruction purposes of the displacement and velocity parameters. The time series of forces are calculated using the Morison equation. It is also shown that those vibration parameters can be limited and suppressed to a certain degree by a tuned-mass-damper. The advantages of using the CS for the tuned-mass-damper-controlled vibration parameter measurement and analysis are also discussed. Their findings may provide convenience for the effective and efficient strategies for the vibration-induced problems of floating platforms including wave energy converters and offshore platforms.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 01 Jul 2024 07:21:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2375613</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The potential of end-of-life ships as a floating seawall and the methodical use of gap resonance for wave attenuation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2347673</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the potential of a new type of floating seawall, made up of retired large-scale oceangoing vessels, to be used in open water and exposed coastal areas. The main objectives of the research are to assess the effectiveness of the floating seawall concept, to determine the contribution of the gap resonance to wave attenuation, and to compare the results of physical tests with those obtained numerically using ANSYS-AQWA. The use of end-of-life ships in this way provides a unique opportunity to extend their life cycle and reduce the environmental and human health risks associated with the current practice of shipbreaking. The research focuses on a multimodule floating seawall configuration, where each module is composed of two hulls that are rigidly connected side by side, with a small gap to induce gap resonance. The results suggest that end-of-life ships can be used as a resource for the construction of floating seawalls for various marine applications. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the positive influence of the gap resonance on the wave attenuation capacity of the seawall, as well as the limitations of the numerical tool in providing realistic values in this region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Mar 2024 15:18:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2347673</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on the impact of the perforated floating breakwater on coastal bridge with box-girder superstructure under two-dimensional focused waves</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2299153</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The advantages of Floating Breakwater encompass its adaptability to varying water depths and tidal ranges, as well as its economic viability, mobility, and ease of installation. However, limited research has been conducted on the wave damping performance of floating breakwaters on the box-girder superstructure of coastal bridges during extreme wave conditions. In this study, a two-dimensional numerical model was established using the RANS equations and SST k-ω turbulence model in OpenFOAM. The breakwater was constrained by mooring forces, with linear elastic deformation, and underwent horizontal, vertical, and torsional movements under the action of ocean waves. The validity of the numerical model was confirmed by comparing it with existing numerical simulations and experimental data. The study examined influential factors, including the cross-sectional shape, submergence depth, and spacing of the floating breakwater, with a specific emphasis on the dimensions of the upper and lower openings for perforated breakwaters. Combined with attenuation rates and fluid-structure coupling analysis, the wave damping performance of the floating breakwater on the box-girder superstructure of coastal bridges under extreme wave conditions was evaluated. The research results demonstrate that the perforated floating breakwater, with Cs = 0.75, L = 10 m, and upper opening B₁ = 0.1 B and lower opening B₂ = 0.4 B, maximizes the wave damping performance on the box-girder superstructure of coastal bridges, which holds crucial significance for studying wave attenuation and disaster prevention on the box-girder superstructure of coastal bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 16:15:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2299153</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Modeling of Hydrodynamic Performance on Porous Slope Type Floating Breakwater</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2186784</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A floating breakwater is a coastal building that aims to break up or withstand wave energy that enters the beach so that the characteristics of the incoming waves are by calculations and can reduce abrasion on the shoreline. Designing a floating breakwater is very complicated because it depends on many aspects. These fundamental aspects depend on each other, so if one of these aspects changes, the integrity of the floating breakwater structure will also change. One of these aspects is the magnitude of the transmission and reflection coefficients generated by the floating breakwater. This research will study the hydrodynamic performance of floating breakwater due to variations in slope and porosity in reducing and reflecting waves with computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The slope-porous floating breakwater dimension is based on previous experimental data, including a constant water depth of 0.75 m, a wave height of 0.05 - 0.125 m, and a wave period of 1.1 - 2 sec on regular waves. The results of the numerical model validation and experiments on all variations of the floating breakwater model are quite good, which is less than 10% for both wave transmission and reflection. Analysis of the influence of changes in the mooring line angle, the simulation is carried out at an angle of 30 deg to 90 deg and produces an average transmission coefficient of 0.79 and a reflection of 0.21. While the effect of changes in water level elevation (0.85 m, 0.75 m, and 0.65 m) gives a reasonably significant average transmission coefficient of 0.85 and a reflection of 0.13. The mooring line angle will be gentler at high tide, and the transmission and reflection coefficients will be higher. However, the mooring line will loosen at low tide, causing the structure to move more freely and eliminating the function of the floating breakwater itself so that the tidal phenomenon becomes a challenge for coastal experts in designing structures to produce effective and efficient hydrodynamic performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jun 2023 09:47:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2186784</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influences of the pile-restrained floating breakwater on extreme wave forces of coastal bridge with box-girder superstructure under the action of two-dimensional focused waves</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2134580</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the complex marine environment, coastal bridges are vulnerable to damage under extreme wave action, and researchers have focused on taking effective measures to reduce structural damage and extreme wave forces in recent years. In this study, a wave-structure coupling method was utilized to numerically investigate the focused wave forces on the two-dimensional coastal bridge with a box-girder superstructure under the influence of the pile-restrained floating breakwater. After a series of validations in the focused wave generation and wave-structure interactions, the effectiveness of floating breakwaters in protecting the box-girder superstructure from extreme wave damage and the influence of control parameters of floating breakwaters on extreme wave forces were conducted. The numerical results demonstrate that the focused wave forces on the box-girder superstructure are effectively reduced after the installation of the pile-restrained floating breakwater. Compared with the floating breakwater with linear stiffness, the maximum horizontal and vertical wave forces are reduced more significantly by the floating breakwater with the displacement constraint. According to the wave parameters of the coastal bridge site, the appropriate size of the pile-restrained floating breakwater and the distance between the breakwater and the superstructure are suggested to improve the reduction effect of focused wave forces on the box-girder superstructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Mar 2023 09:27:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2134580</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental investigation on the hydrodynamic response and sectional improvement of ballast water Box-type floating breakwater</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2120807</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Floating breakwaters play a crucial role in protecting the safety of marine structures and can provide adequate protection for the temporary cofferdam during the construction of the cross-sea bridge. In order to further improve the wave attenuation performance of the ballast water Box-type FB, in this paper, the physical experiment and numerical simulation of Box-type FB are carried out, and the hydrodynamic characteristics of Box-type FB are studied in detail. The results show that the number of corners and the contact area with waves are essential factors affecting the wave attenuation performance; Given this, a new type of ballast water I-shaped FB is proposed, and the effect of ballast water on the motion response of I-shaped FB and Box-type FB were discussed. Then, the wave attenuation performance and anchor chain force of Box-type FB and I-shaped FB were compared, and the results show that the I-shaped FB improves the wave attenuation capacity and reduces the anchor chain force. Finally, the hydrodynamic response, motion response, wave attenuation performance, and anchoring chain force of the I-shaped FB with different ballast water were explored to improve the technical applicability of the I-shape FB, which provides a benchmark for FB optimization research and engineering application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Feb 2023 09:20:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2120807</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of hydrodynamic performance of floating breakwater with taut, slack, and hybrid mooring systems: An SPH-based preliminary investigation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2042893</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A tautly moored floating breakwater exhibits favorable wave attenuation performance at a specific sea level, and a slackly moored floating breakwater is more adaptable to tidal variation. To bring their merits into full play, a hybrid mooring system composed of seaward taut ropes and leeward slack chains is proposed. Then, a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics-based numerical model is built to compare the wave transmission and reflection coefficients, mooring forces, and motion response of a floating breakwater with taut, slack, and hybrid mooring systems, respectively. The results show that, at low tide, a tautly moored floating breakwater has the best wave attenuation performance. A hybridly moored floating breakwater comes second, but its mooring forces are smaller. At high tide, in the shorter-wave regime, the taut mooring system still leads to the best wave attenuation performance, while in the longer-wave regime, a hybrid mooring system becomes the best. Notwithstanding the respective dominant regimes of the taut and hybrid mooring systems at high tide, the hybrid mooring system is always subjected to smaller mooring forces. It is hoped that this applied research can shed light on the engineering design of the mooring system of the floating breakwater.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Oct 2022 10:23:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2042893</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A machine learning method for the evaluation of hydrodynamic performance of floating breakwaters in waves</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2002387</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a two-dimensional simulation model for the idealisation of moored rectangular and trapezoidal floating breakwaters (FB) motions in regular and irregular waves. Fast-Fictitious Domain and Volume of Fluid methods are coupled to track-free surface effects and predict FB motions. Hydrodynamic performance is assessed by a machine learning method based on Cuckoo Search–Least Square Support Vector Machine model (CS–LSSVM). Results confirm that a suitable combination of the aspect ratio of an FB and her sidewall mooring angle could help attenuate incoming waves to a minimum height. It is concluded that moored trapezoidal FBs are more efficient than traditional rectangular designs and subject to further validation CS–LSSVM can be useful in terms of optimising the values of predicted wave transmission coefficients.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 2022 14:27:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2002387</guid>
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