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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Health and Safety Impacts of Aircraft Cabin Temperatures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Commercial aircraft cabins expose passengers and flight attendants to a range of environmental conditions, including at times excessively hot or cold temperatures that may affect health, safety, and comfort. While aircraft systems are generally effective at maintaining acceptable cabin conditions, challenges are more likely to arise during ground operations, particularly in extreme outdoor temperatures or when equipment used for thermal control in aircraft cabins is unavailable or not functioning properly. Because passengers and flight attendants have limited ability to leave or substantially modify the cabin environment, understanding and managing temperature-related risks is an important component of safe air travel. This report examines the available evidence on how cabin temperatures and humidity conditions may influence physiological, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes for passengers and flight attendants. The report finds that serious health impacts are uncommon, but conditions causing thermal discomfort may occur more frequently and can affect factors critical to the conduct of flight attendant duties (e.g., concentration, decision-making) and passenger behavior in ways that create safety concerns. The report highlights differences in how passengers and flight attendants experience cabin temperatures because of variations in activity levels, clothing constraints, exposure frequency, age, and underlying health conditions. It also concludes that available data on cabin temperature and humidity conditions are fragmented and insufficient to reliably estimate the frequency of related health and safety events. The report provides recommendations to strengthen management of cabin temperature risks, including integrating temperature and humidity hazards into airline safety management systems, improving collection and use of aviation safety and health event data, strengthening operational practices for thermal control in aircraft cabins, supporting flight attendants in responding to unsafe conditions, and providing passengers with information about temperature-related risks. The report also recommends that the Federal Aviation Administration establish a research program to systematically collect representative data on cabin temperature and humidity conditions to better inform future mitigation strategies and safety oversight.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Jun 2026 10:58:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709677</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Generational diversity in airlines: A systematic review with framework synthesis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646084</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In response to the growing recognition of generational diversity in the aviation workforce, we conducted a systematic review of airline research. This review advances air transport scholarship in four ways. Empirically, it offers novel evidence from 31 English-language studies published between May 2003 and November 2024 by 39 authors. Methodologically, it follows an innovative reporting design that integrates framework synthesis—familiarisation, thematic framework, indexing, charting, and synthesis—with PRISMA guidelines. Conceptually, it develops a unique two-dimensional thematic framework for synthesising empirical evidence in the topic. The first dimension, generational identity, links airline and pilot association practices with theories of organisational demography and social constructionism. The second, research focus, distinguishes studies of cross-generational differences from those examining intra-generational attitudes and behaviours. Practically, the review highlights differences between Baby Boomers and Millennials in risk orientation, learning styles, and organisational commitment. It also identifies intra-generational profiles across the four generations currently employed in airlines. Finally, it proposes three directions for future research: first, examining potential heterogeneity within a generation (contextual); second, developing culture-specific generational compositions (conceptual); and third, applying the repertory grid technique to capture generational perspectives (methodological).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Mar 2026 08:41:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2646084</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Flying high or saying goodbye? passenger incivility and flight attendants’ turnover intention: A serial mediation model of surface acting and emotional exhaustion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598899</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to examine a serial mediation model in which passenger incivility affects emotional labour (i.e. surface acting), which in turn influences emotional exhaustion, which ultimately increases the intention to leave among flight attendants. The mediating roles of surface acting and emotional exhaustion are also examined in this model. Data from a sample of 203 flight attendants of major airlines in China was collected and analysed. The results indicate that passenger incivility does not directly influence turnover intention but that the link is partially mediated by emotional exhaustion. However, surface acting was found not to mediate the relationship between passenger incivility and turnover intention. This study is among the first to highlight the consequences of passenger incivility in the Chinese aviation industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Oct 2025 08:21:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598899</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Effect of Working Terms and Conditions of Airline Cabin Crew on Work-Family Conflict and Life Satisfaction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2552316</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As in all service-oriented sectors, there is competition in the airline transport sector. During the flight, it is the cabin crew who represent the service quality and company success. Cabin crew members are regarded as the most important customer representatives of the company, as they provide face-to-face service to passengers. This situation means that cabin crew frequently experience stressful situations that require special effort. In addition, they may stay away from social relations both in their business life and in their private and family lives, which may cause them to experience mental and physical fatigue, disconnect from life and experience work-family conflict. Work-family conflict is a situation that has negative effects on the individual. The individual experiencing work-family conflict may be under stress, and this stress may cause emotional symptoms such as dissatisfaction and unhappiness. In this context, in order to determine the effect of working terms and conditions of airline cabin crew on work-family conflict and life satisfaction, a survey was conducted with 484 cabin crew residing in Istanbul. The data obtained were analyzed using Spss Statistics 21 software. In line with the results obtained, it was concluded that the relationship between working terms and conditions, work-family conflict and life satisfaction is positive.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 May 2025 15:35:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2552316</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Barriers and facilitators of using child restraint systems (CRS) on airplanes: Perspectives of caregivers and airline personnel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491400</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Families flying with young children face several options regarding their method of restraint on the aircraft. Travel decisions are often driven by a variety of factors and no study has explored the factors associated with families' choices of travel modes or the airline staff's role in these decisions. The objective of this work is to identify strengths and opportunities for improvement in perception and knowledge about in-flight child restraint system (CRS) use. A focus group was conducted with United States (US)-based airline personnel (n = 16) and an online survey was conducted with US caregivers who had recently flown with young children (n = 786). Qualitative and quantitative data about restraint decisions, in-flight experiences, and injuries while traveling were collected. Airline personnel felt that caregivers often do not know best practices for keeping their child safe in-flight and do not recognize flight attendants as highly trained safety professionals. Airline personnel often feel discord between the priorities of the caregivers and the safety rules enforced by the airline. Of caregiver survey respondents, 29% reported using a CRS on their flight, 32% held their child in their lap, and 39% had the child seated in their own seat without a CRS. The primary reason for using a CRS was safety, followed by ease of travel. Barriers to usage include cost and difficulty in logistics of carrying/traveling with the CRS itself. Those who planned to use their own CRS at their destination were five times more likely to use a CRS during the flight compared with those not needing a CRS at their destination (p < 0.05). Flight attendants are trained extensively in safety measures, but caregivers may not be aware of best in-flight practices. Additional educational efforts, clarity/accessibility of airline policies, and assistance with airport logistics might enable more caregivers to make safe decisions for their children.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Feb 2025 17:05:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491400</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Air rage from the sharp end: Cabin crew perspectives on disruptive passenger behaviour in Europe and its impact on occupational safety and well-being</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499213</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Disruptive passenger behavior (DPB) incidents spiked during the COVID-19 pandemic period, compromising the safety of commercial flights on a daily basis. This qualitative semi-structured interview study examined the perceived triggering factors and motivations for DPB and the subsequent impact of DPB upon cabin crew well-being and safety. Twenty-four European cabin crew disclosed experiences, subjective observations of perpetrator traits, assessment of DPB development and information regarding their well-being and perceived safety. Thematic analysis revealed that the perceived frequency of DPB had increased, driven by an accumulation of pandemic-related factors – such as enforcing mask wearing amongst intoxicated passengers. DPB was found to decrease resilience and spur maladaptive coping strategies in crew. Suggested enhancements to current DPB mitigation consisted of stricter punishment for DPB as a deterrent, alcohol bans and higher quality training. These findings can inform decision-makers’ efforts to support cabin crew well-being and create safer cabin workplaces in the future.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 11:38:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2499213</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flight Hours and Depression in Flight Attendants During the COVID-19 Pandemic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470566</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flight attendants are constantly exposed to high-stress environments that could lead to the development of depression. The COVID-19 pandemic brought out new risk factors that could affect flight attendants’ mental health, such as reduced flight hours and fear of the disease itself, which other studies have shown was associated with depression. The authors aimed to find out whether reduced flight hours, fear of COVID-19, and other factors were associated with depression in flight attendants during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Directorate General Civil Aviation Medical Center Indonesia and Garuda Sentra Medika in 2022. The authors included flight attendants who were still employed before and after the start of the pandemic. Data were collected using several questionnaires, including the General Health Questionnaire-12 to screen for depression and Fear of COVID-19 for fear levels. The authors obtained data from 159 respondents, of whom 25.2% of them had depression. Multivariate analysis showed that the reduction of flight hours 1 yr after the start of the pandemic and fear of COVID-19 were found to significantly increase the likelihood of depression by 2.3 times and 3.9 times, respectively. During the pandemic, depression was found to be highly prevalent among flight attendants and was associated with the reduction of flight hours and fear of COVID-19.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:35:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2470566</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Perceived overqualification, prosocial service behavior, job crafting and person-group fit of the flight attendants: Testing a moderated-mediation model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475989</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research aimed to comprehend how prosocial service behaviors of flight attendants can be improved in the airline industry, which is a crucial element of competitive advantage in human-centered sectors. The authors established a model comprising perceived overqualification, prosocial service behavior, job crafting, and person-group fit to achieve this purpose, under the framework of person-job fit theory. 315 flight attendants from two airline companies took part in this research, located in Istanbul, Turkey. IBM AMOS 21.0 software was applied for testing by establishing a structural equation model. The findings indicate that perceived overqualification of employees had a significant direct effect on their prosocial service behavior, as well as an indirect effect through job crafting. Moreover, person-group fit was established as the boundary condition that increases the influence of perceived overqualification on job crafting, displaying a moderated mediation effect. The model is a novel attempt at the literature, being the first study to investigate the conditional influence of person-group fit in the airline industry under the context of person-job fit theory. This research explains how perceived overqualification can be a source of competitive advantage for companies aiming to excel through customer service by highlighting the importance of person-group fit in this association, which are valuable contributions to theory and practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jan 2025 09:00:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2475989</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The effects of psychological safety and employee voice behavior on flight attendants' mindful safety practices adoption</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442160</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flight attendants, as the front-line staff in the cabin, play a crucial role in improving air travel safety. This research explores how psychological safety affects flight attendants' adoption of mindful safety practices through voice participation. This mechanism also identifies ethical leadership and traditionality as two moderators. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data from 621 flight attendants in Chinese private commercial airline companies. PLS-SEM (partial least square structured equation modeling) is used to examine the hypotheses proposed in the present study. After data analysis, the results reveal that the underlying mechanism covering both mediating and moderating effects through which flight attendants' voluntary and extra-role safety behavior could be improved. The findings extend the existing literature regarding the antecedents of flight attendants' mindful safety practices adoption and obstacles to employee voice participation. Managerial implications are also provided in the commercial aviation industry and discussed along with future research directions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Nov 2024 14:27:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2442160</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Extended Reality in Flight Attendant Initial Training</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2383696</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study was to determine if the addition of extended reality (XR) to an existing training program provided to new hire flight attendants improved training effectiveness in terms of cabin door procedures. This retrospective cohort study used preexisting flight attendant training data provided by a collaborating organization. The data were divided into two groups, the AQP-only control group, and the AQP+VR intervention group. The data represented training events (n = 13,525) spilt between AQP-only (n = 11,180) and AQP+VR (n = 2,345). The groups were compared in terms of cabin door training pass rates. The observed training pass rate was 84% in the AQP group vs. 88% in the AQP+VR group. Supplemental XR training appeared to improve cabin door procedural training effectiveness, although there were some important study limitations resulting from the retrospective study design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 May 2024 16:52:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2383696</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Extended Reality for Cabin Safety II: Flight Attendant Training: A Data Management Plan created using DMP Tool</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381087</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New hire flight attendant training generally involves learning and demonstrating knowledge and proficiency. This study examined the proprietary training data of a participating organization that measured the proficiency of two groups of new hire flight attendants, those who received an extended reality (XR) intervention and those who received only traditional training. The purpose of this study was to investigate any effects of the XR intervention on proficiency for the benefit of one day certifying and accepting XR as a viable training modality. Currently, if a U.S. airline company chooses to integrate XR learning into its program, it is supplemental to the participating organization’s approved training program. This study asked three research questions related to understanding if the XR intervention was more effective in certain lessons, aircraft cabin door proficiency, and longitudinal information retention. However, the data set provided by the participating organization was only able to answer one research question regarding the effectiveness between the XR intervention group and those who did not receive the XR intervention. The results of this study were statistically significant, which indicates there could be some advantage to incorporating this modality in flight attendant new hire training. It should be noted that the non-intervention group was also characterized by very high proficiency rates as well. It is important to note that both groups exhibited high proficiency. More research is needed to understand how XR effects learning in several areas of flight attendant training.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2024 17:13:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381087</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Extended Reality in Cabin Safety: A Practical Approach to Implementation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2373880</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Extended reality (XR) is a collection of technological modalities that have increasingly grown and expanded over several decades. The technology’s growth and expansion has given way to new and novel use cases across an array of practical applications. XR is a unifying term that describes existing technologies such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and mixed reality (MR), and is expected to describe similar future technologies in this area. Several industries are applying various aspects of XR into training and daily operational tasks. Yet, there is a general lack of data-based evidence that significantly supports XR’s use as an effective training modality in trade-specific and adult learning applications. Beyond the science of knowledge transfer, airlines are looking to regulatory authorities to approve and certify the use of this technology in flight attendant training, among others. Work is underway to develop such guidance for regulators, as is scientific research to understand if there are any quantifiable benefits or value in incorporating this technology into the classroom or workflow. Research in these areas is needed the most. Each area requires the input, cooperation, and collaboration from an array of knowledge reservoirs among industry, academia, and government to understand the best application of this technology in Advanced Qualification Programs and traditional Part 121 N and O training approaches. The future of XR in training and operational job tasks is broad. There is also potential for positive outcomes in other areas such as passenger education, integration with emerging technologies and trends, and cabin safety research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 May 2024 14:04:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2373880</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A study on the effect of job stress factors on mental health and service sabotage: Focusing on flight attendants in foreign airlines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325934</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the relationship among six job stress factors (job insecurity, meritocracy, vertical communication, acculturation stress, organizational silence, and psychological contract), mental health deterioration, and service sabotage in flight attendants working for foreign (non-Korean) airlines. Six job stressors were identified through a literature review and focus group interviews. To determine the causal relationships, a survey was conducted from February 8 to April 9, 2022, targeting Korean cabin crew members in Middle Eastern airlines. A total of 201 valid samples were used for the statistical analysis. The findings revealed that flight attendants' job stress negatively impacts their mental health, while mental health deterioration positively impacts service sabotage behavior. Job insecurity, vertical communication, and acculturation stress negatively impacts flight attendants' mental health. The findings indicate that mental health deterioration is important in mediating the relationship between job stress and service sabotage. Finally, it is confirmed that there are differences in job stress, mental health deterioration, and service sabotage based on various demographic and occupational characteristics. This study is noteworthy because it approaches the dependent variable of job stress from the perspective of employees’ mental health rather than job-related variables. Service sabotage is introduced as a new variable because this behavior by flight attendants, whose primary job is to interact with customers, can have serious consequences for airline organizations and customers alike.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Feb 2024 10:46:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325934</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How do increased job demands resulting from rationalization of costs exhaust flight attendants and push them to leave? An international study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2321779</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cost effectiveness becomes a priority of airlines pushed organizations to achieve their objectives of being cost leader. This strategy generated multiple employees' related issues such as emotional exhaustion, work-family conflict, and a high turnover. However, these issues still need more research in the airline sector. In the current study, the authors aim to explore the indirect effect of increased job demands on intention to leave via work-family conflict, emotional exhaustion that provides an insight of the route towards flight attendants’ intention to leave. Data was collected from 1664 flight attendants working in three countries (Canada, France, and Germany) using questionnaires online. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to evaluate the said relationships. Results exhibit that all the factors contributing towards intention to leave are significantly and positively interrelated. The results also revealed that work-family conflict positively mediates the relationship between increased job demands and emotional exhaustion and this last mediates the relationship between increased job demands and intention to leave. Furthermore, psychosocial safety climate acts as a moderator on the relationships between increased job demands and work-family conflict and on the link between this last variable and emotional exhaustion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jan 2024 11:09:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2321779</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Substance Misuse Programs in Commercial Aviation: Safety First</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2232151</link>
      <description><![CDATA[While there is a limited data on safety-sensitive professionals, substance use disorders potentially affect pilots and flight attendants at the same rate as the general population - around 15 percent - but due to the high-risk nature of their jobs, aircraft operators are held to a higher standard for substance misuse on the job. To protect the safety of the public and the aviation workforce, the Human Intervention Motivation Study (HIMS) and the Flight Attendant Drug and Alcohol Program (FADAP) were launched to help treat critical aviation workers - pilots and flight attendants, respectively - who misuse substances. In response to a congressional mandate, this new report reviews available evidence on the effectiveness of HIMS and FADAP and offers recommendations for improving these programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Aug 2023 08:41:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2232151</guid>
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