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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>MULTIPATH PARAMETER COMPUTATIONS FOR THE MLS SIMULATION COMPUTER PROGRAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/41489</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A set of mathematical models and computer programs have been developed to characterize multipath propagation in an airport environment. When combined with system mathematical models, these models are intended to provide a firm technical basis for assessing the performance of candidate Microwave Landing Systems (MLS) in realistic airport environments. The two paramount issues in developing these models have been (1) validation based on actual field test data and (2) computer running time. The obstacles modeled include buildings and aircraft, as well as the ground which can cause both specular reflections and diffuse scattering. In addition, the shadowing effects due to runway humps, and aircraft, buildings approaching the line of sight between transmitter and receiver are included. Computational procedures are presented for obtaining the salient multipath parameters, i.e., relative magnitude, phase, directional angles, Doppler frequency, and time delay. Computer programs have been written for these algorithms using the Fortan programming language, with structured programming methods, such as Iftran, employed whenever possible. A presentation is given of computer validation data for the computational procedures. A comparison of these computer validation results with experimental field data demonstrates good agreement in all cases of interest. The computer running time for these computer programs is quite reasonable, e.g., it takes about five times longer than actual flight time to run a model of a typical airport environment on an IBM 370 model 168. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 13 Jul 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/41489</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF ASPECT RATIO, SECTION SHAPE, AND REYNOLDS NUMBER ON THE LIFT AND DRAG OF A SERIES OF MODEL CONTROL SURFACES; FINAL REPT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/411231</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The report presents the results of towing tank tests on a series of fins, representative of the canards on a SWATH vessel or the rudders on a planing hull. The work was done to determine whether or not the fins and rudders on a small model suffered from serious scale effects. Fins with aspect ratios of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 were mounted vertically under a horizontal flat plate and towed at a series of speeds resulting in five Reynolds numbers, based on chord length, between 42,000 and 150,000.  The fins had both flat plate and NACA 0015 cross sections, and were tested with and without turbulence trips. Lift and drag forces were measured at a series of angles of attack which were varied from 0 to 35 degrees in five degree increments. The measured lift slopes agreed well with predictive equations developed at DTNSRDC for fins at high Reynolds numbers. This means that dynamic stability and course keeping data taken using small models can be used in making full scale predictions. Control surfaces, Reynolds number effects, Fins, Turbulence trips, SWATH Control, Rudders, Aspect ratio effects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/411231</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHEAR STRENGTH OF PRESTRESSED LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE FLAT PLATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/105352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TESTS TO FAILURE OF TEN POST-TENSIONED SPECIMENS CONSTRUCTED USING AN EXPANDED SHALE AGGREGATE ARE REPORTED. THE TEST SPECIMENS WERE THREE FEET SQUARE, THREE INCHES THICK, AND HAD A COLUMN STUB AT THE CENTER OF ONE SIDE. THE COLUMN SIZE, AMOUNT AND PLACING OF STEEL, AND CONCRETE STRENGTH WERE HELD CONSTANT WITH THE AMOUNT OF PRESTRESS BEING THE ONLY VARIABLE. THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SPECIMENS IS REPORTED IN TERMS OF THE CRACKING, LOAD-DEFLECTION CURVES, VARIATION IN CABLE FORCE WITH LOAD, AND MODE OF FAILURE. COMPARISONS OF MEASURED STRENGTHS WITH STRENGTHS COMPUTED USING SEVERAL EMPIRICAL FORMULAS ARE GIVEN AND TWO EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS RELATING SHEARING STRENGTH TO INITIAL AND ULTIMATE CABLE FORCE ARE GIVEN. THE NEED FOR ADDITIONAL STUDY IN THIS AREA IS DISCUSSED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/105352</guid>
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      <title>FATIGUE TESTS OF PLATES AND BEAMS WITH STUD SHEAR CONNECTORS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/105275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THE TESTS REPORTED IN THIS PAPER WAS TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF SHEAR CONNECTORS ON THE FATIGUE LIFE OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION UNDER CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE THE CONNECTORS ARE ATTACHED TO THE TENSION FLANGE AND TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF FLANGE MATERIAL ON THIS BEHAVIOR. TO STUDY THESE TWO PROBLEMS WORK WAS UNDERTAKEN ON SEVERAL DIFFERENT MATERIALS WITH VARYING CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND WITH DIFFERENT STRENGTH LEVELS. THE PROGRAM INCLUDED A RATHER EXTENSIVE SERIES OF TESTS ON FLAT PLATE SPECIMENS FABRICATED FROM TWO DIFFERENT MATERIALS . FOR THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIALS STUDIED, ONE OR MORE STUD SHEAR CONNECTORS WERE ATTACHED IN A SINGLE LINE TRANSVERSE TO THE DIRECTION OF STRESS. ANOTHER VARIABLE, INTENDED TO PERMIT A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF STUD SPACING, WAS THE WIDTH OF THE PLATE. IN ONE SERIES OF TESTS THE WELDING PROCEDURE USED TO APPLY THE STUDS WAS ALTERED. FLAT PLATE FATIGUE TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON STRESS CYCLES OF COMPLETE REVERSAL, ZERO-TO-TENSION AND PARTIAL TENSION-TO TENSION. A FEW SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS WERE CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF GEOMETRY IN THE REGION OF THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE PLATE AND THE STUDY SHEAR CONNECTOR. THE SECOND PHASE OF THE PROGRAM WAS CARRIED OUT ON NINE BEAM SPECIMENS, WHICH WERE DIVIDED INTO THREE GROUPS OF THREE GROUPS OF THREE BEAMS EACH. ALL BEAMS WERE LOADED IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THE FLANGE TO WHICH THE STUD SHEAR CONNECTORS WERE ATTACHED WAS SUBJECTED TO A TENSILE STRESS. ONE GROUP OF BEAMS WAS TESTED WITHOUT ANY STRESS APPLIED TO THE SHEAR CONNECTORS, THE OTHER TWO SERIES OF BEAM TESTS USED DIFFERENT LOADING METHODS TO STUDY BENDING OF THE BEAM AND FLEXING OF THE STUD SIMULTANEOUSLY. THE RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION ARE REPORTED IN THE FORM OF S-N DIAGRAMS FOR THE VARIOUS PARAMETERS INVESTIGATED. A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE FLAT PLATE TESTS AND THE BEAM TESTS IS INCLUDED, ALONG WITH A DISCUSSION OF SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION OBTAINED DURING THE CONDUCT OF THE TESTS. THIS INFORMATION IS CONCERNED PRIMARILY WITH THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE REINFORCING STEEL IN THE CONCRETE, STRAIN DISTRIBUTION THROUGH THE DEPTH OF THE STEEL BEAM, AND METALLURGICAL INVESTIGATIONS TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF THE STRUCTURE IN THE HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE. ON THE BASIS OF THE TESTS RESULTS SOME SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR THE UTILIZATION OF STUD SHEAR CONNECTORS IN REGIONS OF NEGATIVE MOMENT.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/105275</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/110288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION  AFFECTS THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF MANY MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. THE OBJECTIVE OF SUBCOMMITTEE 10 ON SIEVES, OF COMMITTEE E-1 ON METHODS OF TESTING IS TO PREPARE THE ESSENTIAL SPECIFICATIONS OF MEANS AND PROCEDURES NECESSARY TO MEASURE THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICULATE MATERIALS. TEST SIEVING IS SUBJECT TO A GREAT VARIETY OF PITFALLS DUE TO THE MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE PARTICLES INVOLVED. SUBCOMMITTEE 10 HAS PUBLISHED THE MANUAL ON TEST SIEVING METHODS, STP 447, WHICH SUMMARIZES THE MOST ACCEPTED GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR MAKING SIEVE TESTS AND PROVIDES GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING NEW STANDARD SIEVE ANALYSIS PROCEDURES WHERE NONE ARE AVAILABLE. IT LISTS ASTM STANDARD SIEVES AND THEIR ISO EQUIVALENTS, CURRENT ASTM SIEVE TEST METHODS, TYPICAL BULK DENSITIES OF VARIOUS PARTICULATE MATERIALS, DEFINITIONS OF SIEVING TERMS, AND ADDITIONAL REFERENCES. AT THIS TIME, THE SCOPE OF SUBCOMMITTEE 10 HAS BEEN EXTENDED TO INCLUDE INDUSTRIAL SCREENS. ONE GROUP OF SUBCOMMITTEE 10 WILL DEVELOP A SET OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL WIRE SCREENS WHICH WILL INCLUDE SEVERAL GRADES FROM LIGHT TO HEAVY COORDINATED WITH THE APERTURES OF THE REVIVED SPECIFICATION E 11. ANOTHER SECTION WILL DEVELOP A SIMULAR SET OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL PERFORATED PLATE SCREENS WHICH WILL BE COORDINATED WITH THE REVISED SPECIFICATIONS E 323 AS WELL AS WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL PERFORATOR'S ASSOCIATION. THE INDUSTRIAL SCREEN PLATE SPECIFICATIONS WILL COVER STANDARD OPENINGS BOTH ROUND AND SQUARE, STANDARD CENTERS, AND GAGES FOR FLANGED AND FLATPLATE SCREENS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/110288</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVESTIGATION OF INSTALLATION STRESSES IN STEEL TUNNEL LINER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/99433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[FULL SCALE LOAD TESTS WERE PERFORMED ON STEEL TUNNEL LINER SEGMENTS BEING DEVELOPED FOR USE IN SUBWAY TUNNELS OF THE WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA TRANSIT AUTHORITY. TEST LOADS SIMULATING JACKING FORCES REQUIRED TO ADVANCE THE TUNNELING SHIELD WERE APPLIED TO DETERMINE SKIN PLATE BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF THE SEGMENTS. STRESSES CAUSED BY TWO BASIC TYPES OF JACK SHOES WERE INVESTIGATED AS WELL AS VARIOUS TYPES OF SKIN PLATE BRACING. TEST RESULTS WERE COMPARED WITH THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS OF FLAT PLATE BUCKLING LOADS. BASED ON TEST RESULTS AND SUBSEQUENT STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, A BASIC FABRICATED STEEL TUNNEL LINER DESIGN WAS PREPARED FOR THE WASHINGTON TUNNELS WHICH PROVED MORE ECONOMICAL THAN INITIAL DESIGNS BASED ON STRUCTURAL THEORY ALONE. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 12 Mar 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/99433</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONCEPTUAL DESIGN STUDY OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE SODIUM/METAL CHLORIDE BATTERIES FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE APPLICATIONS. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/357482</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The US DOE interest in Sodium/Metal Chloride batteries stems from three major potentialities which this system appears to offer.  The first is enhanced battery reliability over its sister technology, Sodium/Sulfur.  This is directly related to the short-circuit failure characteristic of metal chloride cells, which, in turn, permits cell networks which take advantage of this failure mode.  The second benefit is the inherent safety which stems from the low vapor pressure of the reactants and the tendency for the salt to seal-off small fracture sites in the electrolyte.  The low vapor pressure allows rectangular cells to be utilized, which results in excellent packing density of cells within the battery.  Finally, the specific energy of the metal chloride battery is comparable to a sodium/sulfer battery, and, as this study has concluded, cell designs are possible which offer substantial performance advantages, especially in volumetric energy density.  The workplan that was established for this study was composed of four tasks:  cell design, battery design, manufacturing cost and cell development plan.  The cell modeling activity led the design efforts by providing design direction and associated performance figures.  Three generic design concepts were explored based on different electrolyte geometries.  These included multi-tube (common header), segmented flat plate and bipolar flat plate designs.  The first two designs could be designated as either central cathode or outside cathode configurations.  Each of these designs offered a large electrolyte surface area per unit cell volume and each brought their own advantages and disadvantages.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 1991 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/357482</guid>
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      <title>LATERAL DISPLACEMENT DUCTILITY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLAT PLATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/296351</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is presently unclear whether the reinforced concrete flat-slab connection possesses sufficient lateral displacement capacity to survive the lateral deformations that can be expected during a strong earthquake.  The objective of this paper is to examine the available data from present and past research and from there develop an understanding of the major parameters that influence the lateral displacement capacity and ductility of reinforced concrete flat plates. The significant effects of gravity load and biaxial lateral loading are presented together with the implications of the findings with regard to seismic design and performance.  An expression of the gravity level shear stress acting on the slab critical section to which it must be limited to insure adequate displacement ductility under extreme earthquake loading is given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jun 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/296351</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTERPRETATION OF FLAT PLATE DILATOMETER TESTS IN SANDS IN TERMS OF THE STATE PARAMETER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/282717</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of in situ tests to determine design parameters is particularly important in sands where undisturbed sampling is difficult.  Unfortunately, most in situ tests do not measure actual soil properties but instead yield some index parameters which are converted to design values by means of empirical correlations.  Thus the quality of the empirical correlation ensures the quality of the design.  This paper assesses the key parameters which govern the expansion stage of a flat plate dilatometer (DMT) test in cohesionless material in order to develop relevant correlations with respect to the conpressibility of sands.  Laboratory tests in a small calibration chamber were conducted to obtain a response from the DMT during expansion in undisturbed Ottawa sand under a given stress field.  The deformation characteristics inferred from the DMT data compared well with those obtained from triaxial tests.  The results from the DMT are best interpreted in terms of the state parameter which combines the influence of void ratio and stress level with reference to the steady state line of the soil.  A framework based on the normalized state parameter for the interpretation of DMT test profiles in most sands is proposed.  Examples are given which show the usefulness of the proposed model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 31 Jul 1988 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/282717</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A SERVICEABILITY APPROACH TO REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/205789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A simple, design oriented procedure for the control of deflection in reinforced concrete slab systems is proposed. A rational expression for the maximum allowable span to depth ratio for beams, proposed recently by Rangan, is extended to include the entire range of reinforced concrete flexural members, including two-way edge-supported slabs, flat slabs and flat plates.  The data used for the calibration of the procedure was obtained from an extensive series of computer experiments with reinforced concrete slabs using a non-linear, finite element model.  The techniques are illustrated by example and a comparison with available field measurements of in-service slabs in made. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/205789</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>MOMENT ROTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAT PLATE AND COLUMN SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/176801</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The response of flat plate and column structures to lateral loading is closely associated with the stiffness of the slab/column joints. Many previous theoretical and experimental investigations have studied the linear elastic response of sway systems but few experimental results are available on the non-linear behaviour of concrete slab/column joints.  Results from exeriments on reinforced concrete models are presented in this paper.  These tests show a non-linear response from very low load levels.  The behaviour of the test specimens is compared with both linear elastic and empirical predictions.  The results are also compared with an equivalent slab derived from the equivalent frame method of ACI 318-77.  This is found to give a closer description of the observed behaviour than the elastic theories (A). (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Aug 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/176801</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ON THE DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED FLAT PLATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/41222</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A set of simple techniques for the analysis and design of prestressed flat plate structures is presented.  These are based on continuing research and observations of performance.  One basis of design proposed is the direct design technique of selecting the structural parameters to meet a specified performance state.  The criterion of uniform strain or zero bending at sustained loads is used and is met by placing tendons according to a simple moment model.  An equation for deflection control under partial or approximate balancing is introduced.  A criterion for moment-shear interaction to increase shear capacity above moment capacity is discussed and design equations are derived.  The criterion of uniform strain is extended to variable thickness plates, and techniques for analysis and design of irregular plates are also described.  Using these various techniques, the performance of prestressed slabs may be simply and more accurately determined and controlled, increasing their spectrum of economic spans and shapes and hence their application range.  /Author/TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Nov 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/41222</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LOW FROUDE NUMBER HYDRODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF A FLAT PLATE HYDROFOIL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/47764</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Results of towing tank experiments are presented for lift, drag, moment, and center of pressure of an aspect ratio 4, rectangular planform, 5.21% thick, flat plate hydrofoil attached to a large strut and pod and operated beneath the free surface of water. The nominal range of the chord Froude number was 0.5 to 3.5 with corresponding chord Reynolds numbers of 740,000-5,200,000. Tests included foil submergence depths ranging from 0.25 to 3.5 chord lengths, and foil angles of attack varying from 0 -8 deg. These data fill an important gap in our experimental knowledge of near-surface, low speed hydrofoil performance. Experiments indicate that there are significant changes in lift and drag for operation at shallow and moderate submergences in the low chord Froude number range, especially around 0.75 to 1.5. Prediction of residual drag coefficients for an 18-foot-chord hydrofoil operating at constant lift shows that the wavemaking drag is significant and that the trend of increase in residual drag at froude numbers ranging from 3.5 down to 1.75 appears to be roughly parallel to the trend of induced drag alone. However, the magnitudes of residual drag coefficients are rather large, and there are indications that interference wave drag, due to the presence of a strut and a pod, is an important feature of the low speed drag variation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/47764</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE LOGAN MLS MULTIPATH EXPERIMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/30016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The National Plan for a Microwave Landing System (MLS) has specified a carrier frequency for the system in the vicinity of 5.1 GHz. At that frequency, no multipath data taken at a major civilian airport existed. The purpose of this experiment was to obtain such data at Logan International Airport in order to ascertain: (1) which objects are the major causes of measurable multipath reflections and their levels relative to the direct signal (M/D level), (2) whether or not the reflections from these objects can be satisfactorily simulated by the Lincoln computer model and, if so, how complicated must that model be, and (3) if the characteristics of multipath provide a significant discriminant between the Doppler and scanning beam techniques. It was found in the experiment that regions where reflections were noted could be predicted from ray optics and diffraction. No measurable reflections were noted elsewhere. For the purpose of modeling for multipath, building surfaces could be characterized as a flat plate with a reflection coefficient determined by measurement if it were a complicated surface, or by the dielectric properties of the surface material, if a simple surface. The airplane reflection model was also found to agree well with measurements. (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Dec 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/30016</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TESTS ON A FLAT PLATE FLOOR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/26127</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A series of tests was conducted on a flat plate floor.  The short term behaviour of a panel within a series of panels when that panel was loaded to its design live load was recorded.  Strain on the concrete surface and steel reinforcement was measured by conventional vibrating wire, demec, and electrical resistance strain gauges. Deflections were measured using a surveyor's level.  Curvature and slope were also measured.  The experimental results were compared with results obtained from a two-stage stiffness and finite element analysis.  Details of the analysis have been presented elsewhere (Refs. 1 and 2).  A deflection history of the panel was kept and correlated with its loading history.  Comparisons were made with results from an approximate method for long term deflection calculations. The results of the experiment, their comparison with analytical predictions and the long term deflection results are presented in this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Apr 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/26127</guid>
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