<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Connecting the Influence of Nano-TiO₂ on the Characteristics of Pore Systems with the Frost Resistance of Concretes with and without Supplementary Cementitious Materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752396</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nano-TiO₂ has been reported to be effective in improving the frost resistance of concretes; however, its effectiveness varies depending on the type of the binder system, particularly in mixtures containing supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). This study investigates the influence of nano-TiO₂ on the pore system characteristics and frost resistance of concretes made with and without SCMs, specifically Class C fly ash (FA) and Grade 100 slag cement. Both scaling resistance and freeze-thaw performance were evaluated. Results indicate that the addition of nano-TiO₂ significantly improves the frost resistance of FA concrete compared with mixtures containing only ordinary Portland cement or slag cement. A practical and user-friendly indicator for characterizing the pore system is proposed and used to establish a correlation between pore structure and frost resistance. The findings reveal a strong link between the beneficial effect of nano-TiO₂ on the pore system and the improved durability of FA concrete, highlighting a synergistic interaction between nano-TiO₂ and FA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Aug 2026 17:00:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2752396</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evolution of performance in quaternary slag powder-fly ash-based geopolymers and NSGA-III multi-objective optimization study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711935</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to realize the high-value utilization of solid waste resources and promote the sustainable development of low-carbon building materials by developing a quaternary geopolymer system using slag powder (SP), fly ash (FA), steel slag (SS) and silica fume (SF) as precursors. By systematically adjusting the dosages of SS, SF, and water glass as well as the curing age, the effects on workability and microstructural evolution were thoroughly investigated. A variety of characterization techniques including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and thermogravimetry analysis (TG) were employed to comprehensively analyze the hydration process and the formation of reaction products. Furthermore, predictive models for slurry fluidity, mechanical properties, economic feasibility, and carbon emissions were established. Based on the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC), technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), and NSGA-III multi-objective optimization algorithms, a synergistic optimization balancing performance, cost, and environmental benefits was achieved. The results provide a robust theoretical basis and technical support for the industrial application of solid waste-based building materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 08 Aug 2026 12:14:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2711935</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Use of Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash, and Polypropylene Fibers for Strength Enhancement in Wet Mix Macadam (WMM)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671899</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wet mix macadam (WMM) is an important component in road construction, offering a strong foundation for highways, runways, and other paved surfaces. This research project explores innovative approaches to enhance the strength and performance of WMM by incorporating supplementary materials such as fly ash, rice husk, and polypropylene fiber as partial replacements for moorum. The study employs California bearing ratio (CBR) tests as a standardized method to evaluate the mechanical properties of the WMM mixtures. Initially, a baseline CBR test is conducted on a sample consisting of only moorum, establishing a reference point for comparison. First, we replace various proportion of FA with moorum and perform California bearing ratio (CBR) tests. From this, the combination with the highest CBR value is used for further testing. The selected combination is then combined with various proportions of RHA. The combination with highest CBR value is used for further testing. Further testing includes adding different amounts of PPF to the mixture. The aim of this process is to find the most effective material combination for improving the durability and strength of WMM. Through this comprehensive experimental approach, the research aims to assess the impact of these additives on important engineering parameters such as strength, stability, and durability of the WMM mixtures. The results of this research have important applications in civil engineering, especially in areas where moorum is easily found but might not be the best for building. By using additional materials effectively, this study aims to encourage the use of eco-friendly and cost-effective methods in road construction, promoting sustainability and strength in infrastructure development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:16:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2671899</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrating phospho-gypsum and alkali-activated binders to develop resilient and sustainable subgrades for future transportation systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713898</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Weak subgrade soils in transportation infrastructure often limit bearing capacity and long-term performance, especially under heavy traffic and harsh environmental conditions. Conventional stabilization methods improve strength but are associated with high carbon emissions. This study presents a sustainable and smart alternative using phosphor-gypsum (PG), an industrial by-product, combined with alkali-activated binders (AAB) made from fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). The AAB system was activated with a sodium silicate–sodium hydroxide solution to enhance strength development and promote carbon utilization. Laboratory tests, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS), were performed to assess the mechanical performance of PG–AAB composites with varying FA and GGBFS contents for subgrade applications. The results showed notable gains in strength and durability, supported by microstructural evidence of cementitious phase formation responsible for improved compressive, shear, and tensile behavior after seven days of curing. The integration of industrial waste with AAB enhances subgrade resilience and supports the development of smart, low-carbon, and sustainable transportation systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 11:16:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2713898</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rheological and adhesive performance of asphalt binders modified with activated fly ash fractions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The increasing demand for sustainable and high-performance asphalt materials has encouraged the use of industrial by-products, such as fly ash (FA), as binder modifiers. This study evaluated the potential of chemically treated FA fractions, specifically magnetic particles and geopolymer microspheres as additive agents for asphalt binders. The fractions were characterized using XRF and FTIR, and the modified binders were tested by means of MSCR, LAS and BBS to assess rutting resistance, fatigue performance and binder-aggregate interaction. Unlike most existing studies, this research investigated the combined effects of FA-derived materials on these key performance indicators in an integrated manner. The results showed that formulations containing both fractions, particularly at 2% (binder mass), preserved the rheological behavior of the binders while providing significant improvements in LAS and MSCR parameters. Furthermore, enhanced binder–aggregate interaction after aging, particularly under moisture exposure, was associated to antioxidant and hydrophilic functional groups identified by FTIR. Expanding our understanding of the distinct contributions of each treated fraction highlights the relevance of the chemical separation process. The findings demonstrate that chemically treated FA fractions constitute a sustainable and technically promising strategy for improving the overall performance of asphalt binders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 08:40:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2693980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance and Sustainability Assessment of Pavement Bases Incorporated with Hazardous Biomedical Waste Incinerated Ash in Geopolymer Binders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691641</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research investigates the feasibility of employing biomedical waste incinerator ash (BMWIA) as a geopolymer binder for pavement base stabilization. An experimental program was undertaken to study the influence of BMWIA content, sodium hydroxide–sodium silicate ratio, curing regime, and curing period on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of conventional aggregate (CA)-BMWIA mixtures. The optimum mixture was achieved with 20% BMWIA and an activator ratio of 50:50 under ambient curing conditions, which yielded the highest strength and a dense microstructural matrix. The mechanical performance of this optimized geopolymer mixture was subsequently evaluated against conventional ordinary portland cement (OPC)-stabilized and BMWIA-OPC blend–stabilized bases in terms of UCS, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength, resilient modulus, fatigue behavior, and durability. The geopolymer-stabilized base exhibited superior resistance to weathering, retaining 98% of its UCS after 12 cycles of wetting and drying, fully satisfying IRC: SP:89-2018 requirements. Fatigue testing confirmed a significantly longer service life under repeated traffic loading compared with cement-based counterparts. Environmental assessments indicated that heavy metal leachability remained well below permissible limits, while CO₂ emissions were reduced by approximately 47.7% relative to OPC stabilization and 17% relative to BMWIA-OPC blends. Additionally, the approach demonstrated substantial economic benefits, with cost savings estimated at 3.14 million/km of roadway. Overall, BMWIA-based geopolymers represent a durable, sustainable, and economically advantageous alternative for pavement base construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:50:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691641</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utilization of Geopolymerized Mine Overburden Soil for Sustainable Pavement Base Layer Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581008</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Open-cast mining produces large quantities of solid waste, mainly in the form of overburden (OB) soil, and its effective management is a key concern for the mining industry. Additionally, coal-fired electricity generation produces significant amounts of fly ash. The main objective of this study is to utilize mine OB soil along with fly ash-based geopolymer for pavement base layer applications. Two types of base layers from mine waste were investigated: the first is a base layer prepared with manufactured artificial aggregates made from a mixture of mine OB soil and fly ash-based geopolymer, and the second is base layer from mine waste treated directly with a fly ash-based geopolymer. The geopolymer-treated base used a mix of 50% mine OB and 50% fly ash with a liquid alkali activator, composed of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate. pH-based Eades–Grim approach was employed to determine the optimal NaOH concentration. Unconfined compressive strength and repeated load triaxial tests were conducted on treated waste for curing time of 7, 14, and 28 days to assess the effects of curing time. The results indicated that the 7-day UCS met IRC 37-2012 requirements, with only a marginal increase in resilient modulus values beyond this time, making it optimal blend for faster construction. A comparison of resilient modulus characteristics between the artificial aggregate and geopolymer-treated mine waste, and natural aggregate showed that the geopolymer-treated specimens exhibited superior resilient modulus properties. Further investigations, such as durability and water absorption tests, are needed to assess the suitability of these base layers, with future research recommended.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2026 09:49:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581008</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Addressing Fly Ash Shortage with Limestone Calcined Clay Cement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2721757</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Virginia and many other states are experiencing increasing challenges related to the availability of traditional supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), particularly fly ash. These shortages—with both seasonal and regional variability—threaten the consistency, cost, and performance of concrete used in the Virginia Department of Transportation’s (VDOT) infrastructure. At the same time, an increasing emphasis is on reducing the environmental footprint of cement and concrete production, which necessitates the use of SCMs to reduce the global warming potential associated with clinker manufacturing. Calcined clays have emerged as promising alternative SCMs that may address both material supply constraints and sustainability objectives. However, their suitability for VDOT concrete—including effects on fresh properties, strength, durability, and environmental performance—had not been evaluated. This study was initiated to generate the data and guidance needed for informed decision making regarding the adoption of calcined clays in VDOT applications. This study evaluated limestone calcined clay cement, or LC3—a ternary blended cement typically composed of 50% clinker, 30% calcined clay, 15% limestone, and 5% gypsum—and LC2, a cementitious system similar to LC3 produced by replacing 30% of Portland limestone cement (Type IL) with calcined clay. The fresh, mechanical, durability, and shrinkage characteristics of concrete incorporating LC3 and LC2 were assessed and compared with mixtures containing Class F coal ash and slag cement commonly used in VDOT concretes. In addition, the physical, chemical, and reactivity properties of SCMs were characterized, and global warming potential analyses were conducted to quantify the potential environmental benefits associated with incorporating calcined clay. Together, these evaluations provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the suitability of calcined clays for VDOT concrete. Results showed that calcined clays are substantially more reactive than Class F coal ash and more comparable with slag cement. However, their porous micromorphology and high surface area significantly reduce workability, making admixture selection and dosage critical for field placement. At a 30% dosage, a calcined clay meeting ASTM C618 requirements for Class N pozzolans produced concrete with performance comparable with or better than mixtures containing 30% Class F coal ash, and air entrainment behavior was similar to that of the Type IL control mixture—an advantage over fly ash, which often requires higher air entraining admixture dosages. These findings demonstrate that calcined clays are a viable SCM option that can help alleviate fly ash shortages while maintaining or improving concrete performance. Collectively, this study provides data driven guidance that can improve long term material resilience, reduce the environmental footprint of VDOT concrete, and prepare the agency for the adoption of next generation SCMs and blended cements, including those with calcined clays, which are expected to become more readily available in Virginia in the near future.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 08:51:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2721757</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing Moisture Susceptibility and Long-Term Leaching Behavior of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash–Modified Asphalt Mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724618</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The heavy metal (HM) content and limited disposal options of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) pose significant environmental challenges. However, fly ash offers potential as a sustainable modifier in asphalt pavements. However, moisture susceptibility and long-term leaching necessitate a comprehensive evaluation of the material before its use. This research assessed the moisture-induced sensitivity and long-term leaching behavior of MSWIFA-modified asphalt mixtures, focusing on their practicality in moisture-laden environments. Dense-graded (DG) and gap-graded (GG) asphalt mixtures were prepared using conventional and MSWIFA-modified asphalt binders. The MSWIFA modification significantly enhanced moisture resistance in both aggregate gradations. The DG mixture with modified bitumen (DG-MB) achieved the highest tensile strength ratio (TSR) of 86%. The GG mixture with modified bitumen (GG-MB) did not meet the 80% TSR threshold, but outperformed the conventional GG, highlighting the role of MSWIFA in improving binder stiffness and asphalt–aggregate bonding. Dynamic modulus |E*| test results showed reduced stiffness loss and a higher |E*| stiffness ratio (ESR) in the MSWIFA-modified asphalt mixtures with DG-MB exhibiting 18% to 21% stiffness loss and ESRs up to 84%. The wheel tracking test for high-temperature performance revealed reduced rut depths in MSWIFA-modified asphalt mixtures. The overall leaching remained well below the regulatory limits for MSWIFA-modified asphalt mixtures, demonstrating effective immobilization by the asphalt binder conglomerate. Specifically, DG-MB mixtures achieved better immobilization of HM leaching compared with GG-MB. Overall, incorporating MSWIFA into asphalt mixtures was found to be a viable strategy for safely managing HM leaching and substantially reducing the environmental risk.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 14:05:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724618</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring the Stabilization Potential of Electric Arc Furnace Slag in Silty Soils through Multifaceted Micro- and Mesoscale Characterization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724601</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Soil stabilization using chemical additives is a proven technique for enhancing the strength and performance of weak subgrade soils. Electric arc furnace (EAF) slag has shown significant potential to improve the geotechnical and mechanical properties of soils because of its unique chemical and physical characteristics. However, the heterogeneous nature of EAF slag makes it challenging to determine whether a specific source is suitable for stabilization purposes. This study aimed to identify key EAF micro- and mesoscale properties that contribute to the development of effective soil stabilization mechanisms. To achieve this, a comprehensive characterization program was established to evaluate the slag’s chemical, physical, mechanical, morphological, and mineralogical characteristics. Fully graded EAF samples and slag fines were considered for soil stabilization. A silty clay soil considered poor for pavement applications according to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) classification system was stabilized with different additives (fly ash, cement, and EAF) to assess the effectiveness of the steel coproduct as a stabilizing agent. Chemical analyses confirmed the presence of key oxides (CaO, SiO₂, and Al₂O₃) in the EAF samples, although limited reactivity was observed because of dominant crystalline phases. In the soil mixtures, the swelling potential was reduced from 0.92% to 0.29%, and strength significantly improved with slag fines, indicating pozzolanic activity. When combined with 2.5% cement, EAF slag produced synergistic effects, outperforming cement alone with an increase of 17% for 7 days of curing. The findings highlight the importance of slag composition and confirm its viability as a sustainable, performance-enhancing alternative for soil stabilization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jul 2026 14:05:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2724601</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thermo-mechanical interaction and time-dependent cracking risk assessment of early-age fly ash high-performance concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712891</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fly ash (FA) is widely used in high-performance concrete (HPC) to mitigate hydration heat in massive bridge structures; however, its influence on early-age thermal cracking risk remains governed by the interaction between thermal stress and strength development rather than temperature reduction alone. This study investigates the effect of FA replacement on early-age thermo-mechanical behavior through adiabatic temperature rise (ATR) tests, strength development experiments, and numerical simulation of a representative 2.0 m × 3.0 m bridge pier cross section. Increasing FA replacement reduced the maximum adiabatic temperature rise from 58.1 °C to 47.9 °C, while delaying early-age tensile strength development. The ultimate hydration degree increased approximately linearly with FA content, indicating the need to adjust hydration models for HPC with high binder content. Thermo-mechanical analysis showed that mixtures with 0–20% FA maintained η < 1.0 during the first 7 days, whereas 30% FA exhibited a distinct cracking risk window between 39–68 h. Notably, the maximum cracking potential did not coincide with peak core temperature but occurred within a critical thermo-mechanical period of 42–65 h. The results demonstrate that early-age cracking risk is governed by the time-dependent stress-to-strength ratio rather than temperature magnitude alone. For the investigated structural dimensions and boundary conditions, FA replacement levels of 10–20% provide the most favorable balance between hydration heat reduction and mechanical performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 09:20:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2712891</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development and assessment of fly ash blended semi-flowable - self-consolidating pavement quality concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676097</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the laboratory evaluation of a special kind of self-consolidating concrete (SCC), called Semi-flowable SCC (SF-SCC), for use in slip-form pavement construction using fly ash (FA) as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The laboratory investigation included the proportioning of SF-SCC by achieving fresh properties such as slump, flow, compaction factor and green strength; rheology using the direct shear test method followed by evaluation of the mixes for mechanical, durability and microstructural properties. A multi-objective decision-making method called the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is adopted for ranking the mixes. The results indicate that FA up to 10% is optimum. The viability of such SF-SCC mixes is assessed for pavement construction as per the specifications of the Indian Road Congress (IRC). All the SF-SCC mixes are effectively suitable as the road-making material either in rural or urban areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Jun 2026 13:22:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676097</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Strength Enhancement of Expansive Clay Using fly Ash-bagasse ash Binder and Basalt Fiber Reinforcement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697816</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the synergistic effects of binder containing fly ash-bagasse ash and reinforced with basalt fiber (BF) for stabilizing of black cotton (BC) soil. The geotechnical characteristics of BC soil were evaluated. With the addition of the binder and BF, the MDD was increased from 1545 kg/m³ to 1760 kg/m³, while the OMC decreased from 24.5% to 20.10%. The Unconfined compressive strength of BC soil increased from 144.15 kPa to 424.20 kPa after binder treatment and further increased to 976.17 kPa when reinforced with 1.5% BF after 28 days of curing. The 28-day cured CBR of the treated soil improved from 2.65% to 13.62%. Similarly, the split tensile strength of treated soil increased from 48 kPa to 855 kPa. Morphological analysis using XRD and SEM-EDS was performed on the optimally binder-treated reinforced samples. The analysis confirmed improved particle bonding attributed to pozzolanic reactions forming cementitious compounds such as C-S-H, C-A-H, along with fiber reinforcement. The effect of binder on reinforced soil increases the interfacial bond strength between the soil and BF. These findings highlight that the incorporation of the optimized binder with BF provides a sustainable and effective approach for enhancing soil strength.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Jun 2026 13:51:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2697816</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of Novel Protein-Based Air-Entraining Admixtures on Air-Void System, and Mechanical and Transport Properties of Cementitious Materials Containing Fly Ash and Slag</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672471</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An experimental study was conducted to assess the effect of proteins as air-entraining agents in different binary cementitious systems. More specifically, air-entraining performance, mechanical properties and transport characteristics of cement pastes blended with up to 30 % fly ash and slag and air entrained with different proteins were evaluated. The experimental program included measuring the hydrophobization of the cement matrix, microstructure, compressive strength, water absorption, and electrical resistivity. It was found that the air-entraining performance of proteins in blended cement binders is affected, and the degree of this effect depends primarily on the properties of each protein. There appeared to be a general reduction in air-entrained porosity in the blended systems containing fly ash in most protein cases. Although the overall water absorption did not show a correlation with air-entrained porosity, a softening of the transition point between initial and secondary absorption was observed and attributed to a wider distribution in void sizes in the pastes air entrained with proteins. In addition, the electrical resistivity of the pastes air-entrained with proteins did not demonstrate a strong correlation with air-entrained porosity indicating a complex influence of proteins on pore structure and pore solution chemistry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 May 2026 08:59:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2672471</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance Evaluation of Stabilized Fly Ash Columns for Flexible Pavements Using Experimental and FE Approaches</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701250</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper assesses fly ash-based binders as substitutes for normal stones used as column inclusions in flexible pavement subgrades. The fly ash was stabilised using cement and lime, with GGBS activation. Stabilisation increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content, yielding good compaction. The findings of unconfined compressive strength tests showed that Fly ash -Cement mixes gained strength quickly, whereas Fly ash-Lime-GGBS mixes exhibited better long-term strength, reaching 4–6 MPa at 28 days. Fly ash-Lime-GGBS mixes (mass loss < 1%) were also superior, lasting more than 12 wetting-drying cycles. The UU triaxial tests showed that both strength and stiffness increased with curing. SEM and XRD confirmed densification of the matrices and the presence of C-S-H/C-A-S-H gels in the lime-GGBS systems. The prediction results of the finite element method for a full-size pavement (CBR 5%, 50 MSA) with Fly ash -Lime-GGBS columns showed a better response (Service Life Ratio = 2.22). They allowed the same thickness reductions to be applied to the bituminous layer (147 mm) and to the combined subbase and base course (270 mm).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 09:39:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2701250</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>