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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Induction Motor Multiple Fault Analysis Using Stray Flux Signals: A Review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592110</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Induction motors are integral to many industrial applications due to their reliability, simplicity, and efficiency. However, they are susceptible to various faults, including bearing issues and broken rotor bars (BRB), which can lead to unplanned downtime, performance degradation, and significant financial losses. Traditional methods, such as Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA), have been widely used for fault detection in induction motors, primarily due to their non-invasive nature and effectiveness in identifying faults through stator current analysis. However, MCSA has limitations in detecting complex, multiple fault conditions. Stray Flux Signature Analysis (SFSA) has emerged as a promising alternative, offering the ability to detect faults by measuring magnetic flux variations external to motor housing. This method provides valuable insights into the motor’s internal electromagnetic and mechanical conditions, making it particularly useful for detecting rotor-related faults such as broken rotor bars and eccentricity. Despite its potential advantages, SFSA has not been as extensively researched as MCSA, particularly in the context of multiple fault detection, such as combined BRB and bearing faults. An analysis of publications in the Web of Science reveals that MCSA is a more established method with a larger body of research, while SFSA remains underexplored, with limited studies on its application to multiple fault scenarios. This indicates a significant gap in the research and suggests that further investigation into SFSA could provide a more comprehensive and reliable solution for fault detection in induction motors, especially in multi-fault scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Aug 2025 12:00:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592110</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lagrangian Parcel Volume Method for Unsteady Particle Concentration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1823610</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new technique is proposed for computing particle concentrations and fluxes with Lagrangian trajectories. This method calculates particle concentrations based on the volume of a parcel element, or cloud, at the flux plane compared against the initial volume and is referred to as the Lagrangian Parcel Volume (LPV) method. This method combines the steady-state accuracy of area-based methods with the unsteady capabilities of bin-based methods. The LPV method results for one-dimensional (1D) unsteady flows and linear two-dimensional (2D) steady flows show that a quadrilateral element shape composed of a single parcel (with four edge particles) is capable of accurately predicting particle concentrations. However, nonlinear 2D flows can lead to concave or crossed quadrilaterals which produce significant numerical errors. This problem was solved by dividing the quadrilateral parcel into two triangular semi-parcels (each with three edge particles), such that triangular shapes are maintained regardless of trajectory crossing effects. Various schemes were used to understand the relationship between computational resolution and accuracy, the influence of particle timestep and parcel size and spacing. It was found that concentration interpolation can be used to reduce the number of parcels in the convection direction while maintaining high accuracy. For unsteady 2D flows, it is suggested that in order to correctly obtain the effective concentration, parcels must be released in succession; however, a larger distance between parcels is possible with the use of an interpolation at the cost of accuracy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jun 2022 09:20:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1823610</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Magnetic Flux Methods: Detecting Corrosion in Post-Tensioned Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1845319</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Among nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies, magnetic-based methods have evolved to become promising techniques to identify corrosion of metallic members embedded in concrete structures. The authors discuss an 18-month laboratory study conducted at the Federal Highway Administration’s NDE Laboratory, in which a proof-of-concept prototype based on the return flux method was developed and evaluated. Laboratory test results prove encouraging in identifying corrosion damage in post-tensioned bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Apr 2021 17:48:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1845319</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flux Residue and Migration in Charge Air-Cooled Engines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1704115</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traditionally, most charge air coolers (CACs) have been constructed using the Nocolok aluminum brazing process. The Nocolok process uses flux, some of which remains after the manufacturing process, and migrates through the intake tract to the engine during normal use. This migration and deposition on engine components can cause a variety of issues with engine operation. Currently the only alternative to Nocolok brazed CACs for engines sensitive to flux migration is vacuum brazing, which comes at a significant price increase. In the effort to reduce cost and increase efficiency, there is interest in whether a Nocolok brazed CAC with a reduced amount of flux residue can be successfully applied to flux-sensitive engines. This paper compares the impacts of Nocolok flux migration on engine hardware between a traditional Nocolok brazed CAC versus a Nocolok brazed CAC with a reduced amount of flux residue using a simulated vehicle operation test and its analysis, and examines whether a CAC with reduced flux residue can potentially be used in a flux-sensitive application.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 May 2020 09:44:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1704115</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Laser-material Interaction in Case of Aluminium Brazing Process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1687909</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research work is connected to the applicability of laser source in case of brazing of aluminium materials. Based on our earlier research results it become clear that the brazing flux material is able to improve the laser absorption in case CO₂, laser source. A new brazing flux material (Fontargen F 400 MD EVO2) and the CO₂ laser interactions were investigated to determine the applicability of laser as a heating source. The application of laser strongly depend on the value of absorption of laser energy- into the aluminium base mate-rial From our new result it can be seen that the applied flux can improve the laser absorption, thus the laser heating, but the implementation of brazing process with this flux material brings further challenges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Mar 2020 09:04:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1687909</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determination of PCB fluxes from Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal using dual-deployed air and water passive samplers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564101</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors have developed a method for measuring fluxes of PCBs from natural waters using air and water passive samplers deployed simultaneously in the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC). Net volatilization of ƩPCBs was determined for 2017, and ranged from 1.4 to 2.8 μg m−2 d−1, with a median of 2.0 μg m−2 d−1. The authors confirm earlier findings that the IHSC experiences constant release of gas-phase PCBs. Gas-phase and freely-dissolved water ƩPCB samples median were 4.0 ng m−3 and 14 ng L−1, both exhibiting increasing concentrations over the year of study, and with a strong positive correlation between them (R2 = 0.93 for ƩPCBs). The relative concentrations of individual PCB congeners were very similar between air and water samples, and resemble Aroclor 1248, a mixture previously reported to contaminate the IHSC sediments. Monthly variability of the volatilization fluxes was primarily driven by the freely-dissolved water concentration changes (R2 = 0.87). Although different sampling methods were performed to estimate air-water fluxes between the month of August of 2006 and 2017, ƩPCB net fluxes have decreased by more than 60%, suggesting that either dredging at IHSC from 2012 to 2017 or reduction of upstream sources have decreased the freely-dissolved water concentrations of PCBs, thus reducing the air-water net volatilization in IHSC. Finally, the authors have shown that this passive sampling approach represents a simple and cost-effective method to assess the air-water exchange of PCBs, increase analytical sensitivity, enable measurements over time, and reduce uncertainties related to unexpected episodic events.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2018 11:18:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1564101</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Neutron Diffraction Studies of Intercritically Austempered Ductile Irons</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1431508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Neutron diffraction is a powerful tool that can be used to identify the phases present and to measure the spacing of the atomic planes in a material. Thus, the residual stresses can be determined within a component and/or the phases present. New intercritically austempered irons rely on the unique properties of the austenite phase present in their microstructures. If these materials are to see widespread use, methods to verify the quality (behavior consistency) of these materials and to provide guidance for further optimization will be needed. Neutron diffraction studies were performed at the second generation neutron residual stress facility (NRSF2) at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory on a variety of intercritically austempered irons. For similar materials, such as TRIP steels, the strengthening mechanism involves the transformation of metastable austenite to martensite during deformation. For the intercritically austempered ductile irons two different deformation/strengthening mechanisms, phase transformation and slip, dependent upon the iron chemistry, were observed. Lattice strain and phase fraction data as a function of applied stress are presented.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 May 2017 11:31:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1431508</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparison of Electromagnetic Performance of Switched Flux Permanent Magnet Machines with Mechanical Flux Adjusters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1377401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, a mechanical flux adjusting technique for the switched flux permanent magnet (SFPM) machines is presented to improve the flux-weakening capability by extending the speed range. The ferromagnetic material pieces, that is, flux adjusters (FAs), are located on the outside surface of the stator poles equipped with permanent magnet (PM) and used to weaken the PM flux via short-circuit. To explore the most suitable machine topologies for such flux adjusting technique, the performance of conventional SFPM machines with different stator/rotor pole combinations, multi-tooth, E-core and C-core SFPM machines is investigated and compared by employing the FAs. It shows that the maximum speed and flux-weakening capability of the conventional SFPM machines can be significantly increased if the FAs are used. On the other hand, the multi-tooth, E-core and C-core SFPM machines have inherently large inductance. Thus, the flux adjusting technique has less influence on their flux-weakening performance. Besides two-dimensional (2D) finite-element analysis (FEA) and analytical methods, three-dimensional (3D) FEA accounting for end-effect is also used to predict the results. Finally, the analyses are validated by experiments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Dec 2015 08:08:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1377401</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Arc Welding of Grooved Rails - Manual Metal Arc Welding Versus Flux Cored Arc Welding</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1375767</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Experience collected by the members of the Chair for Railways during 15 years of the supervision of reconstruction of tram tracks in the Croatian capital Zagreb and the city of Osijek revealed that the largest percentage of local rail damage occurs at the welded rail joints. Poorly performed and unmaintained rail welds cause increased dynamic impacts on the vehicles and the track itself that result in reduced safety and passenger comfort, faster degradation of the track and more frequent need for maintenance of both tracks and tram vehicles. Generally, production of high quality rail welds primarily depends on the applied method of welding, welder’s skill and experience and the quality of welded rails steel. This paper compares two methods of arc welding technique: the classical MMAW (Manual Metal Arc Welding) method traditionally used on the Zagreb Municipal Transit System – ZET Ltd network and the more up-to-date "Innershield" or FCAW (Flux Cored Arc Welding) method which has not yet found a wider application in Croatia. A description of welding technology as well as measurement and analysis of rail surface hardness in the weld zone and rail welds tensile strength is given. The results of the tests were supposed to answer the question whether the application of this modern welding technology, in addition to shortening the time of welding procedure, also improves the quality of the rail joints. Comparison of results led to the conclusion that the "Innershield" welding method is favourable for welding standard grooved rails. It is expected that the described testing will contribute to faster adoption of this method for welding grooved rails in the ZET Ltd network. Also, conducted measurements and analysis are a good background for further research and provide useful, scientifically based conclusions applicable to everyday engineering practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Dec 2015 07:46:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1375767</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance Analysis and the Cost Effective Position Sensorless Control of Axial Flux PM Brushless DC Motor</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1286513</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aims of this paper are the simple comparison of the axial flux (AF) structures versus the radial flux (RF) structures for brushless permanent-magnet (PM) synchronous motors and proposing a cost effective position sensorless control strategy for AFPM Brushless DC Motor. The comparison is developed for different motor dimensions. Moreover, a cost effective and position sensorless control strategy proposed for AFPM brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive using single current sensor. It is based on the generation of quasi-square current waveforms, using only one current controller for the three phases. Unlike the conventional methods, the proposed method presents advantages such as very simple control scheme, without needing to triangular carrier modulation, and balanced phase currents. The proposed position sensorless technique is based on the detection of zero crossing points of three voltage functions that are derived from the difference between the lines' voltage measured at the terminals of the motor. This control algorithm is particularly suitable for cost sensitive product such as air purifiers, air blowers, cooling fan, and related home applications. The effectiveness of the proposed control system have been validated by simulation results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jan 2014 13:16:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1286513</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Analysis and Numerical Simulations of Waves and Current Flows Around Low-Crested Rubble-Mound Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/772681</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this paper is to analyze flow patterns and velocity fields around rubble-mound low-crested structures based on wave basin experiments and 2DH numerical simulations. Experiments were performed in the 12.5×9.7 m (sup 2) wave basin at Aalborg University, Denmark, within the framework of the EU-funded project DELOS. Two different layouts were designed: two detached breakwaters with a gap in between and an oblique breakwater forming a rip channel with the basin side wall. Both cases of narrow and wide berm were tested under two- and three-dimensional regular and irregular wave attacks. Fluxes around and through the structures are examined by means of image analysis and measurements of free surface elevation and velocity at fixed locations. An original scheme for evaluating the overtopping discharge through a wave-by-wave analysis of wave gauge records over the barrier is described. Overtopping discharges are reconstructed and related to existing wave run-up models for emerged and zero-freeboard structures. Since no measurement was performed in the rubble mound, a "scale" model to estimate filtration flux based on other available datasets containing filtration velocity and set-up is proposed and verified. The analysis of the datasets serves to discuss different filtration mechanisms depending on structure submergence. The approach for separately evaluating the different flux terms is then globally checked for zero freeboard and emerged structures through experimental mass balance. For deeply submerged structures, for which this approach fails, numerical simulations are carried out and the accuracy of the commercial 2DH model MIKE 21 is tested in predicting parameters relevant to the design process as set-up, overtopping and returning flows. Simulations are also presented for a sample emerged case in order to show how some limitations in the tool can be surpassed to allow general applications. The numerical model furthermore invites a description of the physical processes over the whole area of interest, where extensive measurements cannot be performed due to the test imperfect repeatability in presence of irregular waves and thus the impossibility of moving the limited number of available instruments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2006 21:15:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/772681</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Including a Near-Bed Turbid Layer in a Three Dimensional Sediment Transport Model with Application to the Eel River Shelf, Northern California</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761912</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Observations of the Eel River shelf, Northern California snow that during times of significant sediment supply and energetic waves, sediment flux is dominated by down-slope, gravitationally driven transport within a near-bed turbid layer.  These fluid muds are supported by wave-induced turbulence.  Their thickness scales with the height of the wave boundary layer, and therefore thins offshore.  Flux within these layers is not resolved by conventional three-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport models.  To represent this transport mechanism we therefore modified an existing three-dimensional sigma-coordinate model to include a near-bed turbid layer by adding a wave-boundary layer grid cell beneath the conventional sigma grid.  Sediment concentrations within the wave boundary layer represent a mass balance between erosion and deposition from the seafloor, entrainment into the overlying water column, sediment settling, and flux divergence in the across- and along-shelf directions.  The transport velocity within the wave boundary layer is estimated by a balance between frictional drag and the negative buoyancy of the turbid layer.  The modified three-dimensional transport model replicates water-column and sea-bed observations of sediment dispersal and disposition on the Eel Shelf.  Concentrations within the layer and depositional footprints of flood events proved to be sensitive to the settling and turbulence properties of the turbid layer.  Development of a module for sigma coordinate models that includes this transport mechanism provides a means of comparing relative contributions of gravitationally-driven transport to conventional dilute resuspension, for studying other energetic, sediment-laden environments, and for comparing parameterizations of wave-supported fluid muds.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761912</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Long-Term Sediment-Water Fluxes of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761913</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bottom sediments contaminated by hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) are a major problem in river, lakes, and near-shore areas of the oceans.  In order to determine the appropriate remedial action for these sediments, it is necessary to understand and quantify the flux of HOCs between the bottom sediments and the overlying water not only for the near term, but also for the long term, as much as 20 to 50 years into the future.  The emphasis here is on the quantitative prediction of the long-term fluxes of HOCs due to molecular diffusion and bioturbation as modified by time-dependent, non-equilibrium sorption.  The effects of the partition coefficient on these fluxes are also illustrated.  Numerical as well as approximate analytic solutions are presented and compared with each other and with experimental results.  As a result of these calculations, it is demonstrated (a) that molecular diffusion is ubiquitous and more significant than ordinarily assumed and (b) effects of non-equilibrium sorption are significant and long-lasting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761913</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inverse Estimation of Estuary Flux</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761919</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The velocity field of a shallow bay is strongly influenced by two factors; the tides and the fresh water flux from the estuaries within the bay.  The tidal motions can be accurately measured because of its periodical and consistent nature.  While the volume of fresh water disposed from the estuary into the bay can be monitored in general, however, to do it continuously is not a trivial matter.  In the present study, a method has been developed to indirectly estimate the estuary flux by using the continuous observations of surface velocity field of the nearby coastal waters.  The approach is based on the concept of “system identification” in which a continuous relationship is assumed such that the surface velocities can be expressed as Taylor series functions of the estuary flux.  Based on a rigorous mathematical procedure, the estuary flux can be estimated from the measured surface velocities.  The method was applied to a continuous surface velocity  data sets from a CODAR system located at the Pearl River Estuary for estimating the time history of fresh water flux from the river exits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2005 14:08:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761919</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New Wave Parameter for Coastal Structure Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/759696</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new parameter representing the maximum depth-integrated wave momentum flux occurring in a wave is proposed for characterizing wave processes at coastal structures.  This parameter I s physically relevant descriptor of wave forcing; and having units of force, it is useful for developing meaningful physical formulations between the waves and the process occurring at the structure.  This paper overviews the development of the wave momentum flux parameter, and it presents an empirical formula was estimating the parameter for nonlinear steady waves of permanent form.  New formulas for irregular wave rump on plane, impermeable slopes are given in terms of wave momentum flux parameter as an example application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2005 07:26:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/759696</guid>
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