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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>Chapter 2 - Cracking in Asphalt Materials. In : Mechanisms of Cracking and Debonding in Asphalt and Composite Pavements.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899427</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As described in the first chapter of this report, asphalt mixtures are heterogeneous composites with temperature, rate and hereditary dependencies amongst other complexities such as oxidative aging and non-uniformities due to construction practices. Characterization of fracture in this highly complex, viscoelastic particulate composite is a challenging task. Cracking related failures in asphalt pavements are often associated with fractures occurring within the asphalt materials or debonding occurring between asphalt layers or between asphalt and other pavement layers. Thermal and fatigue cracking in asphalt pavements as well as certain aspects of reflective cracking are examples of fracturing within ?bulk' asphalt concrete materials. In order to understand the mechanisms of cracking in asphalt pavements it is critical to be able to adequately characterize and understand the physical nature of fracture in the bulk material, particularly within near-surface layers, where damage and cracking tend to appear most often. Such characterization includes the ability to conduct and interpret bulk fracture tests and the availability of analytical and computational models that can capture key physical processes associated with failure of asphalt paving mixtures. Significant progress has been made in both laboratory characterization and modelling of bulk fracture in asphalt materials in recent years. For example, the use of notched asphalt specimens for localizing crack initiation and propagation has become very popular over the last ten years. Similarly, a large number of computational and analytical models have emerged that are capable of capturing the fracture processes within the asphalt macro and micro-structure. Models that are capable of accurately simulating asphalt materials over wider ranges of temperatures, loading rates, aging conditions and other effects have also emerged. When applied in practice, these advances will lead to significant improvements over empirical test procedures and purely phenomenological modelling approaches that mainly consist of regression equations developed through data-fitting approaches using very specimen-centric or site-specific cracking observations, which are inherently biased by prevailing boundary conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:43:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899427</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Strain Response of Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors Bonded to Concrete : Influence of the Adhesive Stiffness on Crack Monitoring Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899392</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study investigated the strain response of a distributed optical fiber sensor (DOFS) sealed in a groove at the surface of a concrete structure using a polymer adhesive and aimed to identify optimal conditions for crack monitoring. A finite element model (FEM) was first proposed to describe the strain transfer process between the host structure and the DOFS core, highlighting the influence of the adhesive stiffness. In a second part, mechanical tests were conducted on concrete specimens instrumented with DOFS bonded/sealed using several adhesives exhibiting a broad stiffness range. Distributed strain profiles were then collected with an interrogation unit based on Rayleigh backscattering. These experiments showed that strain measurements provided by DOFS were consistent with those from conventional sensors and confirmed that bonding DOFS to the concrete structure using soft adhesives allowed to mitigate the amplitude of local strain peaks induced by crack openings, which may prevent the sensor from early breakage. Finally, the FEM was generalized to describe the strain response of bonded DOFS in the presence of crack and an analytical expression relating DOFS peak strain to the crack opening was proposed, which is valid in the domain of elastic behavior of materials and interfaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:41:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899392</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulation of Damage Scenarios in a Bituminous Pavement Tested under FABAC ALT using M4-5n. In : Accelerated Pavement Testing to Transport Infrastructure Innovation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899385</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:41:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899385</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interlaminar Mode-I Fracture Characterization Underwater of Reinforced Bituminous Specimens. In : H. Di Benedetto, H. Baaj, E. Chailleux, G. Tebaldi, C. Sauzeat, S. Mangiafico (Eds.), Proceedings of the RILEM International Symposium on Bituminous Materials : ISBM Lyon 2020</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899348</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:39:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899348</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling of fracture in viscoelastic medium using the Thick Level Set approach for application to bituminous materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899332</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fracture of asphalt concrete (AC) layers is a major mode of deterioration in pavements, whose understanding of the various mechanisms requires the development of theoretical models and numerical tools. In this context, the research focuses on damage and fracture in thermo-viscoelastic materials. Hence, a local damage model is developed based on the principle of effective stresses and the Poynting-Thomson rheological law. The damage criterion considered relies on the elastic energy release rate. This model is then regularized according to the Thick Level Set (TLS) approach. The semi-analytical study of the 1D rod subjected to monotonous direct tension is performed to investigate the ability of the model to mimic the main experimental observations made for AC materials. An algorithm dedicated to the finite element solution of 2D problems is proposed and implemented subsequently in the eXlibris numerical code developed at ECN. The potential of this model to simulate damage and crack growth from initiation to collapse is demonstrated through the example of a viscoelastic beam under three-point bending test loading conditions. The simulations reflect the more or less brittle/ductile nature of the test results observed on AC materials depending on temperature and the loading rate. This work offers a theoretical and numerical basis for future applications in pavement mechanics.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:38:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899332</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Interaction of DEF and AAR, a review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AAR and DEF can lead to the development of severe cracking in structures. Both reactions are often associated with high cement content mixes: AAR because of the increased availability of alkalis, DEF because the heat of cement hydration can lead to temperatures over 65 ?C, above which sulphates lead to the delayed formation of expansive ettringite. High cement content mixes, favoured by contractors for early strength gain and workability, also lead to increased early age thermal and shrinkage cracking. This cracking becomes increasingly complex as it is enlarged by the swelling from AAR and/or DEF, which later impose their own characteristics, modified by constraints from stress and reinforcement. The paper considers AAR and DEF at the scale of the interaction of paste with aggregate, as observable petrographically and from changed physical properties. Examples of large scale laboratory tests on beams further clarify the interactions which are also illustrated by reference to major structures which have suffered AAR, DEF and combined AAR/DEF damage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 16:36:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899283</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Continuum Damage Approach to Asphalt Concrete Fatigue Modeling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681776</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A nonlocal damage model is proposed to predict the behavior of pavement fatigue cracking. This constitutive relation has been implemented in a finite-element code, along with a self-adaptive jump-in-cycle procedure for high cycle fatigue computations. Strain localization analysis shows that during uniaxial fatigue tests, bifurcation due to strain softening occurs much later than in monotonic tests. The incorporation of an internal length into the constitutive model is advocated since the model should encompass loading histories with very different amplitudes of cycles, in which localization may still occur. The influence of the internal length on the fatigue life of bending beams is also investigated. Calibration of the damage model is performed after thermal effects have been evaluated and accounted for in a simplified way, uncoupled to damage. Parameter identification is performed in bending and uniaxial tests. The resulting calibrated constitutive relation is found to yield a good description of several different uniaxial tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 16:18:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681776</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thermomechanical modelling for fatigue damage of bituminous materials</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681775</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To assess fatigue cracking performance, pavement materials are tested under cyclic loading during fatigue laboratory tests. Fatigue damage is generally assessed using the global specimen stiffness decrease. This classical fatigue life interpretation can be modified by the softening effect of thermal increase due to viscoelasticity which is not real micro-cracking induced damage. Here the material is modelled as a thermo-viscoelastic damageable material tested under sinusoidal loading. Both thermal and mechanical aspects and their coupling are taken into account leading to a complete constitutive model. Simulations are performed on cylindrical tension compression tests assuming a purely radial heat transfer. Comparison between the model and experimental data regarding temperature measurements and the global stiffness evolution lead to a good agreement. This approach points out the importance of thermal effects in fatigue tests and the limitation of classical approaches when thermal effects become important.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 16:18:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681775</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recent developments in French concrete pavement technology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681770</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper gives an overview of three recent research projects carried out at LCPC (Central Laboratory for Roads and Bridges, Nantes, France), dealing with concrete pavement. In the first one, a laboratory fatigue test was developed in order to measure the toughness of interface in composite pavement structure, having a Portland cement concrete base course cast over an asphalt subbase course. In the second project, a new structure was developed where a thin, unbonded and reinforced wearing course in high-performance concrete was supported by an hydraulic, cracked base course. The third project dealt with the recycling of reclaimed asphalt pavement in cement concrete : a new, hybrid material was examined, and showed ineresting properties for pavement applications. It was concluded that a part of the future of PC concrete in pavement lies in th association with asphalt materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 16:18:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681770</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A modeling to understand where a vertical crack can propagate in pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681768</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To understand how a pre-existing vertical crack can propagate and damage pavements an alternative modeling is proposed to be used. For the multilayered pavement structures, the simplified modelling, named the multi-particle model of multi-layer materials (M4) with 5n equilibrium equations (n: number of pavement layers) is linked to the Boussinecq solution for the soil (Tran, 2004) (Chabot et al., 2005). This approach has the advantage of reducing the real 3D problem to the determination of regular plane fields (x,y) per layer and interface. Heavy loads, thermal loadings and thermal shrinkage phenomena have been integrated and validated with respect to finite element computations. It shows that the bond between layers near vertical cracks is damaged by normal and shear stresses. These combined effects are proposed to be medeled to understand corner crack initiation phenomenon of cemented concrete slab. Surface observations on concrete pavements with joints help the discussion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 16:18:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681768</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accelerated pavement cracking testing : Experimental and finite element analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681767</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the domain of pavement reinforcement one of the major problems is the frequent incidence of reflective cracking over the top asphalt new layer. One experiment using an Accelerated Pavement Testing (APT) facility has been done to evaluate this type of damage. The experiment was performed on a full scale test track with three types of surface layers. Transversal joints were established in the base layer and were charged with heavy traffic loads to promote reflective cracking in the surface layer. Many sensors measuring deformations, temperature, vertical displacements and crack evolution were used. The experimental data has been compared with numerical computation results made with the CESAR-LCPC's FEA software. This comparison had lead to a validation of the calculation hypothesis and a better understanding of the reflective cracking failure mechanism. The main perspective is to use those results to define a new laboratory test equipment to evaluate reflective cracking on pavement bituminous complexes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 16:18:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681767</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Round robin test of the fracture toughness test for the low temperature properties of bituminous binders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681750</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Within the working program of CEN TC336 WG1 (Bituminous Binders) a round robin test has been performed on the fracture toughness test for bituminous binders (CEN/TS15963). The fracture toughness test is a three-point bend test on a pre-notched bituminous beam and aims to determine a temperature at which the binder becomes brittle. Such temperature relates to crack propagation (the formation of a fatal crack) and should demonstrate improved sensitivity at low temperatures for bituminous materials than the currently available tests. The fracture toughness test originates in the field of materials engineering where it is used for determining the toughness of plastic and metallic materials. Eight laboratories participated in the round robin test, in which four different binders have been evaluated: two paving grade binders and two polymer modified binders. The round robin test has shown that the fracture toughness can be a more discriminative test than Fraass breakpoint or the Bending Beam Rheometer to evaluate the low temperature performance of fundamentally different binders. Consistent sample preparation and treatment are key parameters in achieving repeatable and reproducible results. The results have shown that experience with the test and diligent specimen preparation make it a test that is worthwhile to consider for characterising the low temperature behaviour of binders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 16:18:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681750</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stress model generated by freezing-thawing process in rocks cracks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681614</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In most of mountainous area, particularly in France, the dominant weathering process lies in cracks propagation due to freezingthawing. To predict this risk in rock masses, it is necessary to know the stresses developed in freeze-thaw cycles in natural fractures. A reproduction of this phenomenon has been carried out on artificially notched specimens of different limestones. During these experiments generated stresses were assessed along the crack inner walls. The deduced stress profiles show a timedependant maximum value, which moves in-depth in the notch. The limit reached by this stress in this process depends on intrinsic properties of the material.  A simple model for this evolution has been established. The generated stress by freezingthawing in a crack comes from a coupling between thermal propagation, water phase shift and water flow in the notch and in the porous rock matrix.  An analytical assessment of the stress intensity factor at the crack bottom was made by using the model established for the stress in the crack. It confirms the possibility to initiate a rupture according to the principles of linear failure mechanics.  This study gives encouraging results, which could be used to establish a predictive model for the failure of a rock mass subject to freezing-thawing cycles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 16:15:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681614</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Validation of the time-temperature superposition principle for crack propagation in bituminous mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681550</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) is known to be valid in the small strain domain where the behaviour of bituminous mixtures is linear viscoelastic (LVE). The behaviour is then called thermorheologically simple. In this work, an experimental campaign was performed at University of Lyon/ENTPE (France) to check the validity of the TTSP in the linear domain in the tridimensional case and also when cracks occur and propagate in bituminous mixture. A four-point bending test, which has been designed at University of Lyon/ENTPE, was used as crack propagation test. First, a complex modulus test is performed on cylindrical specimen in the LVE domain. Then, a series of crack propagation tests are carried out at different temperatures and different imposed displacement rates. The same shift factors obtained for master curve of complex modulus is also applied for the crack propagation tests analysis. The results allow obtaining a unique curve, for identical loadings when plotting as a function of reduced time. This result confirms that the TTSP is also valid for crack propagation in bituminous mixtures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jan 2020 16:13:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1681550</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of cracking in steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC) structures in bending using probabilistic modelling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1575213</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An improvement to the probabilistic discrete cracking model for fibre-reinforced concretes, originally developed by Rossi, is proposed in this paper. This new model features the following:  - Crack formation and propagation in the concrete is taken into account by using special interface elements. These elements open once the normal tensile stress at their centre of gravity reaches the tensile strength of the element. The probabilistic aspect of the cracking process is taken into account by the fact that the tensile strength is randomly distributed throughout the mesh elements. - Immediately after the formation of cracks, the fibre bridging effect is considered by a damage model approach. The probabilistic aspect consists of randomly distributing the post-cracking energy.  The improved numerical model is used to analyse the bending behaviour of three SFRC beams made from the same material. The numerical simulations are compared with experimental results in terms of the global behaviour of and cracking processes in the beams.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2018 10:20:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1575213</guid>
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