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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Incidence and Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest at Train Stations in Denmark</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2452672</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study of the incidence and outcomes for people having out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) at train stations in Denmark between 2016 and 202.  The authors undertook this research to evaluate the role and benefit of automated external defibrillators at train stations.  The authors geocoded the cardiac arrests, the presence of automated external defibrillators (AEDs), and the train stations, and additionally grouped the train stations according to passenger flow (volume), based on data collected by the Danish State Railway, Metro, Statistics Denmark and the Danish Traffic Authority. During this time period, there were 4,467 public OHCAs, 102 of which happened at train stations (2.3%).  OHCAs at train stations were equally like to received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as were other public OHCAs. The study showed that the incidence of OHCAs at train stations was associated with passenger flow, with the busiest stations having a 16-fold higher risk of OHCAs than the lowest.  In addition, the data showed that OHCAs at train stations had better outcomes compared with other public OHCAs, including higher odds of bystander defibrillation, increased likelihood of achieving return of spontaneous circulation, and survival of at least 30 days.  The authors conclude by encouraging the deployment of AEDs, particularly at the busiest train stations in Denmark.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Nov 2024 14:56:27 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Recommendations for Updates to Emergency Medical Kits for Commercial Aviation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447211</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Emergency medical kits (EMK) are provided to clinicians who volunteer on commercial aircraft during a medical emergency. The contents of the EMKs are mandated by the Federal Aviation Administration in the United States and, internationally, by the International Civil Aviation Organization and the country of airline origin. The mandatory contents of the kits have not been updated by the Federal Aviation Administration since 2006, and the EMKs continue to lack key equipment such as automated blood pressure cuffs, glucometers, pulse oximeters, and epinephrine autoinjectors. Of further concern is a lack of standardized and centralized reporting for in-flight medical events that, if it existed, could better inform the contents of the kits. This commentary is intended to advocate for an update to the EMKs in the United States given the authors’ experiences with in-flight medical events.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Nov 2024 14:27:16 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Worldwide Regulation of the Medical Emergency Kit and First Aid Kit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2384779</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On-board medical emergencies are increasing. Different geographies have different legislation and requirements for medical emergency kits and first aid kits. A comprehensive review to compare the contents of both kits was conducted, including the International Air Transport Association, European Union Aviation Safety Agency, and Federal Aviation Administration, as well as some from other geographical areas of the globe to cover continents and regions with the highest air traffic, such as Brazil, Kenya, Australia, and Taiwan. On June 10, 2023, a search was conducted using standardized medical terms (medical subject headings) within the PubMed® database. The relevant terms identified were “Aircraft” and “Medical Emergencies”; articles published within the last 10 yr were filtered. Subsequently, even articles published before 2013 were consulted if cited by the initial ones. The main regulatory entities’ documentation was found using the Google search engine and consulted. It is impossible to be prepared for every emergency on board. Still, as doctors, we have a moral and ethical obligation to try to improve the outcomes of those emergencies. Getting a standardized report of every on-board emergency is crucial. That would make optimizing the items to include in the emergency and first aid kits easier. There are many similarities among the compared entities, but essential differences have been found. There is room for improvement, especially for pediatric travelers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Jun 2024 14:16:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2384779</guid>
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      <title>In-Flight Medical Emergencies during Commercial Travel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1371936</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article provides strategies and resources for physicians who may be asked to render care to a passenger who is having a medical emergency during a commercial airline flight.  The authors caution that a considerable proportion of passengers in whom medical issues develop during travel will require hospitalization. The authors outline the in-flight medical emergencies that occur commonly and describe the roles the providers can play and the liabilities they may incur when offering assistance.  Topics include typical on-board medical resources (first-aid kit, automatic external defibrillator or AED, and an established relationship with a ground-based medical consultation service); potential legal ramifications; the Aviation Medical Assistance Act (AMAA) of 1998; a suggested general approach to handling in-flight medical emergencies; and coping with specific medical conditions, including cardiac arrest, acute coronary syndromes, stroke, altered mental status, syncope (fainting), trauma, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), acute infections, and psychiatric emergencies.  The authors conclude by reminding physicians that they should be prepared to render care while traveling, but most also remember the likely limitations of patient care in these situations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2015 09:36:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1371936</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AsMA Medical Guidelines for Air Travel: In-Flight Medical Care</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1365479</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Aerospace Medical Association (AsMA) has established Medical Guidelines for Airline Travel that provide information for healthcare providers to best advise patients who plan to travel by air.  These Guidelines are available on a number of different topics.  This brief article provides the AsMA Guidelines for in-flight medical care.  The authors stress that all airlines are required to provide first aid training for cabin crew, and the crew are responsible for managing any in-flight medical events.  There are also regulatory requirements for carrying first aid and medical kits.  The article includes three tables that summarize the AsMA recommendations for the contents of an aircraft first-aid kit; an aircraft emergency medical kit, including controlled and over-the-counter (OTC) medications; and an aircraft universal precaution kit.  The authors conclude with a short discussion of the use of medical devices, such as automated external defibrillators (AEDs).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2015 14:12:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1365479</guid>
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      <title>Road Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/884702</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road safety in Africa presents a major challenge, requiring a change in road user awareness, especially as traffic fatalities of 10- to 24-year-olds is higher in Africa than in much of the rest of the world. Reducing the number of accident fatalities involves both preventative approaches and the ability to provide timely first aid. It has been observed that many traffic fatalities in Africa could have been prevented through vehicles being equipped with first aid kits and with passengers being properly trained in their use. In Nigeria, this is being addressed through the Carry First Aid Box Campaign (Carry!Fab). Carry!Fab volunteers develop and disseminate instruction materials, along with training road users in first-aid techniques. Carry!Fab's efforts also are encouraging First Aid (FA) programs in other African countries. And it is being joined in this effort by another Nigeria-based organization -- Prompt Assistance to Victims of Road Accidents (PATVORA). PATVORA has initiated a "continental First Aid campaign" designed to create awareness and to assist national road safety agencies in solving African road safety issues. Beyond first aid, other road safety areas gaining attention in Africa involve: 1) creating more effective and visible road signage (especially noted in current projects under development by the 3M Company); 2) vehicle conspicuity markings (to aid drivers in seeing trucks traveling in front of them at night), and 3) adding fluorescent signs to rail road crossings. The latter is currently part of legislation introduced by the government of South Africa, which in its capital city (Johannesburg) is also developing "a ward-based community road safety initiative" to reduce the city’s high rate of road crashes and fatalities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Apr 2009 10:37:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/884702</guid>
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      <title>OXYGEN EQUIPMENT AND RAPID DECOMPRESSION STUDIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/678201</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is a collection of reports of evaluations of the protective capability of various oxygen systems at high altitude and during rapid decompression.  Results of these studies were presented at scientific meetings and/or published in preprints or proceedings with limited distribution.  These studies were generally designed and oriented toward obtaining answers to particular questions or problems posed by government authorities or the aviation industry with respect to the life-support capability of a given device or procedure; and/or advancing the state-of-the-art in high altitude life support and aviation safety.  Report titles are:  (1) "Continuous Functional Testing Of Passenger Oxygen Masks At Ground Level And During Rapid Decompression;" (2) "Physiological Evaluation Of A Cessna Continuous-Flow Oxygen Mask For Unpressurized General Aviation Aircraft;" (3) "Performance Characteristics Of Portable First Aid Chemical Oxygen Generators;" (4) "Physiological Evaluation Of The Protective Capacity Of The Prototype MBU-8/P Military Passenger Oxygen Mask;" (5) "Human Factors Report Of The Investigation Of The Inflight Decompression, November 2, 1973, Of National Airlines Flight 27 (N60NA);" (6) Effectiveness Of A Paper Cup As An Aid To Providing Oxygen To Laryngectomee Passengers;" (7) Physiological Considerations And Limitations In The High-Altitude Operation Of Small-Volume Pressurized Aircraft; and (8) "Oxygen Concentrations In The Vicinity Of A Passenger Receiving First Aid Oxygen."]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Nov 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/678201</guid>
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      <title>FIRST AID TO VICTIMS OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269422</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This editorial is concerned with the goal of training laymen to provide first aid to victims of traffic accidents.  This goal has been reached only to a very limited extent according to a report published by the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (CEMT).  The German Standard Organization (DIN) made a proposal, which is being undertaken by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to work out a standard for an "European first-aid-kit."  The International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine (IAATM) is taking the CEMT report as a request to activate the IAATM regional and national organs in taking suitable steps for promoting first aid training and to make it mandatory to carry a first aid kit in all vehicles.  The remainder of this editorial consists of a reprint of an earlier editorial entitled "First Aid at the Scene of an Accident" (Journal of Traffic Medicine, Vol. 7 No. 2, 1979).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Nov 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269422</guid>
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