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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Investigation of Low-temperature Properties of Fibre-modified High-performance Asphalt Concrete Mixtures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633016</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study addresses the imperative of enhancing low-temperature performance in High-Performance Asphalt Concrete (HP AC) for pavements in cold regions. The focus is on enriching asphalt binders with asphaltenes, a by-product from Alberta oil sands, to increase stiffness, integrated with mixture modification using waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) fibres to improve cracking resistance. The investigation includes evaluating the cracking resistance of control and HPAC mixes at -20, -10, and 0°C through the creep compliance and indirect tensile strength test method. The low-temperature rheology of the binder is assessed using Superpave's Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) procedure and the Extended BBR (E-BBR) test method to simulate the effect of extended conditioning at test temperatures that are 10 and 16°C warmer than the standard low PG. Results show that, compared to the control mix, HPAC mix demonstrates superior performance in both fracture energy (improvement of up to 27 percent at -10°C) and indirect tensile strength (improvement ofup to 16 percent at -20°C). BBR results show a disadvantageous increase in the low PG by 4.1 °C from asphaltenes modification. In contrast, the E-BBR results show that the HPAC binder lost relatively little (a mere 0.4°C) when stored at -6°C for the extended period of 3 days.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Jan 2026 11:16:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633016</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Steel fibre reinforced concrete and its application as a load bearing corbel in West Gate Tunnel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563100</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the past few decades, steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) has increasingly been used in various engineering applications. The most common applications are slabs on ground, industrial floors, pavements, tunnel segmental linings and tunnel sprayed concrete linings. Despite the benefits of SFRC, the use of SFRC in conjunction with conventional reinforcement (hybrid SFRC) in structural elements with higher flexural or tensile demand is not common. This paper presents the novel application of hybrid SFRC on the design and construction of the load bearing corbel in a tunnel environment as part of the West Gate Tunnel Project in Melbourne, Australia. The computational modelling undertaken in analysing the behaviour of the hybrid SFRC corbel, and its in-situ construction approach are presented in detail. In addition, this paper discusses the key requirements from the design standards for the design of corbel and steel fibre reinforced concrete. Due to the hybrid nature of this application, the main structural load is resisted via conventional steel reinforcement and concrete, while SFRC is used to enhance the early age and short-term serviceability performance of the corbel. The adoption of this design approach successfully reduced the amount of conventional reinforcement by almost 40% and reduced the steel fixing construction time. Most of the reduction in conventional reinforcement is from the face longitudinal reinforcement, which is required by Australian Standard AS5100.5 and other relevant standards for crack control. In addition to the design challenges, this paper discusses the practical construction issues encountered by the construction team and how they were managed. Moreover, results from the site trial and the actual construction are discussed. It is found that when the hybrid SFRC is utilised appropriately, it can effectively reduce conventional reinforcement and the total steel to concrete ratio, leading to a more sustainable design, in addition to considerable reduction in the construction time and cost. Reduced handling of heavier and bulkier conventional reinforcement also translated to better health and safety outcomes for the project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 14:50:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563100</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Macro synthetic fibre reinforced shotcrete (MSFRS) design for East Coast Bays Formation in New Zealand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563094</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Steel fibre has traditionally been used as reinforcement in shotcrete in Australia and New Zealand. Polypropylene (PP) fibre represents a new initiative in New Zealand, providing a novel approach to reinforcing shotcrete structures. Integrating macro synthetic fibres (MSF) into the shotcrete yields cost and time efficiencies by eliminating the necessity for an additional shotcrete smoothing layer to safeguard the waterproofing membrane. This paper evaluates the application of MSF as shotcrete reinforcement in tunnel primary lining for the City Rail Link project in New Zealand. The assessment has been conducted through field trials and laboratory testing prior to implementing the macro synthetic fibre reinforced shotcrete (MSFRS) in the physical works of the mined tunnel. Two design mixes were proposed and subjected to flexural strength tests and compressive strength tests. The results showed a crucial contribution of the accelerator (Tamshot 80AF) and a modest contribution of the MSF. The results from these tests, specifically the flexural strengths, form the fundamental basis for the shotcrete design parameters. The tunnel lining- ground interaction has been analysed through the utilisation of two-dimensional finite element modelling in PLAXIS 2D. The moment-thrust interaction diagrams were thoroughly calibrated using the experimental findings and the results demonstrate that the tunnel linings are within the design capacities. In the numerical models, the lining is represented by plate elements with properties corresponding to MSFRS. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to ensure that the lining possesses the necessary capacity to withstand the axial force and bending moment. In summary, the implementation of finite element models in PLAXIS 2D enables a comprehensive assessment of the tunnel lining- ground interaction. These models take into consideration the behaviour of the MSFRS lining, the interaction between the lining and the ground, as well as the impacts of static and transient loads during the construction process. Comprehensive investigations, ground monitoring, and numerical analyses are crucial for tunnelling beneath the existing buildings and Huia Watermain 2 to mitigate geotechnical and construction risks associated with the weak rock material found in the East Coast Bay Formation (ECBF). Ground movements were carefully monitored throughout the entire tunnel excavation process in ECBF materials to ensure that the magnitude of settlements remained within acceptable limits. The recorded maximum ground settlement on site was found to be less than 10 mm, which is considered negligible in terms of the overall stability and performance of the project. This indicates that the project has maintained satisfactory control over ground settlements, further enhancing confidence in the stability and deformation characteristics of the MSFRS lining.maintained satisfactory control over ground settlements, further enhancing confidence in the stability and deformation characteristics of the MSFRS lining.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 14:50:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563094</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fibre reinforced tunnel structural lining fire design, verification and numerical modelling</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563057</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Consideration of the impacts of a fire on a tunnel structural lining is an important Ultimate Limit State (ULS) load case, critical to survivability and tunnel ground support. Based on performance expectations outlined in AS 4825:2011 and the Austroads Guide to Road Tunnels Part 2 (2021), in a fire event, tunnels are expected to experience some degree of damage, but should maintain structural adequacy to support the ground. AS 5100.5 provides 'deemed to comply' clauses for fire design for bar reinforced concrete, however where no bar reinforcement is used in the lining, more detailed analysis is required. Additionally, it is common in recent tunnel design projects for the fire design of tunnel structural linings to be required to comply with both AS 5100.5 and Eurocode EN 1992-1-2. Both standards outline factors to account for the impacts of elevated temperatures on material properties, however, past that, the overlap between the two standards is less direct, with the potential to 'mix and match' clauses from the different standards. This can lead to subjectivity in the development of a design methodology that complies with both standards and potentially adoption of approaches that do not align with the design intent of either standard.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 14:50:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563057</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High-performance fibres in concrete: Australian experience in FRS and segmental linings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563056</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The design of fibre-reinforced concrete structures must follow the design principles concerning limit state similar to those adopted for conventionally reinforced concrete. However, the use of linear elastic analysis or conventional yield line theory May, in many cases, underestimate the benefits of the fibres to provide greater load-bearing capacity, particularly when high-performance steel fibres are adopted. This paper will present two case studies of real tunnel projects in which the author was involved and where the use of non-linear modelling of steel fibre- reinforced concrete elements coupled with physical testing provided significant benefits in the design and construction of tunnel lining. The first case focuses on the design of thin tunnelling linings using rock-bolted shotcrete. In this case, the non-linear modelling coupled with full-scale field tests demonstrated load-bearing capacities up to 6-7x greater than conventional design methods. The second case presents the design of a segment lining and the effects of fibre reinforcement on longitudinal joints' bursting and splitting capacity under rotation. In this case, non-linear modelling coupled with laboratory testing on large-scale segment joint samples demonstrated that conventional reinforcement would be unnecessary, whereas analysis with linear-elastic theory indicated otherwise.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Jun 2025 14:50:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563056</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Axial and bending behavior of GFRP bar-reinforced hollow-core polypropylene fiber concrete columns</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550888</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 13:47:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550888</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fiber orientation and orientation factors in steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams with hybrid fibers: a critical review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550887</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 13:47:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550887</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quantifying the serviceability flexural benefits of using UHPFRC in profiled slabs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550886</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 13:47:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550886</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Blind competition on the numerical simulation of slabs reinforced with conventional flexural reinforcement and fibers subjected to punching loading configuration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550885</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 13:47:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550885</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Limit analysis and design recommendations for fiber-reinforced concrete subjected to shear</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550884</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 13:47:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550884</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New analytical models to predict the mechanical performance of steel fiber-reinforced alkali-activated concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550883</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 13:46:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550883</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Parametric study for optimizing fiber-reinforced concrete properties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550882</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 13:46:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550882</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modified plastic damage model for steel fiber reinforced concrete</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550881</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 May 2025 13:46:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2550881</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance of shotcrete tunnel support with steel, synthetic and basalt fibres</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534257</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fibre-reinforced shotcrete (sprayed concrete) is an essential part of the rock support for tunnels in hard rock. In Sweden, steel fibres have exclusively been used to reinforce shotcrete in traffic tunnels since the 1980s. Today, several alternative fibres exist on the market, e.g. basalt and synthetic fibres. These alternative fibres could potentially offer improvements such as reduced environmental impact or a reduced need for maintenance and repair. Therefore, this report focuses on investigating the performance of shotcrete reinforced with fibres made of steel, basalt and synthetic. A large experimental campaign, including cast and sprayed beams and panels, was performed to investigate the structural capacity and sprayability of shotcrete reinforced with various dosages of each fibre type. Numerical simulations using the finite element method were performed to investigate the impact of different test methods, i.e. comparing beams and panels. A literature study was performed to investigate how the design philosophies of rock support affect the required dosages of fibres and the potential problems regarding the durability of each fibre type.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:15:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534257</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wastepaper fiber-reinforced concrete containing metakaolin: effect on fracture behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Feb 2025 09:02:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2509104</guid>
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