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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Prioritization of the Fixed Automated Spray System Implementation (South Korean Experience)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1510023</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fixed Automated Spray Technology (FAST) is one of the proactive solutions to improve traffic safety during the winter. Although only a limited number of FAST is allowable for actual implementation due to various reasons such as budget constraints, this is increasingly being recognized as an active anti-icing practice in South Korea. Thus, a ranking methodology for prioritizing installation locations must be established. Roadway sections requiring FAST on national highways in South Korea were first examined by conducting a survey with many road agencies, and their prioritization was produced by integrating the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) using a scoring table provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT). The results show a significant difference between priorities obtained from this methodology and those provided by the MOLIT scoring table only, thereby reflecting a more detailed and systematic order of prioritization. The methodology can be applied to pinpoint priority for implementation of other equipment and/or facilities to ensure more effective winter road management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Jun 2018 13:49:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1510023</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vehicle-Based Technologies for Winter Maintenance: The State of the Practice</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481975</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maintenance agencies in charge of snow and ice control operations are continually challenged to provide a high level-of-service and improve safety and mobility while working with increased traffic volumes, higher expectations from the public, and the unprecedented budget and staffing constraints. The ultimate goal of winter maintenance operations is to deliver the right type and amount of materials in the right place at the right time. To address these challenges, a variety of vehicle-based sensor technologies have been implemented by winter maintenance agencies to optimize material usage, reduce associated annual spending, and ensure the safety of the personnel responsible for maintaining winter roadways. This synthesis focuses on the state of the practice of these advanced winter maintenance technologies that have seen increased implementation throughout North America since the completion of the International Winter Maintenance Technology Scanning Reviews in 1994 and 1998. These advanced technologies are envisioned to revolutionize winter operations across North America. This report synthesizes information obtained from a comprehensive literature review and agency surveys on the state of development of these advanced technologies. Of these technologies, automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems, road surface temperature measuring devices and fixed automated spray technology (FAST) systems are the only ones that have matured and become fully operational, while the remainders are still in the development and testing phases. Some considerations to be addressed when implementing theses advanced technologies for winter maintenance include communications (especially in rural areas), planning, and system integration. Capital and maintenance costs, user acceptance, training issues, and maintenance needs should be considered early on when planning for advanced technologies. Integration of various technologies is important but challenging, particularly in the areas of communications, user interface, and software/hardware expandability and compatibility.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Sep 2017 15:52:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481975</guid>
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      <title>Benefit-Cost Analysis of CDOT Fixed Automated Spray Technology (FAST) Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360224</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Western Transportation Institute (WTI) conducted research on behalf of the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) to study the cost effectiveness of existing CDOT FAST systems. Both the national survey and the CDOT survey confirm the need for significant maintenance activities to ensure successful operation of FAST systems. Safety analysis of CDOT FAST system reveals a reduction in the number of annual crashes on multilane rural highways by 2 percent, urban interstates by 16 to 70 percent, rural interstates by 31 to 57 percent and interchange ramps between interstates by 19 to 40 percent. Overall, CDOT FAST systems included in the analysis have reduced crash severities at many sites resulting in potential safety benefits of $196,428 per winter season during the “after deployment” study period. Further, a benefit-cost excel sheet was developed based on the estimated crash reductions observed for each of the different roadway types. The study found that FAST systems have demonstrated the potential to reduce the number of crashes and reduce the cost of winter maintenance activities, if sited at appropriate locations (e.g., high-traffic-volume ice-prone ramps). However, improved installation techniques and involvement of maintenance crews during FAST installation are necessary to further increase the cost-effectiveness of a FAST system deployment. Extra effort will be made in sharing the information gained from this research study by focusing on CDOT personnel involved in planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of FAST systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jul 2015 09:37:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1360224</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fixed Automated Spray Technology: Current Practices and a Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1337170</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Anti-icing is an application of chemicals before a storm event in order to prevent the formation of black ice and to prevent or weaken the bond between ice and the road surface. Compared with traditional methods for snow and ice control (e.g., deicing and sanding), anti-icing can lead to decreased applications of chemicals and abrasives, decreased maintenance costs, improved level of service, and lower accident rates. Fixed Automated Spray Technology (FAST) systems are designed as a fixed asset technology for anti-icing operations at specific target areas such as bridges, tunnels, ramps and other elevated roadways. This work synthesizes information obtained from agency surveys and a field investigation on the state of the practice of FAST systems. The key findings from the study are as follows. First, every installed FAST system (reported in this survey) needed significant maintenance activities for its successful operation. Second, inconsistency in proper functioning of FAST systems is mostly due to the poor design, poor quality of installation and lack of maintenance practices for some cases. Last, non-invasive technology may help improve the reliability of FAST technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Feb 2015 10:05:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1337170</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Safety Effects of Fixed Automated Spray Technology Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1336768</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fixed automated spray technology (FAST) has emerged as a solution to provide quick, effective service delivery to high-risk locations prone to icy conditions or with high traffic volumes. The Colorado Department of Transportation has installed and used FAST on bridges since 1998, with 32 units currently installed on bridges around the state. There is some concern regarding the effectiveness of FAST in reducing accidents during winter weather. Previous studies of FAST have considered the changes to crash occurrence following deployment, but these studies were basic and compared seasonal figures or rates without accounting for site conditions. To address this shortcoming, an observational before–after study with the empirical Bayes technique was used to determine the effect of FAST systems on crash frequencies. The results revealed that at sites where crashes were reduced, FAST systems contributed to an annual reduction of 2% on multilane rural highways, 16% to 70% on urban Interstates, 31% to 57% on rural Interstates, and 19% to 40% on interchange ramps between Interstates. However, at some sites, safety deteriorated with an increase in crashes. Although the precise causes of such increases are not completely clear, they may have been the result of increased traffic, systems not being maintained properly, or systems applying fluids in improper amounts or at the wrong time. On the basis of the collective results, high-traffic, high-crash severity locations are most suitable for FAST deployment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2015 11:23:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1336768</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fixed Anti-Icing Spray Technology (Fast) in the 21st Century</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1322452</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fixed Anti-icing Spray Technology (FAST) was introduced in the 1990s. The major driver for this technology was the development and implementation of liquid de-icing and anti-icing chemicals used for winter road maintenance.   Early FAST systems were relatively simple in design, but operational enough to prove that they could prevent accidents if used properly. Most, if not all early systems, required human intervention either by push button, phone or radio to activate.   The use of data from Environmental Sensing Stations (ESS) was integrated in to the control algorithms and proved to be a huge advancement and allowed for semi- autonomous FAST. However the embedded pavement sensors did not prove reliable enough to  allow  widespread  confidence  in  the  systems.  The  latest  development  that  has  finally delivered the fully automated and, most importantly, reliable FAST trigger is the use of non- intrusive road sensors. FAST system, even in their limited use as an intelligent transportation systems (ITS) tool, has proven to be a extremely effective way to reduce crash rates in where used.   This paper will highlight the  benefits  FAST  systems,  when  used  with  the  latest  activation  technology,  can  be  a important ITS tool.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2014 14:24:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1322452</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fixed Automated Spray Technology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1142265</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research project evaluated the construction and performance of Boschung’s Fixed Automated Spray Technology (FAST) system. The FAST system automatically sprays de-icing material on the bridge when icing conditions are about to occur. The FAST system includes the installation of a Road Weather Information System (RWIS) to monitor the roadway and weather conditions. The data collected from the RWIS determines if the de-icing material should be released on the bridge deck. The roadway sensors are programmed to submit to the RWIS a temperature reading up to three degrees less than the actual temperature, so the de-icing material is dispensed in anticipation of icy conditions. The FAST system provides a benefit to the traveling public, since de-icing materials are deployed at the appropriate time to prevent hazardous road conditions. The Department would receive a benefit with de-icing material being deployed only when required, instead of pre-treating in anticipation of freezing conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Jul 2012 16:12:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1142265</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of North Dakota’s Fixed Automated Spray Technology Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/908586</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The North Dakota Department of Transportation (NDDOT) has installed two fixed automated spray technology (FAST) systems. One system is installed at the Interstate 29 (I-29) Buxton Bridge (near Buxton, ND), while the second installation is at the Interstate 94 (I-94) Red River Bridge between Fargo, ND, and Moorhead, MN. This study evaluates the two existing FAST systems to assist in determining if additional systems are feasible. This study has three main objectives: 1) describe how the FAST systems work; 2) document how the current NDDOT FAST systems perform related to treating the bridge decks; and 3) analyze the benefits and costs of the systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jan 2010 16:06:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/908586</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Technology Takes the Fight to Winter</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/899171</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article examines the latest technologies for keeping roads clear during winter weather. New infrastructure technologies include road weather information systems (RWIS), which combines historical and current climatological data to forecast weather and to aid in roadway-related decision making. Pavement temperature and precipitation sensors and fixed automated spray technology (FAST) systems are also discussed. Vehicle-based technologies, including automatic vehicle location systems using Global Positioning System (GPS), can show where each snowplow or deicing truck is working in real-time. Onboard pavement surface temperature measuring sensors, as well as on-board freezing point and ice-presence detection systems, and sensors that measure the accumulated salt of the pavement surface are also described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2009 09:25:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/899171</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comprehensive Evaluation of Bridge Anti-icing Technologies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/807149</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Knik Arm is the northernmost branch of Cook Inlet. The Knik Arm Crossing Project is to construct a cost-affordable, vehicular toll bridge of about 2 miles across Knik Arm to join the Port of Anchorage and Port MacKenzie areas. Currently, only a single transportation corridor exists connecting the Anchorage and Mat-Su – the Glenn Highway. The Knik Arm Crossing Project will provide improved transportation infrastructure, vehicular access and connectivity and needed safety and transportation system redundancy. Given the potential traffic disruptions caused by ice and snow in winter, a comprehensive literature investigation on bridge anti-icing and deicing technologies is critically needed. This report provides technical recommendations for viable and economic anti-icing and deicing technologies for the Knik Arm Bridge. Based on the literature data in similar latitude, duration and intensity of freezing, and the fact that the thermal method may reduce the use of chemical agents substantially, a combination of the chemical method with a Fixed Automatic Spray Technology and the thermal method is suggested to be the best approach based on the cost-effectiveness criteria.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2007 16:35:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/807149</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fixed Automated Spray Technology for Winter Maintenance: The State of the Practice in North America</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/801525</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Fixed Automated Spray Technology (FAST) is an important tool for anti-icing at key locations. In addition to anti-icing operations through motor vehicles, FAST enables winter maintenance personnel to treat potential conditions before snow and ice problems arise. Such tools, coupled with road weather information systems (RWIS) and reliable weather forecasts, promote the paradigm shift from being reactive to proactive in fighting winter storms.  Conducted through the NCHRP Project 20-7/Task 200, this paper synthesizes information obtained from a comprehensive literature review and agency surveys on the state of the practice of FAST systems. Experience with FAST systems in North America and Europe has revealed a mixed picture. On the one hand, several studies have indicated reductions in mobile operations costs and significant reductions in crash frequency, resulting in favorable benefit-cost ratios. On the other hand, there have been a variety of problems related to activation frequency, system maintenance and training. On balance, North American transportation agencies consider FAST to be an evolving technology, and are not planning significant new installations of FAST in the near future.  Installing a FAST system is complex and the challenges are often site-specific, and difficulties seem to be expected during the operations, particularly in areas related to software, system activation, and the pumping system. However, the evaluations cited show that FAST systems can be cost-beneficial if their locations are carefully chosen and if the system is supported with reliable environmental sensors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 2007 08:09:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/801525</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Synthesis to Improve the Design and Construction of Colorado's Bridge Anti-Icing Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/783382</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fixed Automated Spray Technology (FAST) is currently in use by the Colorado Department of Transportation’s (CDOT’s) maintenance organization but the technology is rapidly changing with new design, hardware, software and installation techniques. The existing specification is not current. This study was designed to develop a state-of-the-art specification for statewide use. Available information on CDOT’s existing FAST sites was reviewed, along with information from other state, city and county, and European agencies, to design a document that can be updated as the technology develops. Research from a survey document sent to 50+ agencies using FAST system technology, global internet search results, personal interviews, and documented reports were used to develop a specification based on patterns of successes and failures in the development of FAST systems. Based on the lessons learned from the work described above and the recommendations of this report, the new specification for FAST systems should be established.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Jul 2006 15:49:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/783382</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A BRIDGE DECK ANTI-ICING SYSTEM IN VIRGINIA: LESSONS LEARNED FROM A PILOT STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/702736</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The need for this project originated with Virginia Department of Transportation's (VDOT's) plans to widen and replace a number of bridges along Route I-95.  Many of the bridge decks in the new facilities will be in the shade, which will increase the probability that maintenance crews will have to respond to icy conditions.  Various anti-icing technologies have shown promise, but most still require personnel to travel to the site of icing problems to treat them.  Fixed automatic spray technology (FAST) is an exception.  FAST is the application of a liquid chemical freezing-point depressant using an in-place, mechanical, spray system.  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the automatic anti-icing spray technology for bridge decks and become familiar with the construction, maintenance, and operations issues involved with such systems.  The study evaluates a number of design options for delivery of a liquid chemical to the deck to determine the effectiveness of the options.  For the purposes of this report, effectiveness is defined in terms of timeliness of operation, appropriateness of response, achievement of desired results, and a benefit-cost ratio greater than 1.  The report recommends that VDOT consider FAST an option for initial delivery of deicing chemicals to road and bridge travel lanes and develop criteria for prioritizing FAST installations that consider savings for reduced accidents and congestion. Recommendations are also made for nozzle and surface sensor design and location based on lessons learned from the pilot project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/702736</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANNUAL EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES REPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/698296</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This document contains multiple reports from the Experimental Features Program at the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT).  The Final Reports include:  Cold Mix Recycling vs. HMA, Mark-163 Flexogrid Polymer Overlay System, San Rafael River Bridge Expansion Joint Replacement, Nippon Carbide High Performance (ULGII) Sign Sheeting, and Weber Canyon Pavement Marking Study.  Interim Reports include 3M 820 Wet-Reflective Tape on SR-6, 3M LPM 1200 Interim Report, Epoplex Polyurea (LS90), 3M LPM 1500, High-tension Cable Median Barrier (Brifen, Trinity) at UDOT, and Techcrete Pothole Patch Interim Report. The document also contains a report on the Fixed Automated Spray Technology (FAST) system placed on Knudsen's Corner (I-215) and a study on Pork Chops (right turn only islands).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Jun 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/698296</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STATE-OF-THE-ART FIXED AUTOMATED SPRAY TECHNOLOGY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/702033</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Applying anti-icing chemical at the optimum time is critical for an effective anti-icing program.  The timing of anti-icing chemical applications is especially critical for bridge structures, where icing can occur in advance of icing on normal pavements.  Additionally, other highway characteristics such as ramps and steep grades can require different treatment strategies as compared to anti-icing treatments for normal pavements.  Advances in technology have given highway operators a new tool to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of their anti-icing program.  This tool is the fixed automated spray technology (FAST) system.  The FAST system is a permanent installation of a pump, a tank, nozzles, and a controller that dispenses anti-icing chemicals directly on a predetermined area of pavement.  These systems can initiate chemical applications either on manual command or be integrated with a road weather information system (RWIS) to operate automatically based on detected highway conditions.  The FAST system permits timely, localized, and repeated anti-icing treatments with the optimum amount of anti-icing chemicals and without the deployment of typical winter maintenance equipment and personnel.  FAST systems are now in use in more than 20 U.S. states and in several locations in Canada.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Jun 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/702033</guid>
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