<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="https://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
  <channel>
    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
    <description></description>
    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>IoT-Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for Smart Farming</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581842</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Smart farming is utilizing the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm to achieve the goal of sustainable agriculture. These “smart farms” are made to be maintained by vehicles and connected devices. The combination of several IoT technologies offers huge possibilities for automated processes that require minimal supervision. The suggested method is more reliable and accurate than current systems in tracking the soil’s contents and the safety of the crops because it employs a variety of sensors, including PIR, pH, and capacitance dielectric soil moisture sensors. It also discusses the use of UAV technology in smart agriculture by looking at how UAVs are used in a variety of conditions, such as irrigation, fertilization, weed control, crop monitoring, and field-level phenotyping.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2581842</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of blockchain technology implementing and financing provision strategies in contract farming supply chains</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594565</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many platforms involved in the contract farming supply chain (CFSC) are planning to implement blockchain to improve customer trust in agricultural product quality and offer financing services to support agricultural production. However, blockchain cannot fully ensure trust, as some data may not be effectively uploaded onto it, and inevitable risks, such as climate changes and natural disasters in the agricultural production process, also make platform decisions on providing blockchain and financing more challenging. To explore how the platform should provide blockchain and financing in a situation where risks and blockchain’s limitations in improving customer trust coexist, we consider a CFSC containing a farming cooperative and a platform that procures agricultural products from the former and sells them to online customers. Intuitively, the higher customer trust in agricultural product quality can encourage the platform’s blockchain provision due to the increased customer consumption. Surprisingly, we find that the platform prefers to provide blockchain only when customer trust is relatively low because the increased consumption raises the farming cooperative’s production financing costs, in turn increasing wholesale prices and negatively affecting the platform’s profits. Interestingly, we also find that the farming cooperative chooses platform financing even though it faces a bank interest rate that is lower than the platform interest rate. Finally, we identify the equilibrium results for blockchain implementation and financing strategies and provide extensions to consolidate our conclusions. Our findings shed light on how platforms should work with farming cooperatives in agricultural digitization and financing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2026 14:44:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2594565</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A comparison of cost-sharing models in horizontal cooperative routing</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2649634</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We develop and compare several cost-sharing models for cooperative vehicle routing problems formulated under various objectives and constraints. Our study is motivated by a real-world case involving smallholder farmers in the Province of Quebec. We examine the issues of fairness and stability in cooperative routing, and we show that coalitions served by single routes are sufficient to impose stability conditions. To evaluate equity, we use the Gini coefficient to measure the dispersion of individual savings. Hence we can analyze the trade-offs between fairness and stability. We demonstrate that widely used fairness proxies do not necessarily yield equitable outcomes. We test our methodology on randomly generated instances and on a Quebec-based case study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 2026 10:53:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2649634</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Distributionally robust production and pricing for risk-averse contract-farming supply chains with uncertain demand and yield</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2527138</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Contract farming is a common and emerging practice in agricultural supply chains in both developing and developed countries, yet it has not received much attention in prior studies. This paper addresses this gap by examining a risk- and ambiguity-averse contract farming supply chain consisting of a risk-neutral agribusiness manufacturer and a risk-averse smallholder farmer, under conditions of demand and yield randomness with limited distributional information. A distributionally robust Stackelberg game model is developed to tackle this challenging manufacturer-farmer ambiguity problem. The model enables us to determine the risk-averse farmer’s robust production quantity under the conditional value-at-risk criterion, as well as the agribusiness manufacturer’s robust procurement price, which follows a simple threshold policy. The authors' analysis reveals that there exists a threshold level of risk aversion beyond which the farmer would decline the contract and cease production altogether. Furthermore, they find that the farmer’s risk-averse behavior adversely impacts both parties, even in the worst-case scenario, resulting in lower profits and reduced production quantities for both. Surprisingly, their comparative analysis shows that higher demand variability benefits the risk-averse farmer, creating a win-lose outcome for the farmer and the manufacturer. In contrast, higher yield uncertainty leads to a lose-lose outcome for both parties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Apr 2025 09:30:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2527138</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New approach for sustainable and resilient dairy farmer selection under uncertainty</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2479837</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the authors propose a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model under fuzzy environment to select sustainable and resilient suppliers for a real case study of dairy industry in Tunisia. Initially, 12 criteria are applied for categorising of suppliers into four indexes including social, environmental, economic, and resiliency index through literature review and experts' opinions. A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) is proposed to calculate the weight of each criterion, which is used as input in a new fuzzy multi-attribute border approximation area comparison (FMABAC) method for ranking suppliers. The proposed approach may help decision-makers to naturally express their preferences for evaluating supplier selection criteria and to identify the most efficient dairy farmers. Finally, obtained results are discussed by using two sensitivity analysis methods, namely, changing the weights of criteria and comparative analysis with other fuzzy MCDM methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Feb 2025 17:08:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2479837</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis about the Effectiveness of Farmer Professional Cooperative Organizations As the Main Part of China Agricultural Product Logistics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282613</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Agricultural products logistics is of great significance to solve the three rural issues. Farmer cooperative organizations as an alternative to market play an active role in raising farmer's incomes and increasing their capacity to resist risks. However, as the different environments of rural cooperative organizations, the development of China farmers cooperative is faced with many constraints, specifically in the financing, size, land use, etc, which makes it difficult as the main body of China agricultural product logistics. Therefore, in order to fulfill its role as the main agricultural products logistics position there is a need to create good conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jan 2024 11:37:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2282613</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The U.S. Aquaculture Industry: Evaluating navigational risk posed by fish farming in the marine environment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2292550</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The term aquaculture is defined as the farming of aquatic species like fish, shellfish, and plants in a controlled or selected environment. In the United States, marine aquaculture primarily produces oysters, clams, mussels, shrimp, and salmon, in addition to other marine fish products. The gear required for aquaculture, such as mussel rafts and floating/sinking oyster cages, poses concerns for safe navigation. In 2020, to address these concerns, Coast Guard units throughout the nation were tasked with developing programs aimed at tracking and assessing risks associated with aquaculture sites. If a proposed site is determined to be a high risk to safe navigation, the Coast Guard will work with the permitting agency to mitigate or remove the risk.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Nov 2023 10:47:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2292550</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forces required to operate controls on agricultural all-terrain vehicles: implications for youth</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2266630</link>
      <description><![CDATA[All-terrain vehicle (ATV) crashes are among the leading causes of injury and death among youth in the agriculture industry. It is hypothesised that youth are involved in ATV-related incidents because they cannot effectively activate the vehicle’s controls. This study evaluated potential discrepancies between the required activation forces of the controls of fifty-four utility ATVs and the strength of male-and-female youth of varying ages (6–20 years old) and strength percentiles (5th, 50th, and 95th). The activation forces of the ATVs’ controls were measured experimentally, while the youth’s corresponding strength was retrieved from the literature. The results of this study demonstrated a physical mismatch between the forces required to operate ATV controls and youth’s strength. Turning the handlebar, pressing the footbrake, and pushing the ATV off are the most difficult tasks for ATV operation. These discrepancies compromise the youth’s ability to ride ATVs, increasing their risk of crashes. Practitioner summary: Previous studies indicate that some youth engage in ATV incidents because they cannot activate the vehicle’s controls. The authors measured the forces required to operate eight ATV controls and compared them with the youth’s corresponding strength. The authors' results demonstrated physical mismatches between the forces required to operate ATV controls and the youth’s strength.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2023 09:12:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2266630</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on market integration: Evidence from vegetable farmers in Pakistan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2008182</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the agriculture sector and farming communities to unprecedented risks. This study investigates the impact of the pandemic, identifying the suggestions of community elders for effective resilience via in-depth interviews (IDIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The authors also examine determinants of vegetable farmers' inputs and outputs market participation using a binary logit model. The ﬁndings reveal poor business owners’ support, difficulties accessing inputs and outputs markets, non-availability/shortage of inputs recommended by extension services, and poor access to mechanizations. Labor shortages, lack of access to agricultural credit, and lack of information on innovations and markets are also barriers to market integration of farming communities in Pakistan. Results of the logit model show that farming experience and support from market owners drive the participation of both the inputs and outputs market. Similarly, ownership of personal vehicles and the availability of farm machinery drive the participation of farmers in outputs markets. Various strategies are suggested to mitigate the risks of the Covid-19 pandemic, including the establishment of inputs and outputs markets, strategies for transportation, access to information, and farm machinery at the local level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 2022 09:10:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2008182</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Farming for battery metals</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1928682</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Globally, there is a major shift to electric vehicles to combat climate change and these vehicles are currently powered by lithium-ion batteries that contain nickel cobalt manganese oxide materials. This technological change from internal combustion engines means that demand for battery minerals will need to increase by factors of >20 for the critical metals required for batteries in the next three decades. If this scenario plays out, it will require a dramatic increase in the worldwide capacity to produce nickel, manganese, cobalt, and lithium raw materials of sufficient purity. This demand could partly be met by agromining technology, which is a ‘green technology’ that extracts valuable products, including high-purity metal salts useful for the battery industry, from selected plants known as ‘metal crops’. Farming for nickel, cobalt, and manganese is currently within reach, whereas lithium agromining has not yet been developed but has potential. Agromining offers a sustainable approach to economically produce battery-grade raw materials from unconventional sources, thus, producing ‘green technologies’ from ‘green sources’.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Apr 2022 15:51:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1928682</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Are non-indigenous species hitchhiking offshore farmed mussels? A biogeographic and functional approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1871558</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The epifauna associated to farmed mussels in southern Portugal coast was analysed, aiming at identifying the species with spreading potential through commercial transport. The presence of a relevant number of the species here found is not reported to at least one of the common mussel export/transposition countries. Indeed, important species biogeographic dissimilarities between the mussel farm area and the Greater North Sea and Western Mediterranean Sea sub-regions were detected, suggesting the potential transport of non-indigenous species (NIS) into other countries. Among them, fouling species such as the anemones Paractinia striata and Urticina felina, the acorn barnacles Balanus glandula and Balanus trigonus or the bryozoans Bugulina stolonifera and Schizoporella errata exhibit functional attributes that allow them to colonise and spread in new areas. This combined biogeographic and functional approach may contribute to clarify the role of aquaculture on the transport of NIS and to predict and prevent their spreading worldwide.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 15 Oct 2021 09:27:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1871558</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Dynamics and Uncertainty in Land Use Conversion for Perennial Energy Crop Production: Exploring Effects of Payments for Ecosystem Services Policies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1851829</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Perennial energy crops like switchgrass that are used for biofuel production have the potential to generate various water quality benefits such as reduced nitrogen runoff. Yet the current expected returns to switchgrass are not profitable enough for these crops to be widely adopted by U.S. farmers due to relatively unstable yields, volatile revenues, and high costs of crop establishment. This study uses a dynamic economic model to investigate the uncertainties in the yields and costs of switchgrass production, in comparison with those of corn-soybeans in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed in Pennsylvania. Results indicate that farmers would be willing to convert corn-soybeans to switchgrass land use with the provision of payments for ecosystem services (PES). A targeted PES policy based on the environmental effectiveness of the crop land is found to be slightly more effective in providing nitrogen reductions than a uniform PES policy with cost savings of 8–19%. Moreover, switchgrass has the potential of providing energy supply while reducing greenhouse gases emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 May 2021 16:20:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1851829</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Investment Attractiveness of the Area for Marine Farming and Marine Aquaculture Target Species</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1838785</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based on the designed system of indicators to evaluate the investment attractiveness of the area for marine farming and the target species for marine aquaculture using expert assessment and ABC methods, the research identifies the most significant, fundamental factors that create the investment attractiveness of the marine aquaculture component of the regional fishery complex. It is proved that the investment attractiveness of the area for marine farming and the amount of financial investments in marine aquaculture objects, first of all, depend on the formation of the appropriate organizational and institutional support, namely reducing the degree of business overregulation (simplifying the conditions for allocation of fishery grounds, the procedure for obtaining permission to grow target marine aquaculture species and certification systems for fishery and farming grounds) and ensuring the effectiveness of the mechanism for control and supervision of the illegal harvesting of marine aquaculture species.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 2021 09:34:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1838785</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A sustainable approach for urban farming based on city logistics concepts for local production and consumption of vegetables</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1778247</link>
      <description><![CDATA[By 2050, there will be at least nine billion people in the world to be fed, and two-thirds of them will live in cities. A before-after assessment of an urban horticulture scenario is presented to address the negative impacts of goods distribution within cities. A baseline scenario for the current food system is compared with the proposed one, adapted to local production and consumption through a case study for Belo Horizonte (Brazil). A Life Cycle Assessment was considered to estimate the potential environmental impact reduction by implementing a local production and consumption model. The Ecoinvent dataset 3.5, exiobase2, and the CML impacts methods were used. The potential of global warming, acidification, photochemical oxidation, and human toxicity was determined for both scenarios. Moreover, fuel, infrastructure, and vehicle consumption concerning the changes among the settings were compared. All categories of environmental impact presented significant reductions regarding the changes among scenarios for the distribution of vegetables. This paper brings a phenomenological contribution to Belo Horizonte's city, which can be considered to subsidize public policy decision-making to support urban agriculture.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Apr 2021 09:39:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1778247</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Agricultural Technology Choice and Transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746726</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper addresses an old and recurring theme in development economics: the slow adoption of new technologies by farmers in many developing countries. The paper explores a somewhat novel link to explain this puzzle -- the link between market access and the incentives to adopt a new technology when there are non-convexities. The paper develops a theoretical model to guide the empirical analysis, which uses spatially disaggregated agricultural production data from Spatial Production Allocation Model and Living Standards Measurement Study survey data for Nigeria. The model is used to estimate the impact of transport costs on crop production, the adoption of modern technologies, and the differential impact on returns of modern versus traditional farmers. To overcome the limitation of data availability on travel costs for much of Africa, road survey data are combined with geographic information road network data to generate the most thorough and accurate road network available. With these data and the Highway Development Management Model, minimum travel costs from each location to the market are computed. Consistent with the theory, analysis finds that transportation costs are critical in determining technology choices, with a greater responsiveness among farmers who adopt modern technologies, and at times a perverse (negative) response to lower transport costs among those who employ more traditional techniques. In sum, the paper presents compelling evidence that the constraints to the adoption of modern technologies and access to markets are interconnected, and so should be targeted jointly.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Nov 2020 14:28:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746726</guid>
    </item>
  </channel>
</rss>