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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Empirical Evaluation of Connected and Automated Driving Features in Production Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, production vehicles have increasingly integrated connected and automated driving features (CADFs) to senhance the driving experience and road safety. Despite their growing prevalence, the real-world performance of these features remains largely unverified outside of manufacturer-led evaluations, which are typically conducted in controlled environments. This article addresses that gap by empirically testing CADFs in six production vehicles from Toyota, Hyundai, Ford, Audi, Honda, and Tesla. The evaluation covers key features, including adaptive cruise control, collision avoidance assist, lane marking detection, static message sign detection, traffic light awareness, and full self-driving, under diverse real-world conditions, such as varying lighting and lane visibility. The results reveal substantial variability in performance across vehicles and scenarios, emphasizing the influence of environmental and operational factors. Based on these findings, the article provides recommendations for automakers and public stakeholders to enhance CADF reliability, supporting future improvements in both vehicle technology and infrastructure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Aug 2026 10:31:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2709391</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Accuracy of Selected 2008 Ford Restraint Control Module Event Data Recorders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430568</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper reports test results for accuracy of pre-crash speed, brake, and accelerator pedal position data recorded in a new family of Ford RCM EDR’s under steady state conditions. The authors drove 2 test vehicles at 3 different speeds from 48 to 113 km/h (30 to 70 mph), and artificially created EDR events so pre-crash data would be stored. The authors collected RCM data and PCM data. A GPS based Racelogic VBOX was used to measure speed and record CAN bus information real time. Maximum error, average error, and 98% confidence intervals are reported for RCM to VBOX and PCM to VBOX. Accelerator pedal position accuracy and brake on/off reporting latency of the RCM to CAN bus data and/or auxiliary brake switches are documented.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2019 17:04:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430568</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Future product pipeline</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1585773</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sedans make way for more utilities, electrification -- Ford overhauls crossovers, adds hybrids : brand to bolster lineup with two off-road utilities -- Lincoln sails ahead with Nautilus, Aviator : MKZ likely dead in U.S.; MKC turns into Corsair.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Feb 2019 15:16:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1585773</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Early, Gentle Input May Make Lane Departure Prevention More Accepted</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1579205</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a recent study from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) that investigated strategies to introduce lane departure prevention systems with the highest likelihood of adoption.  The study found that the use of slight nudges from the steering wheel and subtle braking as tires start to drift are key strategies to increase use of lane departure prevention systems.  The researchers compared the characteristics of lane departure systems in current vehicles from Ford, General Motors, Honda, and Volvo.  Each of these systems vary somewhat, but all have the function to avoid crashes due to unintended lane departures.  Tests were conducted on instrumented vehicles riding at 50mph with cruise control engaged; video cameras, and a data logger were used to collect data.  Readers are referred to the full research paper, entitled “Exploring relationships between observed activation rates and functional attributes of lane departure prevention” (https://www.iihs.org/bibliography/topic/2166).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Jan 2019 11:39:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1579205</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Future product pipeline</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481624</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Plenty of products coming, plus wild card of new CEO -- Ford shifts to revival mode -- Navigator keeps Lincoln moving forward.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Sep 2017 09:56:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1481624</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Big Data Analysis of Battery Charge Power Limit Impact on Electric Vehicle Driving Range while Considering Driving Behavior</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461974</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is desirable to find methods to increase electric vehicle (EV) driving range and reduce performance variability of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). One strategy to improve EV range is to increase the charge power limit of the traction battery, which allows for more brake energy recovery. This paper applies Big Data technology to investigate how increasing the charge power limit could affect EV range in real world usage with respect to driving behavior. Big Data Drive (BDD) data collected from Ford employee vehicles in Michigan was analyzed to assess the impact of regenerative braking power on EV range. My Ford Mobile (MFM) data was also leveraged to find correlation to drivers nationwide based on brake score statistics. Estimated results show incremental improvements in EV range from increased charge power levels. Subsequently, this methodology and process could be applied to make future design decisions based on the dynamic nature of driving habits.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Aug 2017 10:08:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461974</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Air Conditioning System Performance and Vehicle Fuel Economy Trade-Offs for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461935</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the tradeoff relationship between the Air Conditioning (A/C) system performance and vehicle fuel economy for a hybrid electric vehicle during the SC03 drive cycle is presented. First, an A/C system model was integrated into Ford’s HEV simulation environment. Then, a system-level sensitivity study was performed on a stand-alone A/C system simulator, by formulating a static optimization problem which minimizes the total energy use of actuators, and maintains an identical cooling capacity. Afterwards, a vehicle-level sensitivity study was conducted with all controllers incorporated in sensitivity analysis software, under three types of formulations of cooling capacity constraints. Finally, the common observation from both studies, that the compressor speed dominates the cooling capacity and the EDF fan has a marginal influence, is explained using the thermodynamics of a vapor compression cycle.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Aug 2017 10:08:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461935</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Rapid Screening Test to Assess Relative Corrosion Performance of Automotive Condensers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461938</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A simple and rapid immersion type corrosion test has been successfully developed that discriminates corrosion performance in condensers from various suppliers and with differing manufacturing processes. The goal is to develop a test specification that will be included in the Ford corrosion specification for condensers so that condensers received from various suppliers may be evaluated rapidly for their relative corrosion performance to each other. Sections from condensers from Supplier A (tube is silfluxed), Supplier B (tube is zinc arc sprayed), and Supplier C (bare folded tube with no zinc for corrosion protection) were tested in 2% v/v hydrochloric acid for 16, 24 and 48 hours. The results showed that in terms of corrosion performance, zinc arc sprayed Supplier B condenser performed the worst while Supplier C condenser performed the best with Supplier A in between. It was also observed that the fins, and fin-to-tube joints were first to corrode followed by the tube in all cases. This observation was consistent with a silfluxed field returned unit that was examined on a limited basis. This has the potential to compromise the thermal performance and structural integrity of the condenser before it starts leaking. The results prove the utility of a simple test to discern corrosion performance of condensers in a relatively quick time frame.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 01 Aug 2017 10:08:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461938</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HEV Battery Pack Thermal Management Design and Packaging Solutions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461382</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) utilize a High Voltage (HV) battery pack to improve fuel economy by maximizing the capture of vehicle kinetic energy for reuse. Consequently, these HV battery packs experience frequent and rapid charge-discharge cycles. The heat generated during these cycles must be managed effectively to maintain battery cell performance and cell life. The HV battery pack cooling system must keep the HV battery pack temperature below a design target value and maintain a uniform temperature across all of the cells in the HV battery pack. Herein, the authors discuss some of the design points of the air cooled HV battery packs in Ford Motor Company’s current model C-Max and Fusion HEVs. In these vehicles, the flow of battery cooling air was required to not only provide effective cooling of the battery cells, but to simultaneously cool a direct current high voltage to low voltage (DC-DC) converter module. In addition to the fundamental heat transfer goals, the design team overcame package challenges on cooling air flow distribution to both cell arrays and DC-DC convertor and air rush concerns. This paper describes the work the team completed to successfully balance the design requirements.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 2017 14:39:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461382</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Effect of Exhaust Throttling on HCCI - Alternative Way to Control EGR and In-Cylinder Flow</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430038</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) has emerged as a promising technology for reduction of exhaust emissions and improvement of fuel economy of internal combustion engines. There are generally two proposed methods of realizing the HCCI operation. The first is through the control of gas temperature in the cylinder and the second is through the control of chemical reactivity of the fuel and air mixture. EGR trapping, i.e., recycling a large quantity of hot burned gases by using special valve-train events (e.g. negative valve overlap), seems to be practical for many engine configurations and can be combined with any of the other HCCI enabling technologies. While this method has been widely researched, it is understood that the operating window of the HCCI engine with negative valve overlap is constrained, and the upper and lower load boundaries are greatly affected by the in-cylinder temperature. Boosting has been found very effective in increasing the upper load boundary of HCCI but very little has been published about the effect of raised exhaust back pressure when a turbocharger is used. This paper presents a study of the effect of increased exhaust back pressure on gas exchange processes in a HCCI engine with an exhaust throttling valve. The work has included 1-D gas dynamic modelling using Ricardo WAVE™ and experiment on a Ford/Jaguar V6 HCCI engine with a fitted exhaust throttling orifice. Appropriate boundary and initial conditions in the engine have been created and information from the 1-D simulations is visualized.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 May 2017 11:31:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1430038</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Big Data Analytics: How Big Data is Shaping Our Understanding of Electrified Vehicle Customers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461271</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electrified vehicles including Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles (PHEVs) made by Ford Motor Company are fitted with a telematics modem to provide customers with the means to communicate with their vehicles and, at the same time, receive insight on their vehicle usage. These services are provided through the “MyFordMobile” website and phone applications, simultaneously collecting information from the vehicle for different event triggers. In this work, we study this data by using Big Data Methodologies including a Hadoop Database for storing data and HiveQL, Pig Latin and Python scripts to perform analytics. We present electrified vehicle customer behaviors including geographical distribution, trip distances, and daily distances and compare these to the Atlanta Regional Survey data. We discuss customer behaviors pertinent to electrified vehicles including charger types used, charging occurrence, charger plug-in times etc. Throughout this discussion, we highlight the process of extracting information from this data that can be used to further refine future design. Customer data privacy concerns are also addressed, with no analysis using any personally identifiable information.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Apr 2017 10:40:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461271</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Thermal Response of Aluminum Engine Block During Thermal Spraying of Bores: Comparison of FEA and Thermocouple Results</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461332</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Thermally sprayed coatings have used in place of iron bore liners in recent aluminum engine blocks. The coatings are steel-based, and are sprayed on the bore wall in the liquid phase. The thermal response of the block structure determines how rapidly coatings can be applied and thus the investment and floor space required for the operation. It is critical not to overheat the block to prevent dimensional errors, metallurgical damage, and thermal stress cracks. This paper describes an innovative finite element procedure for estimating both the substrate temperature and residual stresses in the coating for the thermal spray process. Thin layers of metal at a specified temperature, corresponding to the layers deposited in successive thermal spray torch passes, are applied to the substrate model, generating a heat flux into the block. The thickness, temperature, and application speed of the layers can be varied to simulate different coating cycles. The temperature field in the block is calculated using a transient thermal analysis with convective cooling on exposed surfaces. The stresses in the coating are computed using a residual stress relaxation method. Computed temperature fields are compared to thermocouple measurements from two V8 blocks sprayed using the Plasma Transferred Wire Arc (PTWA) process the Ford Essex Engine Plant. Measured and computed peak temperatures agree well. The application of the procedure to eliminate a prototype thermal stress crack and to the investigation of torch paths is described.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Apr 2017 10:40:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461332</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Piston Cleanliness via Fuel Additive Technology</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1433317</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This work compared the piston deposit ratings in an engine when it was run on gasoline with a high concentration of deposit control additive (DCA) versus gasoline with a low concentration of additive. The additives came from different sources and contained detergents with different functional groups. The engine was a Ford V-8 PFI engine, which is used in ASTM D6593, the Sequence VG test. The experimental procedure followed the ASTM protocol, except for the fuel, which was treated with additives.Deposit ratings were better, at 95% confidence, in the tests using a high concentration of additive versus the tests using a low concentration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2017 16:24:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1433317</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Location-based On-board System for E-tourism: Implementation for Ford SYNC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427653</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nowadays location-based services become more and more popular. People travel from one location to another and usually would like to know information about places of interests around. Integration of location-based services with vehicles onboard systems opens new possibilities for delivering useful information about places of interests around using the vehicle multimedia system and voice control possibilities. The paper presents location-based on-board system for e-tourism and its implementation for Ford SYNC. The system consists of several services that find, extract and process potentially useful for the tourist information about places of interests around and provide it through user-friendly vehicle interface.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Oct 2016 09:14:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1427653</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Ford EDR Pre-crash Stability Control System Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1421073</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article focuses on the ability of the accident reconstructionist to use stability control systems event data recorders (EDR) to calculate the: (1) speed at impact better than with pre-crash speed data; (2) distance to impact after first brake application or steering input; (3) lateral distance a vehicle moved during an erratic steering event base on stability control  lateral acceleration or yaw rate; and (4) the change in approach angle at impact relative to straight down the road.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Aug 2016 08:58:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1421073</guid>
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