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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Helsingbotica - a prestudy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491274</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project investigated new methods to enhance the use of micromobility vehicles, focusing on the growing use of bike and pedestrian road networks. It a preliminary study that utilized such vehicles for gathering images and applied machine learning to expand knowledge of infrastructure. The study successfully demonstrated the feasibility of collecting images of the road network, but also identified unique challenges such as varying angles and specific obstacles like gravel that need attention. Due to GDPR concerns, external cameras were preferred over built-in ones in vehicles like e-scooters. The project also looked into how data could be shared back with users and stakeholders. It found established methods for handling static data but noted a lack of standards for dynamic obstacles. Efforts to participate in a U.S. Department of Transportation-led standardization initiative have begun. Additionally, the project crafted a preliminary policy for delivery robots. This policy includes geofencing, speed limits, and operating schedules, which Helsingborg has translated into machine-readable code using the Mobility Data Specification. Hugo Delivery have adjusted its platform to comply with these digital policies. The final hypothesis of the project revolves around a pilot concept for autonomous delivery robots. This concept is grounded in on-site testing, workshops with municipal and commercial stakeholders, reviews of existing global delivery robot pilots, and Helsingborg's sustainability goals. It also takes into account the strengths and weaknesses of delivery robots. The idea is to pilot these robots as mobile delivery lockers in suburban areas, avoiding city centers with high traffic. This approach, termed 'community robots', envisions the robots operating within a specific area, with daily battery swaps. By shifting parcel deliveries from vans to these robots, a significant reduction in traffic accidents and emissions in residential areas is anticipated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:17:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491274</guid>
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      <title>Determinants of cyclists' willingness to comply with mixed traffic provision and to ride on the carriageway rather than the pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441445</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stakeholders in many municipalities worldwide are committed to promoting cycling and improving cycling provision. Scarcity of space is a major issue in most of these cities, particularly for main streets with significant movement and place functions. Multiple demands exist on these streets, including moving pedestrians, cyclists, motorised vehicles, parking, people waiting at public transport stops, or staying in the street for place activities. Mixing cyclists and motorised vehicles in the same space in the carriageway might be the only possible solution for cycling provision in these contexts, which is applied in many German cities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the acceptance of cycling in mixed traffic, which we measure as the proportion of cyclists riding on the carriageway versus on the pavement. The empirical work in this study is based on video observations at 273 study sites with a total length of 124 km located in 13 cities in Germany. 260 of these study sites have no marking for cyclists, and 13 have bicycle pictograms. A total of 34 874 cyclists are recorded at these study sites. A logistic regression model is used to quantify the effect of exposure and infrastructure characteristics on the proportion of cyclists on the carriageway. Volumes of motorised vehicles, lane widths > 3.00 m and city type show a significant negative effect on the acceptance of cycling on the carriageway. Cyclist volumes, bicycle pictograms, and a speed limit < 50 km/h significantly increase the likelihood of cycling on the carriageway. The model is then applied to develop evidence-based recommendations on appropriate conditions for mixed traffic provision for cyclists, ensuring pre-defined levels of acceptability. Cycling in mixed traffic without bicycle pictograms should only be recommended with traffic volumes of a maximum of 400 vehicles per hour and a speed limit of < 50 km/h to achieve a proportion of cyclists on the carriageway of 90%. The marking of bicycle pictograms increases acceptance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Oct 2024 10:57:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2441445</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effektsamband GCM-belysning</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440099</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigate the importance of lighting for cyclists outside urban areas on cycle paths. Because the examining of an area that is not normally illuminated, there will be a clear delineation of the impact of the lighting on the bike lane in particular, unlike in urban areas where many other factors can affect the result. Methods which will be used are a knowledge compilation and traffic safety analysis (accidents from database), TPB study (Theory of Planned Behaviour), bicycle simulator to see differences in speed in the dark and when there is lighting, Stated preference study (SP) and calculation of the socio-economic benefit. The project is expected to provide increased knowledge in general about cyclists' conditions and needs when cycling outside urban areas and not just regarding the lighting of cycle paths.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Oct 2024 14:38:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440099</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Jurisdictional Scan of Sidewalk Management Practices from North American Municipalities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2301604</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sidewalks generally receive lower attention than primary infrastructure, such as roadways and bridges. Lawsuits incurred from sidewalk hazards can be costly for jurisdictions and detrimental to public perception of safety and mobility. Many municipalities recognize the importance of maintaining sidewalk assets systematically, from condition evaluation to treatment selection. However, limited resources for sidewalk assets, such as standards, reports, and research papers, are available. To gain a better understanding of sidewalk management practices, a survey was distributed to select municipalities across North America. The survey comprised 41 questions covering various sidewalk management aspects, including sidewalk network information, data collection methods, distress types, data quality check and calibration, and management system. Analyses were performed on the collected survey feedback. The results show that, while some respondents have similar sidewalk network sizes to maintain, the available budget varies greatly. Most participating municipalities do not have calibration and/or acceptance criteria for the collected sidewalk condition data. Subsequently, a condition rating system and/or performance index have not been developed for sidewalks. This may lead to unspecified treatment triggers and inconsistent decision-making processes. The data and findings presented in this paper can serve as a reference for any size municipality looking to benchmark its sidewalk management practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Dec 2023 16:47:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2301604</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Alternativa kemiska halkbekämpningsmedel på GCväg och trottoarer (ALT-salt)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269698</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Winter operations (snow clearance, anti- and de-icing) of cycle paths and sidewalks have received renewed interest in connection with the promotion of active travelling all year round and throughout the country. As a result, new methods have also been developed to be particularly adapted to the conditions that prevail on cycle paths and sidewalks. Since the processes that affect the durability of anti-icing agents on cycle paths and sidewalks differ from those on roads, where the majority of today's knowledge of how these work in practice comes from, the effect of different agents will be different in the two cases. For example, the impact and mixing characteristics of car traffic cannot be taken into account. Therefore, there is a need to study some selected chemical anti-slip agents based on the conditions prevailing on walking and cycling paths and in a changing climate. In this project, the effect and duration of four different anti-slip agents, which are already used today on cycle paths, sidewalks and airports respectively, are compared, they are: sodium chloride, potassium formate and Karlstadslake (mixture of NaCl and CaCl2). In addition, the possibility of using so-called circular salt extracted from fly ash is being specially studied. The different anti-slip agents have different environmental advantages and disadvantages, and in order to be able to compare these in a relevant way, the positive effects and duration of each agent must first be clarified. The comparisons are carried out through studies in a laboratory environment, on a protected test track with scaled-down salt spreaders (VTI cycle test track), a protected test track with authentic operating machines (Karlstad's municipal decommissioned airfield) and finally in an authentic full-scale environment in Karlstad municipality's street and cycle path network. The results result in advice and guidelines regarding which agents should be used under which conditions, in which doses and at what intervals. As the knowledge of the respective agents' appropriate doses and action intervals becomes known, it is also possible to evaluate their respective environmental effects in a comparable way.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 09:26:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269698</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Maximum queue length estimation at signalized intersections using shockwave theory and Kalman filter</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2239893</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a combined framework of Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) shockwave theory with Kalman Filter (KF) for real time vehicular queue length estimation at signalized intersections on urban arterial roads. LWR shockwave theory was used as the base to identify traffic state changing points (e.g., capacity, jam density, free flow), which we call break points by relying on high resolution (2 seconds) traffic signal data. Once we identify the traffic state changing points, time at which these points occur can be used to reconstruct the shockwaves happening at the intersection in each signal cycle. Finally, these shockwave speeds were utilized in calculating the maximum queue length of each signal cycle. This model can identify traffic state changes that distinguish upstream arrival traffic flow from queue formation flow (jam density state). Thus, this approach can estimate time varying queue length even when the signal links are over saturated with long queues. Although shockwave theory successfully describes the complex queuing process, these models assume known vehicle inflows, which cannot be satisfied for most of situations. In our methodology we incorporate a different framework to estimate the vehicle arrivals by using 2 seconds vehicle detector data and adjacent Bluetooth detector data from the upstream intersection for real world applications. This estimation model can be applicable to scenarios when detailed “event-based” data are not available. The estimated maximum queue length has been evaluated using simulated ground truth data using AIMSUN. Evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed models can estimate long queues with satisfactory accuracy with the availability of only 2 seconds vehicle occupancy data, arrival flow and known signal timing data. Expansion to the base model is proposed using Kalman Filter (KF) to improve the reliability of the proposed model. Limitations of the proposed model are also discussed in the paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Sep 2023 14:04:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2239893</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Four-Step Modelling Active Transportation For Small Cities: Challenges And Opportunities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2222593</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The role of active transportation (AT) in the transportation system has been growing, but there is still lots to learn about planning for the travel behaviours that are associated with it. One major challenge is that there is a lack of standardized approaches for forecasting for AT infrastructure demand. The ITE Transportation Planning Handbook, 4th edition, has a chapter about planning for pedestrians and bicyclists, but is missing any modelling component. ITE notes that while bicyclist and pedestrian travel demand models have not reached the level of sophistication of road network demand modeling, some techniques can provide reasonable estimates of the demand for such travel, but does not go into details about how to model any of them. There is a general lack of technical guidance in how to model new AT infrastructure and integrating it into existing facilities, determining how many users there would be, and as well as any changes in users travel behaviour within a network due to changes in this infrastructure. These technical aspects are yet to be fully integrated into the guidance of standard practice. The goal of this research was to create a travel demand model for the use of a new pedestrian and cycle bridge between two neighbourhoods in Fredericton, NB separated by a four-lane highway (Route 8) to determine the impact of this link on mode choice (motorized and non-motorized) for people in the neighbourhoods. Currently, this route is a popular at-grade crossing for pedestrians travelling between residential neighbourhoods and the two universities and community college (i.e. College Hill); it is approximately 1 km to College Hill by this route for some areas of the neighbourhoods, or nearly 3 km on existing sidewalks and trails and over the road.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 25 Aug 2023 09:18:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2222593</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How to reduce pedestrian fatalities: a case-by-case study to evaluate the potential of vehicle and road infrastructure interventions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2144119</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In line with the UN’s global goals on sustainability several initiatives are promoting walking. However, if effective interventions are not implemented an increased number of pedestrians will lead to more road casualties. It is important to take appropriate decisions on interventions to reach Vision Zero adopted by the Swedish Government. This study describes the characteristics of fatal crashes with pedestrians on Swedish roads and investigates the potential of different vehicle and road infrastructure interventions to save lives. The Swedish Transport Administration (STA) in-depth database of fatal crashes was used for a case-by-case investigation. Out of the 226 fatally injured pedestrians during 2011–2016 in Sweden the most common accident scenario was a vehicle hitting a pedestrian while crossing the road. Most crashes occurred in darkness on rural roads (63%), but for urban areas the majority (53%) occurred in daylight. In general, interventions related to vehicle speed were found to address a larger proportion of the studied pedestrian fatalities on urban roads compared to on rural roads, while separated pedestrian paths outside the carriageway were found to address a larger proportion on rural roads compared to on urban roads. The intervention with the largest total potential was pedestrian crossings with speed calming measures for the motor vehicles, which had the potential to address 36% of the identified fatalities. A reduced speed limit in combination with speed calming interventions had the potential to prevent 29% of the studied fatalities while separate pedestrian paths outside the carriageway had the potential to prevent approximately 15%. It was estimated that the vehicle safety technology with the highest potential was autonomous emergency braking with pedestrian detection for passenger cars. With this system available on all cars, 58% of the studied fatalities could potentially be prevented. Most (up to 93%) of the studied fatally injured pedestrians could potentially be saved with known vehicle safety and road infrastructural technologies. However, the analysis of the potential effect of interventions show that it will take a long time until the advanced and potentially effective vehicle safety technologies will be widely spread. This shows the importance of speeding up the implementation. A fast implementation of effective interventions in the road infrastructure is also necessary, preferably using a plan for prioritization. There are two main approaches of doing that, separating road user groups, or reducing vehicle speeds in areas with mixed rod user groups to survivable levels, which is recommended to be 30 km/h. There is a need to identify areas where most pedestrian accidents occur and then use the most effective interventions. The results of this study could be helpful in this process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Apr 2023 09:48:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2144119</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COVID-19 Street Rebalancing Guide</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic is an urgent public health crisis that has impacted virtually all aspects of daily life, including front-line emergency services, housing, businesses, and municipal finance, among many others. Mobility patterns around the world shifted dramatically at the onset of the pandemic, with motor vehicle and transit use experiencing sudden and significant declines in cities around the world as people reduced their movements, along with increased demand for active transportation for essential errands and exercise. Due to COVID-19’s ability to spread through close personal contact, physical distancing proved to be one of the most effective ways to reduce the spread of the illness. This presented an immediate challenge for mobility and the need to provide safe spaces in the public realm while ensuring physical and mental health, safety, well-being, and resiliency of our communities and citizens. Four key mobility challenges emerged as a result of the pandemic, including the need to create spaces to move, create spaces to wait, provided connected active transportation infrastructure, and providing space for outdoor exercise. A number of specific issues were identified for each of these challenges, including narrow sidewalks, pathways, and bicycle facilities; accessibility challenges; crowding and queuing outside essential businesses and services; a lack of complete and connected active transportation facilities; and a limited number of parks and public spaces in many neighbourhoods. The Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) responded to this challenge through the rapid creation of innovative design guidelines – the COVID-19 Street Rebalancing Guide – to provide critically needed guidance to municipalities across the country. The guide, developed by Urban Systems for FCM, is designed for decision-makers and practitioners alike and was developed based on national and international best practices. It shares strategies and treatments – from pop-up bike lanes and curbside queuing areas to temporary patios and parklets – based on case studies that have emerged from around the world. The guide also provides valuable guidance for municipalities looking to rebalance streets to enable physically distant active transportation, while also supporting safe commuting, commerce, recreation, and exercise.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2022 14:17:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071868</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Streets for People in 2020</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071865</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, it radically altered the way people gathered, interacted and moved. Bustling sidewalks became deserted, streets typically filled with cars fell silent, and delivery drivers were seemingly the only people on local shopping streets. Later in the spring, as initial lockdowns were lifted, COVID-19 clearly remained the most serious and pressing public health issue. However, social isolation and limited public space to move and gather safely also emerged as new, critical challenges. And these challenges were impacting seniors, low-income earners and other vulnerable and marginalized communities particularly hard. People needed space to socialize safely, space to queue, space to commute and space to exercise. In light of these challenges, expanding access to public space became vital. Recognizing this, the City of New Westminster Council passed the Streets for People in 2020 motion in May to respond in a bold way to the critical need for more abundant and accessible spaces to support walking, active transportation, and safe public gatherings. Multiple City departments, including Transportation, Engineering Operations, Parks & Open Space, Economic Development and Public Engagement, worked in partnership with consultants Happy City, HUB Cycling and MPE, to deliver this project quickly and compassionately. The result was an impactful, innovative and highly transferable project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2022 14:17:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071865</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Keddy Access Trail</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071864</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Completed in December 2020, the Keddy Access Trail is a 2.1 km multi-use facility that connects the Lower City and escarpment neighbourhoods in the heart of Hamilton. Including four side connections, the total length of the project is 2.7 km. The project was completed in combination with a major resurfacing project of the upbound lanes. In the early days of planning, it was determined that one of the three upbound lanes could be re-purposed to achieve a fully separated 3.0-4.0 m pathway and achieve a long-standing aspiration to create a high-quality pedestrian and cycling connection between the lower and upper city. Over the course of five years, the project moved from an idea to a reality. A key feature of the project is that it is not just a linear connection, but also has multi-modal connections to different neighbourhoods as it traverses between the lower and upper city. Connections comprise multiple parks, enclave neighbourhoods, the Hamilton Centre GO Rail Station, two regional hospitals, and the famous Bruce Trail. It is estimated that these connections will more than double usage, and some are attractions in their own right.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2022 14:17:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071864</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Beckwith Street Revitalization Phase 1</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071846</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Beckwith Street has for over 100 years acted as both the traditional “mainstreet” and major throughfare for the Town of Smiths Falls, Ontario. The street provides access to and services the numerous business and institutions lining it, and has framed the Town’s historic downtown since its beginning, as well as forming a connecting link along the province of Ontario’s Hwy 15 corridor running between Kingston and Carleton Place. Now, in recognition of the changing needs of the community, the street has been transformed in a manner that no other small town in Ontario (or perhaps Canada) can boast. In 2017, the Town launched a process to study and design the reconstruction of the street. Led by Parsons’ planning and design team from Ottawa, the process had an eye to both the needs of today and the needs of the community as it continues to move towards a safe, inclusive, accessible, and prosperous future for all. Phase One of the project has resulted in a revitalized street from Chambers Street in the south, for a distance of approximately 600m north to Elmsley Street. This phase has had a tremendous outcome for the community, and sets the stage for a second northerly phase that will replicate the design approach. Construction on phase 1 of the $8.2 million transportation and servicing project - which is part of the continued renaissance of the Town as a premier small-town destination - began in 2019 and was completed in 2021. The Town embraced the complete streets approach to street re-design, and made a bold decision to reconstruct the street featuring raised cycle tracks and protected intersections for safe cycling. The street now also features wider sidewalks, and space for generous streetscaping including energy efficient LED streetlighting. In order to create space for this progressive cross-section, the design included a change from the downtown's historic angled parking arrangement to more space-efficient parallel parking, which sparked a community discussion. In addition to the emphasis on safe cycling, the design placed a high emphasis on pedestrians and on meeting and exceeding Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA) standards, as an aging small community. This included tactile warning strips, wide and smooth sidewalks, seating, shortened crosswalks, new pedestrian crossovers, and contemporary traffic signal solutions. The Town has also included accessible on-street parking, with a "first of its kind in Canada" accessible parking space that incorporates an adjacent cycle track, complete with buffers and landing space meeting north American standards. The project has produced positive outcomes not only in terms of improved transportation system performance and accessibility, but also in terms of the social, economic, and environmental health of the community.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2022 14:16:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071846</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Esplanade and Mill Street Connection Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071842</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Transit only lanes on key blocks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2022 14:16:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071842</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Winter Maintenance Quality Standards Review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071839</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The City of Ottawa, the national capital of Canada, is home to over 1 million people. In addition to housing federal government officials and the foreign diplomatic corps, it received over 11 million visitors in 2019. Ottawa’s municipal government established its Winter Maintenance Quality Standards (WMQS) for roads, sidewalks, and pathways in 2003. The City recently reviewed these standards for higher priority roads (Class 1, 2 and 3). As Ottawa set sustainability goals for the growth of the city, improved mobility of various modes of active transportation came into focus, setting in motion a new review of its WMQS in 2020. This time, the review was primarily geared towards the WMQS of sidewalks and pathways, the winter cycling network, and the lower priority roads (Class 4 and 5). This study presents the findings of this latest review, including its business case, with the implementation on a scaled approach based on resource availability and Ottawa’s City Committee approval. This study was undertaken in three phases. Phase 1 reviewed Ottawa’s current WMQS, background material (media, Committee and Council reports, Policy, Plans, Service Requests, claims). In this first phase, we also interviewed internal stakeholders and bench-marked industry best practices from other municipalities with similar size and weather, both nationally and internationally. The second phase of this project used the information from Phase 1 and developed three delivery alternatives for each infrastructure type. The alternatives were classified as moderate, progressive, and aspirational. From the baseline, each higher alternative built up on more aggressive metrics to provide a higher level of service to the public and support the City of Ottawa’s progress towards its 2046 goals for growth and sustainability, as well as its 2050 climate change goals. The last phase of this project identified the recommended alternative (i.e., moderate, progressive, or aspirational) for each facility type, developed the approved alternatives in more detail, prepared a business case, and prioritized the recommendations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2022 14:16:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071839</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leslie Street Low Impact Development (LID) Project</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071833</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An enhanced stormwater management system including exfiltration trenches and an underground stormwater retention structure was implemented to minimize the environmental impacts of the Leslie Street improvement project. The project involved widening and improvements to Leslie Street between Elgin Mills Road and 19th Avenue, in the City of Richmond Hill, York Region upgrading the road from a two-lane rural cross-section with ditches, to a four-lane urban cross-section including curbs, storm sewers, LID measures, active transportation infrastructure, sidewalks and streetlights. The east boulevard would include a sidewalk and the west boulevard would include a multi-use path (MUP). The MUP would form part of the Lake to Lake Cycling Route and Walking Trail system, a network of trails that connect Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe. The proposed widening and improvements would increase the impermeable surface area within the Right-of-Way (ROW) by more than 100 percent. These improvements were required to accommodate growth in the area and improve traffic flow. Work started in Fall 2019 and was completed in Summer 2021.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2022 14:16:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071833</guid>
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