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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>UNDER-CURRENTS IN MARINE INTRINSICALLY-SAFE EARTHING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/480170</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Intrinsic Safety (IS) is now internationally recognised as the most appropriate and the safest technique for protecting electrical instrumentation in potentially explosive atmospheres.  However, marine applications are sometimes perceived as difficult to implement because of the requirements of electrical distribution systems on ship.  The marine regulations require an approach to electrical earthing which is seen to be in conflict with the on-shore codes of practice.  The interpretation of these regulations requires some examination to allow the use of traditional solutions.  New technology poses an alternative approach, with other benefits that overcome these old problems.  These are all explained within the context of the theory of operation of IS and comparison with other protection techniques is also briefly made.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/480170</guid>
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      <title>IMPLEMENTATION OF BLAST RESISTANCE REQUIREMENTS ON OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/440202</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper introduces the structural design and calculation of fire rated blast walls.  Special attention is paid to the determination of the dynamic effect of blasts imposed on walls. Moreover an introduction is given to the determination of the section properties of thin walled elements, and the plastic design method for structures loaded in blast.  The various basic systems applicable for blast wall design are highlighted, and globally compared, especially with regard to weight and feasible profile depth.  The resulting selection chart can be a useful tool for architects and engineers.  The same applies to the section in which practical fixing details and other useful design recommendations are given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/440202</guid>
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      <title>FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS AND TECHNICAL MEASURES FOR HAZARD PREVENTION AND MITIGATION IN OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/441091</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The potential hazard of vapour cloud explosions following the leakage of combustible gas under pressure has been studied in experiments with turbulent jet release of propane (gaseous, liquid and two-phase).  The main result was that the increase of severity of explosion with orifice size and scale is due not only to the increase the flammable vapour cloud size, but also significantly due to an increase of maximum explosions in lanes demonstrated the explosion pressure enhancement due to obstacles and partial confinement, similar to possible hazard effects in offshore installations.  In the case of an accidental release of a hazardous substances in offshore installations technical measures like water or steam curtains can be used effectively to mitigate the consequences.  Such systems can dilute immediately a flammable heavy gas cloud below its Lower Flammability Limit (LFL).  Ignition of the cloud and spreading of the fire to other components on the platform can thus be prevented.  In the present paper results will be demonstrated to show the function and efficiency of such devices and measures under different technical and meteorological conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/441091</guid>
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      <title>EVALUATION OF HARDWARE UPGRADES TO REDUCE THE FIRE AND EXPLOSION RISK ON EXISTING MOBILE DRILLING UNITS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/442707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The new offshore regulatory regime in the UK, involving the development and enforcement of regulations by the Health and Safety Executive, will establish the role of Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA).  QRA may be applied within a Technical Safety Assessment which, together with a review or audit of safety management systems, will form the foundation of any Safety Case. This paper illustrates, by discussion of selected aspects, the preparation of a Technical Safety Assessment for a hypothetical, existing Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU).  Preparation of a Technical Safety Assessment for an existing unit may highlight areas of high risk which can be overcome by upgrade of hardware or equipment.  Means to derive the benefits of hardware and equipment upgrades in terms of the reduction in both risk and the Potential Loss of Life, are described.  Justification for recommended improvements can thus be made when the resultant benefits are weighed against their cost.  The limitations of QRA must at all times be recognised and the data presented herein are presented at a non-refined level and are intended for illustrative purposes only.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Aug 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/442707</guid>
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      <title>EVALUATING SHIPBOARD PAINT AND FLAMMABLE LIQUID STORAGE LOCKERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/422059</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report provides an evaluation of the hazards associated with shipboard paint and flammable liquid storage lockers on merchant ships.  The report also analyzes proposed modifications of the SOLAS regulations addressing fire suppression requirements for paint lockers.  Finally, conclusions and recommendations are made for improvement in the regulations for fire and explosion protection of paint locker spaces.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Jun 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/422059</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SHIPBOARD STOWAGE OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/391376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The uncontrolled proliferation of flammables and combustibles aboard ship, in addition to posing an obvious fire and explosive hazard, has seriously degraded the survivability and increased the vulnerability characteristics of U.S. Navy surface ships. This problem for the most part has been superficially attributed to a widespread shortage of flammable and combustible stowage capacity. As a result, current solutions have been limited to increasing stowage capacity through additional storerooms and development of more efficient stowage aids.  Unfortunately, these solutions simply address the symptoms, are of a corrective nature, and do not eliminate the fundamental causes of the problem. The paper conducts a more systematic and comprehensive investigation into identifying and resolving the flammable liquids problem by considering it from a ship life cycle perspective. In this way, the problem is shown to be the resultant accumulation of a number of causes which occur during a ship's design, construction, and operational phases, and which collectively manifest themselves as a major shortage of flammable and combustible liquid stowage space aboard current fleet ships. Actions are then formulated to eliminate or counteract these fundamental causes, and validated by application to a hypothetical case study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/391376</guid>
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      <title>ELECTRICAL APPARATUS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/391805</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article deals with the explosion hazard caused by gas and does not deal with the equally dangerous problem of dust. It lists conditions necessary for an explosion to occur, including a list of possible sources of ignition. The grouping of gases by apparatus groups and temperature classes as regards their flammability is next discussed. Final topics are types of protection; the marking of apparatus; classification of hazardous areas; maintenance; and overhaul and repair of electrical apparatus.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/391805</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SAFETY ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS ON OFFSHORE PRODUCTION PLATFORMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/394553</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper shows the magnitude of the project required for designing and building an offshore production platform for operation in the North Sea.  The all-encompassing role of safety is developed, starting with legislation, codes of practice and standards and leading to the involvement of all engineering disciplines in the development of safe designs and installation procedures. Orientation, hazardous areas, fire and gas detection, the prevention of explosions and fire protection are particularly emphasized.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/394553</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GAS-FREE IN HAMBURG</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/395756</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the measures taken at the port of Hamburg to verify the gas-freeness and inerted condition of tankers undergoing repairs at the north German port. Particular emphasis is given to ensuring tanker safety as regards enclosed spaces and fire and explosion prevention. The measures discussed are, by and large, applicable in any port or repair yard.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/395756</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTRINSICALLY SAFE AND NONINCENDIVE SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/397022</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Where flammable gas may be present, such as in a tanker pumproom, the use of "intrinsically safe" and "nonincendive" electrical equipment for low power applications such as instrumentation and control can reduce the risk of fire or explosion from the ignition of flammable gas mixtures by electrical arcs or high temperatures. These two forms of protection are, however, not equal. Their safety depends upon their proper applications.  The purpose of this article is to briefly describe both systems and to emphasize their differences.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/397022</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GUIDE TO DUST EXPLOSION PREVENTION AND PROTECTION, PART 2: IGNITION PREVENTION, CONTAINMENT, INERTING, SUPPRESSION AND ISOLATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/399167</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This Guide contains recommendations intended to provide a basis for effective practice in the protection of areas that have the potential for the occurrence of dust explosions. Topics covered include: ignition prevention techniques; the use of inert gases as a safety measure; methods of explosion suppression; principles of explosion containment; and isolation and separation of plant equipment to prevent ignition and explosions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/399167</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SAFE STORAGE AND HANDLING OF HOT ASPHALT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/381908</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although the long-term safety record for handling and storing hot asphalt is good, there have been accidents causing property damage, bodily injury and loss of life. This publication deals primarily with safety measures aimed at preventing various types of accidents such as explosions, fires, body burns, hazardous vapor build-up and spills.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 07 Mar 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/381908</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NITROGEN FOR LNG/LPG SHIPS BY PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/166538</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A marine inert gas generator based on the application of carbon molecular sieves, which separates nitrogen from air at ambient temperatures is presented.  The purity is 97-99.9% and is therefore considered ideal for purging the insulation space of LNG/LPG carriers.  The process is described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 May 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/166538</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OFFSHORE FIRE AND EXPLOSION DETECTION AND FIXED FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/166119</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Due to the particular fire and explosion problems on offshore oil and gas platforms and drillings rigs special integrated multi-product fire protection and explosion prevention packages have been developed and applied in many areas of the work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Apr 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/166119</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ELECTROSTATIC CHARGES ON BOARD SHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165986</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The fundamental processes of electrostatic charge separation are discussed and the associated hazards of explosion, in particular when using grp material or other plastics (for fuel oil tanks and filling pipes) which cannot be grounded, are reviewed.  Tank washing is dealt with in some detail.  Order from NSFI as No. 21283.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Mar 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/165986</guid>
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