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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Nachhaltige Ermüdungsbemessung von Fahrbahnübergängen nach Eurocode</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2353868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Durch experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen soll eine wissenschaftliche Grundlage für einen zuverlässigen und wirtschaftlichen Ermüdungsnachweis von Fahrbahnübergangskonstruktionen im Rahmen des Eurocode-Bemessungskonzepts erarbeitet werden. In diesem Zusammenhang werden ausgewählte typische Bemessungsdetails der Lamellenkonstruktion untersucht, die sich in der Praxis als
robust erwiesen haben, jedoch mit den aktuellen europäischen Regelungen hinsichtlich des
Lastmodells sowie Versuchsdurchführung (Schwellzug-Ermüdungsversuche) nicht mehr verifiziert werden können. Die zu entwickelnden Ansätze sollen mit den aktuellen Regelungen kompatibel und integrierbar sein. Der Nutzen liegt in der verbesserten Nachweisführung aktueller Reglungen in Bezug auf die nachhaltige, zuverlässige und wirtschaftliche Bemessung von Fahrbahnübergängen für weniger Materialverbrauch, Verarbeitungsaufwand, Baukosten und Unterhaltungsaufwand. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: Through experimental and theoretical investigations, a scientific basis for a reliable and economical fatigue analysis of bridge deck expansion joints within the framework of the Eurocode design concept is to be developed. In this context, selected typical design details of the lamella structure are investigated, which have proven to be robust in practice, but which can no longer be verified with the current European regulations with regard to the load model and fatigue test execution. The approaches to be developed should be compatible and integrable with the current regulations. The benefit lies in the improved verification of current regulations with regard to the sustainable, reliable and economical design of bridge deck expansion joints for less material consumption, processing effort, construction costs and maintenance effort. 
]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2024 13:03:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2353868</guid>
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      <title>Design challenges in median widening between historically widened bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306832</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Monash Freeway spans across Jacksons Road and Police Road, originally as twin, three-span, highly skewed continuous I-beam bridges constructed in the 1970s with a wide gap in the median. They have been subsequently widened twice in the median and once on the verges. As part of the Monash Freeway Upgrade Stage 2 Project (MFU2), the existing bridges over Jacksons and Police Roads required widening in the median to become a single monolithic superstructure.These bridge widenings were complex due to the different structural systems in the original and each of the historic bridge widenings. The original bridges were supported on bearing pads whilst the subsequent widenings incorporated elastomeric and pot bearings. The various types of bearing and expansion joints significantly impacted the overall behaviour of the structure after widening. In addition, the bridge widenings were designed and subjected to different traffic loading, thermal effects, and experienced different aged effects of creep and shrinkage. The challenges of the complex bridge widenings were ensuring the new widening did not adversely affect the performance of the existing bridges, nor reduce their load carrying capacity.This paper will address how the history of previous widenings was considered in the various analytical stages, key issues such as: in-plane rotation of the deck, high skew, the varied articulation systems of the historic widenings, and the resolution in the final design of the median widening.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:54:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306832</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>“Smart” bridge components (expansion joints, bearings, seismic devices) for intelligent infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306814</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The potential benefits of using structural health monitoring systems in measuring and recording bridge data have been established in many applications around the world, but the efficiency and effectiveness of such systems depends on how they are applied – for instance, in terms of sensor types and locations on the structure. Considering that the most important data required generally includes superstructure movements, which can easily be measured at the expansion joints, and the critical importance of the same expansion joints, which are less robust and therefore more susceptible to damage and deterioration than the main structure, it is often sensible to base the design of a monitoring system on data from the expansion joints. Developing technology now allows for the integration of appropriate sensors in a joint during fabrication, reducing effort and risk on site, and can enable a suitably configured system to automatically detect possible damage or deterioration based on vibrations only, marking the advent of “smart” expansion joints.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:54:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306814</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Design and construction of an incrementally launched ramp for the Saar Interchange in Bahrain</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306793</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Shaikh Khalifa Bin Salman Highway (SKBSH) and Shaikh Isa Bin Salman Highway (SIBSH) are two of the most important arterial roads of the Kingdom of Bahrain. The project for the improvement of the two highways included their junction, known as the Saar Interchange, with a grade separated left turn ramp designed to link the southbound SKBSH onto the eastbound SIBSH. The ramp comprised a 515m long flyover bridge built using the incremental launch method (ILM). The launching path of the bridge followed part of an off-axis circle with a radius of approximately 200m, making it a near half semicircle in plan. The twin-cell box girder was arranged in 14 spans and sub-divided into three parts insitu after launching for its expansion joints. Top and bottom flange non-concentric prestressing tendons were used, enabling the removal of traditional second stage prestressing and simplifying construction. The design was carried out according to AASHTO LRFD, Bridge Design Specifications, 2012. This paper gives an overview of the detailed design and discusses the specific aspects of the construction method employed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:53:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306793</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modular bridge expansion joints with integrated seismic fuse-elements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306784</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bridges in seismically active regions must be designed and constructed with special consideration of how the structure will respond/perform during an earthquake and immediately afterwards. A key element in such considerations is the expansion joints that accommodate superstructure movements and rotations. If these are unable to allow the seismic ground movements, they may be completely destroyed, perhaps also severely damaging the connecting bridge structure, and emergency or evacuation traffic will be unable to use the bridge when it is needed most. A design feature for expansion joints of the modular type is presented, consisting of a “fuse element” which will fail in a controlled manner when non-seismic movements are exceeded – thereby protecting the expansion joint and the main structure, and helping the bridge to continue accommodating traffic after the event.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Dec 2023 14:53:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2306784</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Expanding our understanding of the not so insignificant rail expansion joint</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1925421</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The humble rail expansion joint, also known as an expansion switch, breather switch, has been employed around the world in the broader rail industry for many years. However, some recent local projects have highlighted the industry’s lack of understanding of when and how they should be implemented. There are a number of different types of expansion joints available and they each have their applications and limitations. The application of rail expansion joints/breather switches has proved to be a challenge on Metro projects with elevated corridors, where slab track form of construction has been adopted. The distance and orientation of the breather switch in relation to the viaduct structure expansion joint is crucial to the success in resolving differential movement. The relationship between structure movement joints and special track work can also be a significant issue. There are also a number of circumstances where rail expansion joints are employed on conventional ballasted track form, in addition to where jointed track interfaces with continuously welded rail (CWR). This paper highlights some examples of the successful and not so successful implementation of rail expansion joints/breather switches. It describes how a better understanding of the actual mechanical function in relation to rail and structure movement, and of the various joint types, could have significantly improved the project outcomes. Applications relating to bridges and viaducts, track stressing and ground movement are discussed, in both heavy rail and light rail environments. The various types of expansion joint are analysed and their operational constraints described. This paper also challenges the functional performance of a mainstream breather switch standard design and its application to a recently constructed metro project. This paper aims to improve the understanding of rail expansion joints and consequently enable a more appropriate detailing of solutions where rail movement must be accommodated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Mar 2022 14:21:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1925421</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Decision-making for the efficient life cycle management of structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1876256</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Sep 2021 14:25:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1876256</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Study on rheological properties of asphalt binders for seamless expansion joints of bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1857830</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Jun 2021 12:24:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1857830</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Durable transition structure for long integral abutment bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1581058</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2019 15:02:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1581058</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Unsealed joints in urban concrete pavements for buses</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1477354</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jul 2017 09:43:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1477354</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rectification of Captain Cook Bridge bearings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1468064</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Captain Cook Bridge is an iconic bridge crossing the Brisbane River, and is the most trafficked bridge in Queensland, connecting the City’s south with the Brisbane Central Business District (CBD). The suspended spans are supported on sliding knuckle bearings at one end. The original DU Glacier and stainless steel sliding plates, failed and were replaced in 1996-97, with a glass filled PTFE sheet for the sliding material. After 20 years of service, routine inspections in July 2016, identified the extrusion of the PTFE sheet from the bearings on the southern suspended spans. The Department of Transport and Main Roads (TMR), developed unique rectification procedures that were implemented by early February 2017. This paper discusses, the investigation of the bridge and bearing behaviour utilising in-service instrumentation. The instrumentation measured movements across the PTFE as well as rotations of the bridge and bearing components at the expansion joint, determining the response to a range of traffic scenarios and weather events. Innovative in-situ modifications were developed to allow the bearings to be rectified within one night. This paper discusses the bearing modifications, including a replacement knuckle with a curved surface aimed to accommodate non-uniform bearing pressures across the new sliding material, ORKOT TXMM®. The suspended span was jacked internally to allow the in-situ bearing modifications. A steel lateral restraint brace, restrained the construction stresses and thermal movements during the jacking operation. This brace was also designed to provide the operational lateral restraint, previously provided by the bearings, to allow the most optimal bearing modification design, and accelerate the rectification procedure. The paper provides important insights into the behaviour of bridge bearings, to meet performance requirements and achieve an acceptable design life to minimise disruptions to the public.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2017 14:08:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1468064</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bridge deck expansion joints: a comparison of technical and selection requirements, including consideration of life cycle costs and a review of commercially available products within Australia and New Zealand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1468054</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Modern bridge design and construction places ever greater demands on engineers, materials and components. One of the most demanding parts of a bridge is the expansion joint. The selection of an appropriate expansion joint is crucial to minimising the life cycle cost of the bridge for asset owners and managers. Recent proposed revisions to AS 5100.4 and revisions to various road authority requirements have meant expansion joint design and selection criteria have become more stringent and well-defined. AS 5100.4 and roading authorities in Australia and New Zealand specify requirements for the use of expansion joint with some authorities having more stringent requirements than others based on their individual experiences. This paper compares the various roading authority requirements, reviews expansion joint selection criteria, the reasons for the use of different types of expansion joints, and compares technical requirements for the following common types of bridge deck expansion joints: modular expansion joints, finger type expansion joints, and single seal (strip seal) type expansion joints. The paper also presents a broad review comparing commercially available expansion joints in Australia and New Zealand, reviewing general compliance with the latest requirements. Conclusions are made about the types of commercially available expansion joints with respect to the selection and technical requirements. Recommendations are made for asset owners, engineers, and specifiers to allow them to make informed decisions on the type of expansion joint to be used, by identifying the best available expansion joint, with the aim of minimising the total life cycle cost of a bridge.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2017 14:08:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1468054</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Next generation flexible joint material for demanding bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1467990</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Expansion joints can be defined as a component of a bridge providing a continuous surface across the expansion gap for all classes of road users whilst accommodating all ranges of movements. Typically expansion joints are installed between adjacent spans of a bridge deck or the bridge deck and abutment. They are exposed to impact and vibration of traffic and other actions, different climatic conditions and chemical agent impact which causes them to deteriorate faster than other bridge components. This requires maintenance and replacement during the service life of a bridge. Plug joints consist of a band of cast-in-situ flexible materials supported over the joint gap by thin plates. Traditionally flexible materials consist of bituminous modified binders and coarse aggregate. Those were vulnerable to plastic deformations and rutting during hot days and hardening and cracking in cold days. The development of a new polyurethane based Flexible-Plug joint system achieved significant improvements under extreme weather conditions, movement ranges and durability. Successful track records in over 20 countries worldwide in extremely diverse temperatures demonstrates the durability and long term benefits of this joint. The longer service life keeps “Whole Life-Cycle costs” considerably down. The new Flexible-Plug Expansion Joint System sets a new benchmark in terms of quality and service life. The paper covers the extensive testing conducted at several independent testing-institutes required to gain a European Technical Approval Certificate, significant features/benefits of the system and discusses examples of installations in Australia.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2017 14:02:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1467990</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Orbital loading in modular bridge expansion joints</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1467983</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Whilst the use of expansion joints is common practice in bridge construction, modular bridge expansion joints are designed to accommodate large longitudinal expansion and contraction movements of bridge superstructures. In addition to supporting wheel loads, a properly designed modular joint will prevent rain water and road debris from entering into the underlying superstructure and substructure. Modular bridge expansion joints (MBEJs) are widely used throughout the world for the provision of controlled pavement continuity during seismic, thermal expansion, contraction and long-term creep and shrinkage movements of bridge superstructures and are considered to be the most modern design of waterproof bridge expansion joints currently available. Modular bridge expansion joints are subjected to more load cycles than other superstructure elements, but the load types, magnitudes and fatigue-stress ranges that are applied to these joints are not well defined, particularly for horizontal loading. It was postulated by Ancich that the loading of MBEJs due to traffic was orbital and this paper uses the results of dynamics investigations of MBEJs in the Mooney Mooney Bridge (between Sydney and Newcastle) in 2012 and the Hunter Expressway (near Newcastle) in 2013. Similar dynamic testing of a different single support bar design MBEJ installed in the then under construction Hunter Expressway in 2013 confirmed the orbital loading hypothesis. A further outcome of this study was the understanding that the dominant orbital loading effect was due to the passage of the driven wheels over the spacing between centre beams.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2017 14:01:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1467983</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of loading rate and temperature on tensile strength of asphalt mixtures at low temperatures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1423601</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2016 14:46:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1423601</guid>
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