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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>At the controls: Politics and policy entrepreneurs in EU policy to decarbonize maritime transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606748</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The recent adoption of the FuelEU Maritime regulation, aiming to decarbonize maritime shipping, is part of the EU clean energy transition to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. Based on autoethnographic method and qualitative text analysis, applying the multiple streams framework as a theoretical lens, this article explores and explains the politics and the policy process of FuelEU Maritime. A policy window opened with adoption of the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2015, the slow progress on climate policies in the International Maritime Organization, and the subsequent adoption of the European Green Deal in 2019 and the new EU climate law in 2021. Diverging beliefs and narratives of policy entrepreneurs, policy makers, and stakeholders on problems to be addressed and different policy options to be implemented are analyzed. There were mainly two policy entrepreneurs, advocating different problem descriptions and policy options. The European Commission proposed a technology-neutral, goal-based approach to reach moderate emission reductions by 2050, while a coalition led by green mobility NGO Transport & Environment advocated a technology-specific multiplier and subquota for zero-carbon fuels to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. The article explains the agency of Transport & Environment and allies in influencing the European Parliament and several member states in the Council of the EU to stand the grounds against incumbent shipping and fossil fuel industry that influenced the Commission to present a down-watered policy proposal. Finally, the article exemplifies the complexity of the second-generation energy transition required for decarbonization compared to the first-generation transformation focusing on renewable electricity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Oct 2025 16:31:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606748</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Ambassadors for Diversity in Transport - Support to the Network and Conference</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2535024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of the Ambassadors for #DiversityInTransport Network is to support the Commission’s agenda on promoting equality and diversity in transport, following the objectives under Action 70 of the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy (SSMS). The Network seeks to raise awareness on and spearhead measures, initiatives or actions that promote equality, diversity and inclusiveness in transport, both with regard to the transport workforce and transport users. This report provides an overview of the assignment to support the Network during its second year of existence and presents the key activities, learnings and recommendations regarding the work of the Network and actions that have taken place. The assignment was split into five different tasks: first to provide continuous support to the mission of existing Ambassadors and promote Network growth, second to develop a concept and methodology for the conference of Diversity Ambassadors, third to manage the conference logistics, fourth to moderate the conference and write a conference report and fifth, project management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2025 13:59:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2535024</guid>
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      <title>Analyzing policy measures for renewable fuel supply chain design in transport sectors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554282</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a result of climate neutrality targets, renewable and low-carbon fuels are increasingly used, particularly in hard-to-abate sectors. A key factor in establishing renewable fuel supply chains (RFSC) is analyzing the impact of policy measures. To gain insights into the impacts of various policies on RFSC, we propose a mixed-integer linear programming model that incorporates factorial and sensitivity analyses of policy measures, such as carbon pricing, GHG intensity reduction, and renewable fuel share mandates. We analyze both economic and environmental aspects of RFSC through net present cost and cumulative GHG emission savings objective functions. Applied to the European transport sector, our model reveals that carbon pricing has the highest impact on cumulative GHG emission savings. Our findings demonstrate substantial trade-offs between economic and environmental objectives and show that integrating medium levels of policy measures can lead to balanced economic and environmental outcomes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 May 2025 09:33:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2554282</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Projecting AV sales in the EU-27 and UK: Insights from Euro emission standards and historical trends</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491793</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The adoption of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) stands as a substantial area of study within the existing literature, explored through various approaches like sales estimation, expert insights, and historical technology adoption patterns. However, most studies have focused on specific countries or individual aspects of AV adoption (e.g., user acceptance, safety, societal impacts), without integrating the interplay between regulatory standards, technological advancements, and historical sales data, leaving a significant gap in understanding the long-term adoption patterns across the entire EU-27 and the UK. In this research, the authors address this gap by employing a combined approach that utilizes sales estimation and historical adoption patterns of car-related technologies to produce a sequential, long-term prediction of AV adoption across the EU-27 and the UK. This combination is facilitated through examining new vehicle registrations that adhere to European vehicle emission standards between 2001 and 2020, using data from the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT). The objective is to develop two robust unified predictive models, the first derivative Logistic model and the Gaussian model, explaining historical sales trends and forecasting future vehicle registrations, incorporating Euro 7 features, vehicle electrification, and autonomous driving features. They find that both generated models demonstrate a reasonable to excellent fit with the historical trends and predict the advent of AVs in the market, with the Gaussian model predicting an earlier peak in AV registrations (in 2042) compared to the first derivative Logistic model (in 2044). Furthermore, the Gaussian model projects significantly higher start year sales for AVs (8.6 million new registrations) than the other model's much lower estimation (below 2.5 million new registrations). This research represents the first study to investigate the long-term adoption of AVs across the entire EU-27 and the UK, providing a novel forecasting approach that integrates multiple technological advancements and regulatory influences.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Feb 2025 13:50:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2491793</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Participatory Conference on Labour Market Developments and Labour Shortages in the Transport Sector in the European Union: Conference Report</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437359</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On 23 April 2024, the European Commission hosted a participatory conference in Brussels to address labour market developments and labour shortages in the transport sector in the European Union (EU). The event brought together stakeholders, including public authorities, employers' organisations, transport companies, trade unions, and education and training institutions, to discuss key challenges and share good practices. There is a significant demographic change taking place across transport modes, particularly an ageing workforce, necessitating long-term strategies for ensuring ongoing operations, succession planning and talent development. Additionally, the green and digital transition is driving substantial upskilling and reskilling needs. Labour market challenges identified by the conference participants include poor working conditions, weak enforcement of EU social legislation, negative industry perceptions of the transport sector, barriers for mobile workers and third-country nationals, education and training obstacles, lack of stakeholder collaboration, and data discrepancies. Key recommendations discussed include improving working conditions, enforcing legislation, creating innovative marketing campaigns to attract new workers, establishing EU-wide training programmes, adopting a holistic approach with clear accountability, streamlining administrative processes, making training more accessible and affordable, enhancing stakeholder collaboration, developing a knowledge exchange platform, and implementing nuanced data collection. While there are issues relevant for the sector as a whole, specific issues in different transport modes will need specific solutions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Oct 2024 14:15:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437359</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Behavioural Insights Into Smart EV Charging: Advanced Experiments at the JRC Ispra Living Lab for Testing Digital Energy Solutions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437358</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In an effort to anticipate innovative solutions for policies related to the European Green Deal on areas such as smart grids, demand response and renewable electricity integration into the grid, in the last 2.5 years the JRC Living Lab for testing Digital Energy Solutions (hereafter referred to as DES-Lab), operating within the SMARTEN work programme project, has been conducting research by testing and deploying smart charging systems for EVs and on their impact on the use by staff on JRC sites. Using PRISM, a customisable EV-charging wallbox provided by an Italian start-up, the research aimed at studying the impact of smart charging systems on user experience and staff’s use-case specific behaviour; specifically to investigate the behaviour and choices of staff EV owners in response to various incentive schemes for utilising a workplace charging station. The experimentation rounds in 2023 highlighted a number of issues concerning the behaviour of an exemplary client group and their use of the charging stations, particularly the prolonged undue occupancy of the charging points, which is not easy to manage in workplace-charging situations. These findings stressed the need for improved user coordination, better adherence to the rules for fair use of the chargers, and better insight, as well as greater awareness of the optimal charging timing to maximise the use of renewable energy. Whilst the use of targeted communication with users had limited impact on their behaviour, the implementation of authentication and credit-point schemes proved to be more effective in addressing behavioural issues, even though the effects of the more elaborate credit-point scheme appeared to affect mainly those consumers most intensively using the charge field.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Oct 2024 10:22:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2437358</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Handbook for Equality Mainstreaming at DG Move: Training Materials for Equality Mainstreaming in Mobility and Transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397664</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To achieve the objectives of the European Green Deal, the EU's Digital Agenda, and the Union of Equality, integrating an equality dimension into the work of the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport (DG MOVE) is absolutely crucial. In its Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy, the European Commission commits to applying equality mainstreaming to its transport policy. To support the pursuit of this commitment, DG MOVE has developed a practical handbook to help staff apply equality mainstreaming in their daily work, and, hence, to comply with their obligations to promote equality and fight discrimination under Articles 8 and 10 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. This handbook can be useful for other organisations as well. The Equality Mainstreaming Handbook has been developed to serve as a reference document for self-learning or reviewing how to apply equality mainstreaming in daily processes. It provides concrete step-by-step guidance on how to put equality mainstreaming into practice and integrate it in all stages of the policy cycle with 10 practical and pragmatical tools, based on examples from the transport legislative framework. Equality mainstreaming is a systematic process of integrating an equality perspective into every stage of the policymaking cycle (i.e. preparation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation) and in all policy areas. It is relevant for all policy interventions and initiatives at all stages and for all staff. The rewards of a comprehensive equality mainstreaming approach to transport policies and other initiatives are multiple: increased attention to the safety concerns of disadvantaged groups of transport users, better provision of safe, affordable, and accessible transport options, increased uptake of sustainable transport options as well as a more diverse talent pool of transport workers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Jul 2024 13:53:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2397664</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Systematic Approach to the Design of Logistics Solutions and a Methodology for their Evaluation in the Field of Greening Freight Transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325510</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the mentioned article, the authors present a systemic approach to solving the problem of transport with an important aspect and emphasis on greening. The authors present a methodology for assessing supply chains using a process approach and the application of environmental strategies in the rail transport sector, where they identify potential limitations in material, financial and information flow in detail. To facilitate this evaluation, the authors also present the possibility of a software solution that they developed as a separate methodology for the field of intermodal transport.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2024 10:45:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2325510</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EU trilogue results for the aviation sector – key issues and expected impacts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348256</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In July 2021, the European Commission had proposed additional and tightening measures to reduce the climate impact of the air transport sector as part of its ‘Fit for 55 package’. In December 2022, so-called trilogue negotiations of the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union came to new rules for the EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) for aviation. In April 2023, further trilogue agreements on mandatory blending quotas for sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) were reached. This paper aims at identifying and illustrating the agreed new rules and regulations for the aviation sector in comparison with the previous regime. In addition, key impacts on stakeholders and the environment will be discussed. So far, the trilogue parties have reached an agreement on a strengthened EU ETS for aviation, which integrates the global offsetting scheme CORSIA and creates incentives for the increasing use of SAF. Also, a monitoring, reporting and verification scheme for aviation's climate relevant so-called non-CO₂ emissions will be introduced as a basis for a later integration of these emissions into the EU ETS. Aviation's non-CO₂ emissions include H₂O, aerosols, NOx, contrails and cirrus clouds. Moreover, a mandatory sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) blending quota, which rises gradually up to 70 percent in the year 2050, has been agreed. However, further policy measures originally proposed within the ‘Fit for 55 package’, such as a European kerosene tax, are still subject to final negotiations. As the authors' analysis indicates, several and diverse economic and environmental effects arising from these climate protection policies for European aviation can be expected.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 May 2024 16:02:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2348256</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Implementation of EU 2022/1426: Summary Report on Policy-Related Topics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2361983</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2022, the European Commission adopted the first worldwide legislation concerning the type-approval of the Automated Driving Systems (ADS) of fully Automated Vehicles (AV), opening the road to their introduction to the European market. The European Union (EU), in this way, becomes the first market in the world where this new generation of vehicles can be placed with a complete and unambiguous legislative framework. However, Member States (MSs) should also put in place amendments to their national rules and legislation to accommodate ADS legislation. In order to support regulators at national level on this complementary activity and to ensure the establishment of as harmonized as possible practices for ADS deployment across Europe, the European Commission held a series of workshops to provide the status of play on some policy topics on Automated Driving System (ADS). This document summarises the discussions among the participants of the workshops on national rules and legislation organised by the European Commission – DG GROW as well as the discussions within Automated and Connected Vehicles sub-group of the Working Group on Motor Vehicles (MVWG-ACV). It has been drafted with the active contribution of the experts of MVWG-ACV. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official/formal position or opinion of the European Commission, Member States and other stakeholders mentioned in this report. The document lists the policy topics currently under discussion within MVWG – ACV as well as the proposed actions that could be put into practise in the future. The reports also aims to foster further discussions with the involvement of the other relevant actors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 May 2024 10:16:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2361983</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characterization of emissions from axle-mounted rail disc brakes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2362251</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The most important sources for non-exhaust emissions from railways are the contact strip, the contact wire, wheels, rails and brakes. It is expected that the major share of PM (particulate matter) emission can be assigned to the brakes. In order to quantify the emissions from railway brakes, a series of test bench tests was carried out. These tests aimed at a quantification and characterization of emissions for both sintered and organic brake pads. The measurement setup included monitoring of emitted particle mass and particle number (PN) in the size range from 10 nm to 32 µm. PM10 emission factors could be derived in the range from 0.11 g/km to 4.21 g/km. Emissions from organic brake pads were higher compared to those from sintered materials. The monitoring of particle number concentration showed a significant dependency of PN emissions from the surface temperatures as soon as a critical temperature was exceeded.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Apr 2024 16:32:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2362251</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ALBATROSS Carbon neutrality and zero-emission vehicles with smart battery cells</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2315024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ALBATROSS is a European Funded project by the European Commission that addresses the needs of European Electric and Hybrid-Electric passenger vehicle market by overcoming driver concerns relating to battery range and anxiety, cost, long-term reliability, and excessive charging times. ALBATROSS will develop an integrated approach based on smart batteries combined with lightweight designs. Using innovative cooling technologies, the authors will achieve pack temperature range 5-40°C, with <3°C variation between battery cells and optimal operating temperature 20-23°C. The light weighting solutions, based on modular multi-material systems for battery modules and trays, will be fabricated and joined using cutting edge, fast and cost-effective processes, with disassembly, recycling and reuse designed in as a part of an eco-design approach. The modular approach provides solutions for BEVs and PHEVs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Mar 2024 17:04:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2315024</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Support Study on the Development of a Governance Framework for the EU Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Based on the Standard ISO 15118</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2274333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The goal of this study was to support the Commission in order to identify the key policy and technical aspects conforming the preferred governance and architecture framework for a European Public Key infrastructure (PKI) for electromobility based on the standard ISO 15118. The set-up and functioning of a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is considered essential to address the future communication and security needs among the different actors in the recharging ecosystem, including the provision of services such as plug and charge. The study was divided in two phases: Phase 1 outlined the main characteristics of the preferred governance and architecture framework following a number of interviews with PKI service providers and project developers, Phase 2 elaborated a series of policy and technical deliverables that lay down the main aspects required to set-up and operate the EU PKI ecosystem for e-mobility. The study contributed to generate consensus in line with the recommendations of the STF Sub-group on Governance and Standards. Moreover, it allowed to define a clear way forward to fill in the standardisation gap of a future interoperable architecture based on a single European Certificate Trust List (CTL) to be managed by the European Commission. Finally, the study gathers a concrete set of definitions and market rules that reflect, pending further endorsement by the EU legislator, how the market should function.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:25:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2274333</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modernizing of the Rail Transport Curriculum and Study Process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975160</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, the European Commission has raised the question of how to improve the market position of rail transport. The key success factors beyond the development of rail transport infrastructure are safety (control and command systems of rail traffic), opening the rail transport market to competition and improving the interoperability. A holistic approach to these issues will certainly help to solve the complex problems, but more attention at present should be paid to the development of railway education, including professional higher education. The modernized curricula and more integrated competences are definitely important factors for improving the position of railway transport in the future. In this paper, the authors analyse the current situation of the railway education in Central Baltic region (incl. Finland, Estonia, Latvia) and discuss the new concepts and designs of a more harmonized and less fragmented railway education curricula. In the authors’ opinions, these results can be used to promote railway education more widely. The paper also focuses on the experience of using simulation environment in study process. The paper is based on the study reports of the Interreg Central Baltic Programme 2014–2020 Project EDU-RAIL-Harmonized and Modernized Multidisciplinary Railway Education, Interreg Programme for Central Baltic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Nov 2023 09:01:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975160</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ambassadors for Diversity in Transport: DG MOVE/B5/2021-12</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2244230</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of the Ambassadors for #DiversityInTransport Network is to support the Commission’s agenda on promoting equality and diversity in transport, following the objectives under Action 70 of the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy (SSMS). The Network seeks to raise awareness on and spearhead measures, initiatives or actions that promote equality, diversity and inclusiveness in transport, both with regards to the transport workforce and transport users. This report provides an overview of the progress made on the project and presents the key activities, learnings and recommendations regarding the launch of the work of the Network and actions that have taken place. The project was split into four different tasks: first to confirm the Network’s objectives and mission and identify, select and recruit Ambassadors, second to support the growth and operation of the Network in the first period of the its existence by assisting the Ambassadors with activities they want to launch and organising the collaboration platform (Wiki), third to organise a meeting of the Ambassadors and fourth, to disseminate relevant information and communication with stakeholders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 17:26:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2244230</guid>
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