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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Effect of catalytic esterification of waste cooking oil on the rejuvenation performance of aged asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2639982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To mitigate the environmental impact of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and waste cooking oil (WCO), and enhancing the utilization efficiency of WCO in asphalt rejuvenation. This study employed catalytic esterification to reduce the fatty acid (FFA) content of WCO before incorporating it to aged asphalt to prepare rejuvenated asphalt. Rutting resistance, low-temperature deformation resistance and fatigue resistance properties of rejuvenated asphalt binders were assessed through rheological tests, while the microscopic morphology and functional group characteristics were analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests revealed that rejuvenated asphalt containing 6 % catalytically esterified WCO (C6) exhibited superior resilience to high-temperature deformation compared to virgin asphalt, yet retained comparable creep recovery efficacy. Additionally, the fatigue life at 5 % strain increased by 71.63 % compared to virgin asphalt. In contrast, 6 % original WCO rejuvenated asphalt (O6) exhibited inferior high-temperature and fatigue properties compared to the C6. Moreover, bending beam rheometer test (BBR) results demonstrated the creep rate of C6 at −24℃ is 4.15 % and 17.84 % higher than that of virgin asphalt and O6 respectively, revealing superior low-temperature flexibility. AFM images revealed that the microscopic morphology of both C6 and virgin asphalt displays a ‘honeycomb’ structure and continuous-phase composite structure. Additionally, the arithmetic average roughness (Rₐ)and root mean square roughness (Sq) for C6 decreased by 29.05 % and 12.72 %, respectively, relative to those of O6. These results indicated that the catalytic esterification of the WCO rejuvenator provides superior rheological properties for aged asphalt. FTIR spectra suggested that no chemical reaction occurred when the catalytically esterified WCO rejuvenator was added to the aged asphalt. Overall, the incorporation of catalytic esterification WCO into aged asphalt, markedly rejuvenating the aged asphalt's characteristics and showing enhanced stability at high temperature and superior performance at low temperature compared to virgin asphalt.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2026 08:53:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2639982</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Self-healing epoxy vitrimer modified asphalt binder with dynamic ester bonds: Preparation and characterization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606061</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Epoxy asphalt is extensively utilized in various demanding road engineering applications due to its exceptional performance, which arises from its irreversible covalent cross-linked network. However, the insoluble and non-melting properties of this network, while conferring outstanding mechanical performance, also present significant challenges related to self-repair, recyclability, and degradability. Herein, in this work, the dynamic ester bonds synthesized from epoxy resin (E51), bio-based dimer fatty acid, and Zn(acac)₂ were incorporated into the cross-linked networks to develop epoxy vitrimer-modified asphalts (DEAs) with self-healing capabilities. Rheological tests demonstrated that DEAs exhibit excellent pavement performance, with the tensile strength and elongation at break of DEA50 reaching 3.96 MPa and 144.93 %, respectively, alongside a reserve time of 117 min at 150 °C, thereby fully meeting paving requirements. Micro-morphological tests revealed that DEAs possess a homogeneous phase distribution and excellent compatibility. Furthermore, the surface scratches of DEAs can be effectively repaired after 60 min of heating at 150 °C. The underlying mechanism involves the topology of the cross-linked network breaking and recombining autonomously through the exchange reaction of dynamic ester bonds at elevated temperatures. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of epoxy vitrimer-modified asphalts, imparting self-healing and recyclable properties to thermosetting epoxy modified asphalts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:23:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606061</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rheological and microscopic characteristics of rejuvenated asphalt using esterified liquefaction products of soybean straw</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593384</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To develop a novel bio-oil rejuvenator without conventional plasticizers and achieve the sustainable rejuvenation of aged asphalt, the alcohol components in the liquefaction products (LPs) from soybean straw were induced to form ester compounds in the reaction medium provided by themselves, and the resulting product of esterified liquefaction products (ELP) was used as a rejuvenator for long-term aged asphalt. The potential reaction mechanism was revealed for the conversion of alcohol components in LPs to ester compounds. Rheological properties of virgin, aged and rejuvenated asphalts were investigated. Further, microscopic characteristics of these asphalt samples were characterized including components, functional groups and microstructures. The results indicate that the depolymerization fragments of alcohol compounds can be induced to form monoesters, and some monoesters are further polymerized to form ester compounds with large molecule weight. Rheological properties at both high and low temperature ranges of aged asphalt can be restored to the same level as virgin asphalt, and ELP exhibits superior rejuvenating efficiency in restoring fatigue properties. Recommendation content ranges of ELP are 9 %–11 %. LPs containing a high content of resin fractions may cause the clustering of beelike structures, whereas ELP contains a higher content of aromatic fractions and can efficiently disperse and breakdown beelike structures. The component deviation index (CDI) may be a suitable parameter for characterizing the effect of rejuvenators on the components of aged asphalt. Inducing the alcohol components in the liquefaction products to form ester compounds can be a promising method for preparing bio-rejuvenator without plasticizers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2025 17:02:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2593384</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Design and performance of epoxy asphalt based on hydroxyl-ester dynamic crosslinking network</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2576743</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conventional epoxy asphalt is difficult to reuse due to its thermosetting inability to heal and reprocess. In this study, using dimer acid (DA) and zinc acetate (Zn(OAC)₂) as curing agent and catalyst, respectively, and the hydroxyl-ester bonds were introduced into the dynamic crosslinking network system of the asphalt, a highly compatible epoxy asphalt DEA with heat recovery performance was designed. On this basis, the effects of different contents of capped hyperbranched polyester HP102 on the mechanical properties, low-temperature properties, and compatibility of DEA were investigated. The results showed that the base asphalt was successfully grafted with hydroxyl and ester groups, and this chemical modification effect reduced the polarity between the asphalt phase and the resin phase, resulting in a notable improvement in the compatibility of DEA compared with commercially available epoxy asphalt. The introduced HP102 improves not only the low-temperature ductility of the material but also its structural presence of -COO- groups, which can be further used to realize the dynamic exchange and reorganization of hydroxyl-ester bonds, which contributes to the modulus relaxation of the material and enhances its mechanical properties and self-healing ability. The highly branched structure of HP102 increases the unoccupied space and undergoes stress relaxation, which contributes to the improvement of the low-temperature ductility of the material. In addition, the cyclic tensile test results show that the mechanical property recovery rate can reach 86.7 % when hot-pressing processed at 180 °C for 5 h, which confirms that the epoxy asphalt under the reversible covalent crosslinking network possesses non-negligible recycling potential, and provides an engineering application reference for the hot-pressing recycling of epoxy asphalt.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Sep 2025 14:54:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2576743</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Liquefaction process of crop straw using organic solvents and upgrading methods of liquefied products for asphalt rejuvenation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563243</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current bio-rejuvenators are available based on materials including vegetable oils and pyrolysis oils, whereas using solvent liquefaction products to prepare rejuvenator has not been adequately studied. In this study, various wood wastes, liquefaction solvents and catalysts were chosen to explore the effects of liquefied raw materials on the yield of liquefaction products (LPs) and selected rejuvenation index. Then, orthogonal experimental method was applied to optimize liquefaction reaction parameters. Two upgrading methods including centrifugation purifying and esterification upgrading were proposed. The rejuvenation effect and mechanism of LPs before and after upgrading treatment were characterized and compared. The results indicate that LPs derived from soybean straw liquefied in the blended solvent of polyhydric alcohol and phenol with sulfuric acid can obtain the high yield and high rejuvenation index. Under the optimal liquefaction conditions, unpurified LPs have the limited rejuvenating effect, whereas purified LPs can significantly increase the penetration of aged asphalt and restore the stiffness value and m-valve of aged asphalt at –12 °C to the acceptable range. LPs after esterification upgrading can restore physical and rheological properties of aged asphalt to the same level as virgin asphalt, and can exhibit superior rejuvenating efficiency in restoring the low temperature properties, fatigue properties, microstructure and chemical properties. It is worth noting that the products derived from solvent liquefaction are difficult to be directly used as a rejuvenator, and esterification upgrading for purified liquefaction products provides a promising method for utilizing solvent liquefaction to prepare the main component of bio-rejuvenators.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 10:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2563243</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cracking, Rutting, and Fatigue Performance of Asphalt Mixtures with a Novel Boron Additive</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569741</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Asphalt binder has a chemically complex structure. Due to this complexity, it is important to enhance the performance properties of asphalt binders by developing new additives that can adapt to their chemical composition. In this context, a new boron-containing additive, cyclic borate ester (CBE), was synthesized in the laboratory. The CBE additive then was incorporated into the asphalt binder at 1%, 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight through mechanical mixing. The asphalt binder with CBE was mixed with aggregate following the Marshall mix design, and briquettes (specimens) were created. For analysis, the Marshall stability and flow tests were conducted on the briquettes, and the Marshall quotient was calculated based on the test results. The indirect tensile test was performed at 5°C, 25°C, and 40°C, with various pulse and rise times. The resilient modulus values of the mixtures were determined using the Asphalt Aggregate Mixture Analyzing System (AAMAS) nomograph. The resilient modulus losses of the mixtures subjected to moisture damage tests also were evaluated using the indirect tensile test. The results showed that the CBE additive improved the stability and strength of the mixtures, reduced the flow values, enhanced low-temperature performance, and increased elasticity, thus minimizing the potential for cracking. Additionally, the additive increased resistance to permanent deformation at moderate and high temperatures, improved load dissipation ability, and enhanced adhesion properties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 Jul 2025 16:21:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569741</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effect of waste oil rejuvenators on hot in-place recycled SMA pavement</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562476</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hot In-place Recycling (HIR) asphalt pavement often contains more than 90 % Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), frequently leading to issues such as poor crack resistance and durability. Specifically, HIR of Stone Mastic Asphalt (HIR-SMA) often suffers from insufficient compaction, resulting in performance degradation. This study aims to explore rejuvenators derived from waste oil that can significantly enhance the performance of HIR-SMA. Five waste oil rejuvenators were selected, including Waste Soybean Oil (WSO), Palm Oil (PO), Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO), Tall Oil (TO), and Waste Engine Oil (WEO). Recycled asphalt lab samples were modified with five rejuvenators at various dosages and tested for asphalt basic properties, with differences analyzed using infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the compactability, fatigue resistance, crack resistance at medium and low temperatures, moisture stability, and rutting resistance of HIR-SMA were tested. Finally, the waste oil rejuvenators were applied in a highway maintenance project in Jiangxi Province, with the field construction effectiveness assessed through a non-nuclear asphalt density gauge. The results show that WSO, PO, and ESO rejuvenators exhibit better rejuvenation effects compared to TO and WEO, restoring aged asphalt performance close to virgin asphalt. This is primarily attributed to their high ester content. The addition of rejuvenators effectively reducing the compaction energy required and enhancing compactibility of HIR-SMA. Additionally, WSO rejuvenated mixtures demonstrated a fourfold increase in fatigue life and improved crack resistance at medium temperatures by 9–15 %, albeit with reduced low-temperature crack resistance by 13–30 %. The addition, both waste oils also decreased rutting and moisture stability but remained within acceptable limits. At last, field construction measurements of waste oil-rejuvenated SMA by HIR indicated that WSO is more suitable for HIR construction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 16:12:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562476</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aging resistance in model bio-based binders for road materials: a study of rosin esters and vegetable oil combinations</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556810</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bio-based binders offer a potential solution for the availability issues of bitumen, though their aging behaviour may differ mainly due to higher oxygen content. This study aims to understand the aging resistance of model bio-based binders produced from various vegetable oils (palm, linseed, sunflower, olive) and rosin esters (Rosin A, B, C). A commercial bio-based binder was used for comparison and design. FTIR-ATR show no differences through lab aging, while DSR results reveal varying impacts after lab aging. The types of rosin esters and vegetable oils significantly affect aging resistance. Although the specific chemical characteristics of the rosin esters influencing aging remain unclear, a strong correlation exists between the iodine numbers of vegetable oils, indicating that oils with iodine numbers higher than 150 are unsuitable for bio-based binders. This paper provides useful information about bio-based binder component properties helping at developing materials that resist aging.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jun 2025 11:42:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2556810</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Blending of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil on Spray and Flame Characteristics of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2494976</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To prevent extreme climate events, it is urgent to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and research on alternative fuels for internal combustion engines is necessary. In this study, diesel spray and flame characteristics were investigated when Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) was blended with Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) in any ratio. As a result, blending HVO with FAME promoted atomization and improved evaporation, resulting in a lean mixture. However, the KL factor increases due to the dominant oxygen content, but can be reduced to the same level as a fuel blended with 20% FAME by increasing the injection pressure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2025 16:57:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2494976</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>High-performance pervious concrete using cost-effective modified vinyl ester as binder</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2326939</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pervious concrete has a unique open-skeleton structure and high permeability, which effectively control water runoff, mitigate urban heat island effects, and reduce traffic noise in urban constructions. However, low strength, easy granulation, and poor durability often limit its application in pavement engineering. As a polymer binder, vinyl ester (VE) resin has high strength, wear resistance, durability, and corrosion resistance, which can remedy the shortage of pervious concrete. In this work, by optimizing the aggregate gradation and curing temperature, high-performance pervious concrete using VE resin as binder was fabricated. To further improve the performance of VE binder, renewable acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) were used to increase the crosslinking degree of the resin and the durability of pervious concrete. When using 15% AESO and 10% MDI based on the weight of VE, the pervious concrete achieved an enhanced flexural strength of up to 7.72 MPa. A significant improvement was achieved by incorporating 50 wt% solid wastes copper slag into the pervious concrete, the compressive strength and flexural strength reached 37.72 MPa and 7.53 MPa, respectively. The permeability coefficient of the permeable concrete was 2.64 mm/s, and the connected porosity was 11.33%, which are higher than the requirements of China national standard. The satisfactory durability of pervious concrete was also verified through freeze-thaw, abrasion, and aging tests. This work offers a viable strategy for cost-efficient and sustainable high-performance pervious concrete, providing insights into the utilization of renewable feedstocks and solid wastes in civil materials.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2024 13:58:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2326939</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spectroscopic Investigation of the Combustion Process in DME Compression Ignition Engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1794101</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For better understanding of the in-cylinder combustion characteristics of DME, combustion radicals of a direct injection DME-Fueled compression ignition engine were observed using a spectroscopic method. In this initial report, the emission intensity of OH, CH, CHO, C₂ and NO radicals was measured using a photomultiplier. These radicals could be measured with wavelength resolution (half-width) as about 3.3 nm. OH and CHO radicals appeared first, and then CH radical emission was detected. After that, the combustion radicals were observed using a high-speed image intensified video camera with band-pass filter. All of radicals were able to observe as images with half-width as 6 or about 10 nm. Rich DME leaked from nozzle was burning at the end of combustion. Therefore, the second light emission of C₂ radical after the main combustion was observed. The light of OH emitted all over the DME spray at the combustion started, then the dim light expanded in combustion chamber, so that CH radical emitted at the spray tip. After that the light intensity around the combustion chamber wall became strong with advancing the combustion. The light of NO radical emitted at around the tip of spray, which area seems to be stoichiometric combustion area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Dec 2023 12:27:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1794101</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Anti-wear Properties of Jet Fuel with Camelina Oils Bio-Additives</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975226</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Anti-wear properties of conventional jet fuel, fatty acids ethyl esters bio-additives derived from camelina oil and their blends were investigated experimentally. Anti-wear properties were estimated on a four-ball tester by the value of the scuffing load, friction torque, friction coefficient and the scuffing load applied to the friction pair operating in a tested fuel sample. The state of friction pairs’ surfaces was studied using the system for tribological characteristics of fuels and lubricants investigation by comparing microphotographs of friction pairs’ surfaces. It was determined that lubricity of bio-additives is intensively higher comparing to conventional jet fuel. Bio-additives derived from camelina oil provide formation of better oxidative film on friction pairs’ surface with higher elasticity. It is stipulated by the chemical composition of fatty acids ethyl esters: high polarity of molecules stipulate its’ good adsorption at the surface of friction pair. Adding bio-additives into jet fuel provides strengthening of boundary film and thus improves anti-wear properties of fuel blends.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:25:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1975226</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimizing the formulation design and investigating the composite modification mechanism of pyrolysis carbon Black/Polyethylene/Synthetic plant ester composite modified asphalt</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2259397</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pyrolysis carbon black (PCB) is the surplus product of waste tires after pyrolysis. Polyethylene (PE) is the main component of disposable plastic bags, and synthetic plant ester (SPE) is an environmentally friendly plasticizer that has recently emerged. In this study, the aforementioned three materials were used to prepare an environmentally friendly composite-modified asphalt (CM-A). The optimization of the formulation design of the PCB/PE/SPE additive with asphalt was performed using the response surface mixture-design method, with conventional asphalt performance as the control index. The compound modification mechanism was investigated using modern microscopic testing techniques. The recommended formulations for the additives were BA:PCB:PE:SPE = 0.881:0.081:0.022:0.016 by mass. The resulting CM-A exhibited comparable penetration, ductility, and fatigue properties to base asphalt (BA), with higher high-temperature rutting resistance and softening point values. Microscopic test results revealed that the PCB/PE/SPE was physically blended with asphalt. The plasticizing effect of SPE enhanced the plasticity of PE molecules and significantly improved the compatibility properties of PE and BA. The thermal behavior of CM-A was similar to that of BA but with a slightly higher ash content due to the presence of PCB. The results provide a reference for the industrial production of asphalt modifiers, modification mechanism studies, and a new solution to alleviate environmental pollution and resource waste problems from solid waste accumulation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 03 Nov 2023 09:24:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2259397</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of Ester Structures on the Soot Characteristics and Soot Oxidative Reactivity of Biodiesel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1832385</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A study and analysis of the relation of biodiesel chemical structures to the resulting soot characteristics and soot oxidative reactivity is presented. Soot samples generated from combustion of various methyl esters, alkanes, biodiesel and diesel fuels in laminar co-flow diffusion flames are analyzed to evaluate the impact of fuel-bound oxygen in fatty acid esters on soot oxidation behavior. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of soot samples collected from diffusion flames show that chemical variations in biodiesel ester compounds have an impact on soot oxidative reactivity and soot characteristics in contrast to findings reported previously in the literature. Soot derived from methyl esters with shorter alkyl chains, such as methyl butyrate and methyl hexanoate, exhibit higher reactivity than those with longer carbon chain lengths, such as methyl oleate, which are more representative of biodiesel fuels. Structural analysis is performed via Raman spectroscopy on methyl esters derived soot samples and compared with n-dodecane derived soot. These data are consistent with literature reports that lower structural order enhances reactivity. Soot reactivity analysis of methyl esters with different types of carbon-carbon bonds (single versus double), but with the same carbon number, suggests that carbon-carbon bond types and locations also affect soot reactivity. In addition, reactivity of soot from a high-cetane, low-aromatic diesel fuel is assessed and is found to exhibit lower reactivity than soot from a conventional diesel fuel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Oct 2023 08:57:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1832385</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Blending of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil on Spray and Combustion Characteristics of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2233637</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To prevent extreme climate events, it is urgent to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and research on alternative fuels for internal combustion engines is necessary. In this study, diesel spray and combustion characteristics were investigated when Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) was blended with Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) in any ratio. As a result, blending HVO with FAME promoted atomization and improved evaporation, resulting in a lean mixture. Also, the shorter ignition delay suppressed premixing combustion, resulting in lower cylinder temperatures and lower NOₓ emissions, but increased THC and Smoke emissions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Sep 2023 09:08:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2233637</guid>
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